RESUMEN
Scrub typhus is a seriously neglected life threatening disease in Asia and the islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans. The causative agent is Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intra-cytosolic bacterium transmitted to vertebrate animals such as human or rodent by larval trombiculid mites (chiggers). Here, we conducted an outbreak investigation in Madhya Pradesh state in central India after sudden upsurge in scrub typhus cases and mortality in humans. Sixty-five live traps were placed for capturing the rodents. The captured rodent species were identified and the samples were subjected to nested PCR targeting 56kDa TSA gene. Analysis revealed for the first-time predominant circulation of Karp genotype in this region. The vector species involved in transmission is Leptotrobidium deliense. In conclusion, we reported the circulation of Karp strain in outbreak regions of Madhya Pradesh and suggest that public health monitoring and surveillance needs to be improved. Studies on antigenic diversity, association of strains with clinical spectrum and pathogenicity in the local setup will be essential for development of region-specific diagnostics and vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Orientia tsutsugamushi , Tifus por Ácaros , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Epidemiología Molecular , Orientia tsutsugamushi/genética , Filogenia , Roedores , Tifus por Ácaros/epidemiología , Tifus por Ácaros/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Serology remains the mainstay for diagnosis of scrub typhus. In central India, diagnosis of this neglected emerging zoonotic disease suffers due to lack of standardized region-specific cutoff value and diagnostic test. Henceforth, standardized region-specific cutoff value for diagnostic ELISA play a significant role in initial treatment of patients and to differentiate other febrile diseases in endemic setup. A total of 144 patients of all age groups with acute undifferentiated febrile illness patients, forty healthy controls, dengue and chikungunya positive thirty-five samples in each category, respectively were enrolled in the study and subjected to IgM ELISA (InBioS, International, Inc.). Samples showing OD value more than 0.5 in IgM ELISA, were subjected to nested PCR. Both, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and healthy volunteer samples mean with +3 SD were considered to generate region specific cutoff OD value. A total of 48 patients were diagnosed as cases of scrub typhus through IgM ELISA. Out of 48 samples, 30 were positive by nested PCR. The ROC curve analysis revealed a diagnostic ELISA cutoff value of 0.73 with sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 100%, respectively. The cut off arrived from healthy volunteer is mean OD + 3 SD is 0.72. Considering the significance of scrub typhus diagnosis for treatment and to understand disease dynamics in region wise, the cutoff value of >0.72 for diagnostic ELISA for Madhya Pradesh in central India can be used.
Asunto(s)
Orientia tsutsugamushi , Tifus por Ácaros , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina M , India/epidemiología , Tifus por Ácaros/diagnóstico , Tifus por Ácaros/epidemiología , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Rubella infection during pregnancy can result in miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, or a constellation of congenital malformations known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The 11 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region are committed to the elimination of measles and control of rubella and CRS by 2020. Until 2016, when the Government of India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Indian Council of Medical Research initiated surveillance for CRS in five sentinel sites, India did not conduct systematic surveillance for CRS. During the first 8 months of surveillance, 207 patients with suspected CRS were identified. Based on clinical details and serologic investigations, 72 (34.8%) cases were classified as laboratory-confirmed CRS, four (1.9%) as congenital rubella infection, 11 (5.3%) as clinically compatible cases, and 120 (58.0%) were excluded as noncases. The experience gained during the first phase of surveillance will be useful in expanding the surveillance network, and data from the surveillance network will be used to help monitor progress toward control of rubella and CRS in India.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Rubéola Congénita/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Rubéola Congénita/epidemiología , Virus de la Rubéola/aislamiento & purificación , Vigilancia de Guardia , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Embarazo , Virus de la Rubéola/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
During 2015-2017, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) showed a resurgence in several parts of India with Karnataka, Maharashtra and New Delhi accounting for a majority of the cases. E2-E1 gene based characterization revealed Indian subcontinent sublineage strains possessing Aedes aegypti mosquito-adaptive mutations E1: K211E and E2:V264A, with the 211 site positively selected. Novel mutational sites E1: K16E/Q, E1: K132Q/T, E1: S355T, E2: C19R and E2:S185Y could be associated with epitopes or virulence determining domains. The study examines the role of host, vector and viral factors and fills gaps in our molecular epidemiology data for these regions which are known to possess a dynamic population.
