Juvenile Probation Officer Perception of Contingency Management to Target Caregiver Engagement and Training Outcomes.

Few community-based substance use treatment programs are available or skilled in treating justice-involved youth, highlighting the need to equip juvenile probation officers with the skills to deliver evidence-based substance use treatment. Contingency management (CM) is evidence-based for treating substance use and shows promise for juvenile probation officers' successful uptake (positive opinions and trainability). However, research has not examined whether probation officers' positive beliefs and trainability generalize to target behaviors beyond those displayed by youth, but that nevertheless affect youth outcomes. This study examined probation officers' perceptions of using CM to engage caregivers and assessed probation officers' CM knowledge and CM delivery after training in a protocol-specific CM program for caregivers of substance-using youth on probation. Results showed probation officers were ambivalent about CM for caregivers. Results also showed that age, training format and how competency is assessed may be essential to consider. Implications for the dissemination of CM and future research are discussed.

Study protocol for clinical trial of the FIT Families multicomponent obesity intervention for African American adolescents and their caregivers: Next step from the ORBIT initiative.

INTRODUCTION: This study will test the effectiveness of FIT Families (FIT), a multicomponent family-based behavioural intervention, against a credible attention control condition, Home-Based Family Support (HBFS). This protocol paper describes the design of a randomised clinical trial testing the efficacy of the FIT intervention. The protocol will assess the efficacy of FIT to improve health status in African American adolescents with obesity (AAAO) and their primary caregivers on primary (percent body fat) and secondary (physical activity, metabolic control, weight loss) outcomes and its cost-effectiveness. METHODS: 180 youth/caregiver dyads are randomised into FIT or HBFS, stratified by age, gender and baseline per cent overweight. The proposed study follows a two condition (FIT, HBFS) by four assessment time points. Tests will be conducted to identify potential relationship of baseline demographic and clinical variables to our dependent variables and see whether they are balanced between groups. It is hypothesised that youth/caregiver dyads randomised to FIT will show significantly greater reductions in percent body fat over a 12-month follow-up period compared with AAAO receiving HBFS. Preliminary findings are expected by November 2023. ETHICS: This protocol received IRB approval from the Medical University of South Carolina (Pro00106021; see 'MUSC IRB 106021 Main Approval.doxc' in online supplemental materials). DISSEMINATION: Dissemination activities will include summary documents designed for distribution to the broader medical community/family audience and submission of manuscripts, based on study results, to relevant peer-reviewed scientific high-impact journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04974554.

If you build it, they will come: statewide practitioner interest in contingency management for youths.

Addressing the science-service gap, we examined in this study the amenability of a large heterogeneous sample of community-based therapists in the state mental health and substance abuse treatment sectors to learn about an evidence-based practice (EBP) for adolescent substance abuse (i.e., contingency management [CM]) when such learning was supported administratively and logistically. Leadership in most (44 of 50) public sector agencies supported practitioner recruitment, and 432 of 543 eligible practitioners subsequently attended a 1-day workshop in CM. Workshop attendance was predicted by organizational factors but not by practitioner demographic characteristics, professional background, attitudes toward EBPs, or service sector. Moreover, the primary reason for workshop attendance was to improve services for adolescent clients; the primary barriers to attendance, for those who did not attend, were practical in nature and not due to theoretical incompatibility. The findings demonstrate a considerable amount of interest practitioners showed in both the substance abuse and mental health sectors in learning about an EBP.

Juvenile drug court: enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments.

Evaluated the effectiveness of juvenile drug court for 161 juvenile offenders meeting diagnostic criteria for substance abuse or dependence and determined whether the integration of evidence-based practices enhanced the outcomes of juvenile drug court. Over a 1-year period, a four-condition randomized design evaluated outcomes for family court with usual community services, drug court with usual community services, drug court with multisystemic therapy, and drug court with multisystemic therapy enhanced with contingency management for adolescent substance use, criminal behavior, symptomatology, and days in out-of-home placement. In general, findings supported the view that drug court was more effective than family court services in decreasing rates of adolescent substance use and criminal behavior. Possibly due to the greatly increased surveillance of youths in drug court, however, these relative reductions in antisocial behavior did not translate to corresponding decreases in rearrest or incarceration. In addition, findings supported the view that the use of evidence-based treatments within the drug court context improved youth substance-related outcomes. Clinical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Beyond treatment effects: predicting emerging adult alcohol and marijuana use among substance-abusing delinquents.

Secondary analyses of a randomized clinical trial examined the effects of 4 putative risk factors and 2 protective factors in predicting drug use among 80 emerging adults treated 5 years earlier for delinquency and alcohol and/or marijuana use disorders. Frequency of marijuana use and the number of comorbid psychiatric disorders in adolescence predicted cannabis use in emerging adulthood. Increasing academic competence at high levels of social competence predicted less marijuana use. At emerging adulthood, greater use of alcohol and marijuana were associated with both criminality and psychopathology.

Multisystemic Therapy for Externalizing Youth.