Asunto(s)
Fiebre Chikungunya/virología , Virus Chikungunya/genética , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genética , Aedes/fisiología , Aedes/virología , Animales , Fiebre Chikungunya/epidemiología , Fiebre Chikungunya/transmisión , Virus Chikungunya/clasificación , Virus Chikungunya/aislamiento & purificación , Virus Chikungunya/patogenicidad , Brotes de Enfermedades , India/epidemiología , Epidemiología Molecular , Mosquitos Vectores/fisiología , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Mutación , Filogenia , VirulenciaRESUMEN
During a survey in the year 2010, a novel phlebovirus was isolated from the Rousettus leschenaultii species of bats in western India. The virus was identified by electron microscopy from infected Vero E6 cells. Phylogenic analysis of the complete genome showed its close relation to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and Heartland viruses, which makes it imperative to further study its natural ecology and potential as a novel emerging zoonotic virus.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Bunyaviridae/veterinaria , Phlebovirus/clasificación , Phlebovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Infecciones por Bunyaviridae/virología , Quirópteros/virología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Phlebovirus/genética , Filogenia , Células VeroRESUMEN
Surveillance work was initiated to study the presence of highly infectious diseases like Ebola-Reston, Marburg, Nipah and other possible viruses that are known to be found in the bat species and responsible for causing diseases in humans. A novel adenovirus was isolated from a common species of fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) captured in Maharashtra State, India. Partial sequence analysis of the DNA polymerase gene shows this isolate to be a newly recognized member of the genus Mastadenovirus (family Adenoviridae), approximately 20% divergent at the nucleotide level from Japanese BatAdV, its closest known relative.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Adenoviridae/veterinaria , Quirópteros/virología , Mastadenovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Adenoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Adenoviridae/virología , Animales , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ADN/análisis , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ADN/genética , India , Mastadenovirus/clasificación , Mastadenovirus/genética , ARN Viral/genéticaAsunto(s)
Fiebre Chikungunya/epidemiología , Coinfección , Dengue/epidemiología , Malaria/epidemiología , Viaje , Fiebre Chikungunya/diagnóstico , Fiebre Chikungunya/virología , Dengue/diagnóstico , Dengue/virología , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Malaria/diagnóstico , Malaria/parasitología , Masculino , Nigeria/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) induces an acute infection of the central nervous system, the pathogenic mechanism of which is not fully understood. To investigate host response to JEV infection, 14-day-old mice were infected via the extraneural route, which resulted in encephalitis and death. Mice that received JEV immune splenocyte transfer were protected from extraneural JEV infection. Pathology and gene expression profiles were then compared in brains of mice that either succumbed to JEV infection or were protected from infection by JEV immune cell transfer. Mice undergoing progressive JEV infection had increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and signal transducers associated with the interferon (IFN) pathway. In contrast, mice receiving immune cell transfer had increased production of the Th2 cytokine IL-4, and of IL-10, with subdued expression of IFN-gamma. We observed IL-10 to be an important factor in determining clinical outcome in JEV infection. Data obtained by microarray analysis were further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Together, these data suggest that JEV infection causes an unregulated inflammatory response that can be countered by the expression of immunomodulatory cytokines in mice that survive lethal infection.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/inmunología , Citocinas/toxicidad , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/inmunología , Encefalitis Japonesa/inmunología , Encefalitis Japonesa/patología , Traslado Adoptivo , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/virología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inflamación/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Since 1997 National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit involved in WHO's Acute flaccid paralysis paediatric cases surveillance programme to isolate and detect polioviruses. Stool samples yielded not only polioviruses but also Non-Polio enteroviruses. This report is an overview of non-polio Enterovirus (NPEV) epidemiology in Karnataka state, India for the period of 16-years and 6 months from July 1997-2013. METHODS: A total of 19,410 clinical samples were processed for virus isolation as a part of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance for Global Polio Eradication Programme in India at National Polio Laboratory, at Bengaluru. NPEV detection was performed by virus isolation on cell culture according to World Health Organisation recommended protocols. RESULTS: A total of 4152 NPEV isolates were obtained. The NPEV isolation rate varied from year to year but with a total NPEV rate of 21.39%. CONCLUSION: A seasonal variation was noted with high transmission period between April and October with peaks in June-July. The male to female ratio was 1:1.2. The isolation of NPEV decreased significantly with the increase in age. Epidemiology of NPEVs from AFP cases in Karnataka is described.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Enterovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Enterovirus/patología , Parálisis/epidemiología , Parálisis/patología , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Niño , Preescolar , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Heces/virología , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Masculino , Estaciones del Año , Distribución por Sexo , Cultivo de VirusRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease that usually occurs as a parotitis, but it can also lead to several life- threatening complications, including pancreatitis, meningitis and encephalitis. OBJECTIVE: To determine and diagnosis of mumps disease, which is communicable disease usually affects childrens. Although it is seen worldwide, but outbreaks not common in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty one suspected mumps cases, who presented to the unimmunized population of Chikkahallivana village in Davangere district of Karnataka, India in January 2014, with clinical evidence of fever, cervical lymphadenitis and ear pain, manifest with self-limited uni-or bilateral parotitis. A total of 31 cases consisting of 31 blood and 31 throat swabs were tested for diagnosis of mumps disease. RESULTS: Of the 31 suspected cases, laboratory results showed 18 positive for mumps IgM antibodies and 7 cases showed presence of mumps virus RNA by RT-PCR using MV specific nested primers. From 31 cases, 5 were positive with both the methods. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the cases by serological as well as a sensitive RT-nested PCR-based method and sequencing results for the molecular identiï¬cation of mumps infection. Sequencing results of the SH gene identified outbreak strain as genotype C, which was consistent with other outbreaks in India.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Virus de la Parotiditis/aislamiento & purificación , Paperas/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Sangre/virología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , India/epidemiología , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Paperas/patología , Faringe/virología , ARN Viral/análisis , ARN Viral/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
During 1992-96, outbreaks of buffalopox zoonosis were reported from different villages in Jalgaon, Dhule and Beed districts of Maharashtra State. In humans, pox lesions were observed on the hands whereas in affected buffaloes and cows the lesions were noticed mainly on the teats and udder. Twenty two virus strains were isolated from the skin scabs collected from infected humans and milch animals. Neutralizing antibodies were detected not only in the sera of affected humans but also in their contacts. Detection of antibodies in young individuals from endemic area, who were neither vaccinated for smallpox nor had any contact with buffaloes or history of any poxvirus disease, is suggestive of occurrence of subclinical infection. A few children who had no contact with infected animals also showed clinical manifestations with disseminated lesions on the face, arm and buttocks, and thus suspected to have acquired infection through their infected parents or other family members indicating a possible man to man transmission. Therefore, in the light of discontinuation of smallpox vaccination, buffalopox outbreaks need to be monitored carefully as this may emerge as a serious zoonotic disease in India.
Asunto(s)
Búfalos/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Infecciones por Poxviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Poxviridae/veterinaria , Animales , Bovinos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Conejos , Factores de Tiempo , Células VeroRESUMEN
Various strains of laboratory-bred rodents viz. mice [Swiss, C57BL/6, C3H/Hej, DBA/2, BALB/c, NMRI (nu/nu) and BL6 (nu/nu) and their heterozygous siblings (nu/+)], Mastomys natalensis, Wistar rat, golden hamster and Indian desert gerbil were inoculated intracerebrally (ic) with mouse-adapted dengue virus type 2 (DV-2). The inoculated animals were observed daily for dullness, anorexia, occult blood in faeces, patechial haemorrhages, lacrymation, paralysis, cachexia, death. Necropsied animals were examined for gastrointestinal haemorrhages and lymphadenopathy. The severity of clinical symptoms in various rodents declined as follows: (i) BL6 (nu/nu) mice exhibited most severe manifestation of all the aforementioned symptoms followed by (ii) NMRI (nu/nu), (iii) BL6 (nu/+) (iv) NMRI (nu/+) and C57BL6, (v) DBA, C3H/Hej and BALB/c, and (vi) Swiss. These results indicate that adaptation of DV-2 to the mouse may be an important factor in exaltation of virulence. Interstrain variation in manifestation of symptoms in mice indicates that the susceptibility to DV-2 may be determined by host genetic factors.