Externalizing problems are multidetermined and related to individual, family, peer, school, and community risk factors. Multisystemic therapy (MST) was originally developed to address these risk factors among youth with serious conduct problems who are at-risk for out-of-home placement. Several decades of research have established MST as an evidence-based intervention for adolescents with serious clinical problems, including serious offending, delinquency, substance abuse, and parental physical abuse and neglect. This article presents an overview of the clinical procedures and evidence base of MST for externalizing problems as well as 2 adaptations: MST for Substance Abuse and MST for Child Abuse and Neglect.

One-year follow-up of multisystemic therapy as an alternative to the hospitalization of youths in psychiatric crisis.

OBJECTIVE: This study presents findings from a 1-year follow-up to a randomized clinical trial comparing multisystemic therapy (MST), modified for use with youths presenting psychiatric emergencies, with inpatient psychiatric hospitalization. METHOD: One hundred fifty-six children and adolescents approved for emergency psychiatric hospitalization were randomly assigned to home-based MST or inpatient hospitalization followed by usual services. Assessments examining mental health symptoms, out-of-home placement, school attendance, and family relations were conducted at five times: within 24 hours of recruitment, shortly after the hospitalized youth was released from the hospital (1-2 weeks after recruitment), at the completion of MST (average of 4 months postrecruitment), and 10 and 16 months postrecruitment. RESULTS: Based on placement and youth-report measures, MST was initially more effective than emergency hospitalization and usual services at decreasing youths' symptoms and out-of-home placements and increasing school attendance and family structure, but these differences generally dissipated by 12 to 16 months postrecruitment. Hospitalization produced a rapid, but short-lived, decrease in externalizing symptoms based on caregiver reports. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that youths with serious emotional disturbance might benefit from continuous access to a continuum of evidence-based practices titrated to clinical need.

Multisystemic therapy: a treatment for violent substance-abusing and substance-dependent juvenile offenders.

Adolescent violence and substance abuse result in substantial personal and societal cost. Many treatments fail to produce favorable outcome in terms of both violence and substance abuse with adolescents because they fail to comprehensively address etiological and maintaining factors. This article describes multisystemic therapy (MST), a family- and community-based treatment that has produced favorable outcomes with violent substance-abusing or -dependent adolescents in both realms. The clinical basis for the success of MST and studies supporting its effectiveness with violent and substance-abusing adolescents are presented.

CSF and plasma amyloid-ß temporal profiles and relationships with neurological status and mortality after severe traumatic brain injury.

The role of amyloid-ß (Aß) neuropathology and its significant changes in biofluids after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still debated. We used ultrasensitive digital ELISA approach to assess amyloid-ß1-42 (Aß42) concentrations and time-course in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in plasma of patients with severe TBI and investigated their relationship to injury characteristics, neurological status and clinical outcome. We found decreased CSF Aß42 levels in TBI patients acutely after injury with lower levels in patients who died 6 months post-injury than in survivors. Conversely, plasma Aß42 levels were significantly increased in TBI with lower levels in patients who survived. A trend analysis showed that both CSF and plasma Aß42 levels strongly correlated with mortality. A positive correlation between changes in CSF Aß42 concentrations and neurological status as assessed by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was identified. Our results suggest that determination of Aß42 may be valuable to obtain prognostic information in patients with severe TBI as well as in monitoring the response of the brain to injury.

Predicting nonresponse to juvenile drug court interventions.

Using data from a recent randomized clinical trial involving juvenile drug court (JDC), youth marijuana use trajectories and the predictors of treatment nonresponse were examined. Participants were 118 juvenile offenders meeting diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders assigned to JDC and their families. Urine drug screen results were gathered from weekly court visits for 6 months, and youth reported their marijuana use over 12 months. Semiparametric mixture modeling jointly estimated and classified trajectories of both marijuana use indices. Youth were classified into responder versus nonresponder trajectory groups based on both outcomes. Regression analyses examined pretreatment individual, family, and extrafamilial predictors of nonresponse. Results indicated that youth whose caregivers reported illegal drug use pretreatment were almost 10 times as likely to be classified into the nonresponder trajectory group. No other variable significantly distinguished drug use trajectory groups. Findings have implications for the design of interventions to improve JDC outcomes.

Statewide adoption and initial implementation of contingency management for substance-abusing adolescents.

Four hundred thirty-two public sector therapists attended a workshop in contingency management (CM) and were interviewed monthly for the following 6 months to assess their adoption and initial implementation of CM to treat substance-abusing adolescent clients. Results showed that 58% (n = 131) of the practitioners with at least one substance-abusing adolescent client (n = 225) adopted CM. Rates of adoption varied with therapist service sector (mental health vs. substance abuse), educational background, professional experience, and attitudes toward treatment manuals and evidence-based practices. Competing clinical priorities and client resistance were most often reported as barriers to adopting CM, whereas unfavorable attitudes toward and difficulty in implementing CM were rarely cited as barriers. The fidelity of initial CM implementation among adopters was predicted by organizational characteristics as well as by several demographic, professional experience, attitudinal, and service sector characteristics. Overall, the findings support the amenability of public sector practitioners to adopt evidence-based practices and suggest that the predictors of adoption and initial implementation are complex and multifaceted.