CDK4/6 inhibitor-mediated cell overgrowth triggers osmotic and replication stress to promote senescence.

Abnormal increases in cell size are associated with senescence and cell cycle exit. The mechanisms by which overgrowth primes cells to withdraw from the cell cycle remain unknown. We address this question using CDK4/6 inhibitors, which arrest cells in G0/G1 and are licensed to treat advanced HR+/HER2- breast cancer. We demonstrate that CDK4/6-inhibited cells overgrow during G0/G1, causing p38/p53/p21-dependent cell cycle withdrawal. Cell cycle withdrawal is triggered by biphasic p21 induction. The first p21 wave is caused by osmotic stress, leading to p38- and size-dependent accumulation of p21. CDK4/6 inhibitor washout results in some cells entering S-phase. Overgrown cells experience replication stress, resulting in a second p21 wave that promotes cell cycle withdrawal from G2 or the subsequent G1. We propose that the levels of p21 integrate signals from overgrowth-triggered stresses to determine cell fate. This model explains how hypertrophy can drive senescence and why CDK4/6 inhibitors have long-lasting effects in patients.

Both B-1a and B-1b cells exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids differentiate into IgM antibody-secreting cells.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The cellular immune response to mycobacteria has been characterized extensively, but the antibody response remains underexplored. The present study aimed to examine whether host or bacterial phospholipids induce secretion of IgM, and specifically anti-phospholipid IgM, antibodies by B cells and to identify the responsible B-cell subset. Here we show that peritoneal B cells responded to lipid antigens by secreting IgM antibodies. Specifically, stimulation with M. tuberculosis H37Rv total lipids resulted in significant induction of total and anti-phosphatidylcholine IgM. Similarly, IgM antibody production increased significantly with stimulation by whole Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin. The B-1 subset was the dominant source of IgM antibodies after exposure to cardiolipin. Both CD5+ B-1a and CD5- B-1b cell subsets secreted total IgM antibodies after exposure to M. tuberculosis H37Rv total lipids in vitro. Overall, our results suggest that the poly-reactive B-1 cell repertoire contributes to non-specific anti-phospholipid IgM antibody secretion in response to M. tuberculosis lipids.

Cornalean affinities, phylogenetic significance, and biogeographic implications of Operculifructus infructescences from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Mexico.

IN ENGLISH: Premise of the Study Cretaceous Cornales provide a crucial record of the early history of asterids. Most lineages of the order are well represented in the fossil record, but South African families of Curtisiaceae and Grubbiaceae remain poorly understood. Seventy-three specimens of a fossil infructescence belonging to the genus Operculifructus Estrada-Ruiz & Cevallos-Ferriz emend. Hayes & Smith from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) El Gallo Formation, Baja California, Mexico bear previously undescribed characters that suggest a relationship to Grubbiaceae. Methods Microstructures of the fossils were examined through light microscopy and x-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) scanning. Modern Grubbia tomentosa (Thunb.) Harms fruits were scanned for comparison to the fossil material. Phylogenetic analyses using the 77 fruit characters of Atkinson () were performed to test relationships of the fossil to major lineages of the order. Several analyses applied topological constraints to the extant taxa, based on various genetically supported hypotheses of relationship within Cornales. Key Results Novel structures of Operculifructus newly observed here include (1) anatropous ovules, (2) drupaceous fruits, (3) an epigynous disc, (4) and a stylar canal in the center of the disc aligned with the micropylar protrusion of the seed. Phylogenetic analysis consistently resolves Operculifructus as sister to Grubbiaceae. Conclusions Operculifructus provides direct evidence for the occurrence of Grubbiaceae in the Late Cretaceous, much older than previous Eocene evidence. The phylogeny of Atkinson () indicates that the new phylogenetic position recovered for Operculifructus also establishes the presence of the most basal drupaceous cornalean fruits in North America by the Campanian. RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Hipótesis de la Investigación Cornales cretácicos representan un registro esencial en la historia de los astéridos. Casi todos los linajes del orden están bien representados en el registro fósil, pero las familias africanas sureñas Curtisiaceae y Grubbiaceae permanecen pobremente entendidas. Setenta y tres ejemplares de una infrutescencia fósil perteneciente al género Operculifructus Estrada-Ruiz & Cevallos-Ferriz emend. Hayes & Smith de la formación campaniana (Cretácico Tardío) El Gallo, Baja California, México, poseen caracteres no descritos previamente y sugieren una relación con Grubbiaceae. Metodología Microestructuras de los fósiles fueron examinadas con microscopio de luz y microtomografía computarizada (micro-CT) de rayos X. Frutos actuales de Grubbia tomentosa (Thunb.) Harms fueron escaneados para su comparación con el material fósil. Se realizaron análisis filogenéticos usando los 77 caracteres de frutos de Atkinson () para probar las relaciones de los fósiles con los linajes principales del orden. En algunos análisis se aplicaron restricciones topológicas a los taxa actuales basándose en varias hipótesis, soportadas genéticamente, de las relaciones dentro de Cornales. Resultados Centrales (Cruciales) Las estructuras novedosas de Operculifructus, recientemente observadas aquí, incluyen (1) óvulos anátropos; (2) frutos drupáceos; (3) disco epígino; y (4) un canal estilar en el centro del disco alineado con la protuberancia micropilar de la semilla. Los análisis filogenéticos consistentemente dan como resultado que Operculifructus es hermano de Grubbiaceae. Conclusiones Operculifructus proporciona evidencia directa de la presencia de Grubbiaceae en el Cretácico Tardío, mucho antes que la previa evidencia en el Eoceno. La filogenia de Atkinson () indica que la nueva posición filogenética recuperada para Operculifructus también resalta la presencia de frutos drupáceos cornaleanos más basales en Norteamérica durante el Campaniano.

Total IgM and Anti-Phosphatidylcholine IgM Antibody Secretion Continue After Clearance of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Pleural Infection.

The cellular immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection has been well characterized, while the humoral antibody response remains underexplored. We aimed to examine the total and anti-phospholipid IgM levels in the pleural lavage from mice with Mycobacterium bovis BCG extrapulmonary infection. We found that the levels of total and anti-phosphatidylcholine IgM antibodies remained significantly higher in infected mice as compared to non-infected mice up to day 90 after BCG infection, while the anti-cardiolipin IgM antibody levels decreased with bacteria clearance. Our findings suggest that IgM antibodies are secreted and their composition vary during early and late immune response to BCG pleurisy.

Is There a Difference in Adenoma Detection Rates According to Indication? An Experience in a Panamanian Colorectal Cancer Screening Program.

Background: The benefit of colorectal cancer screening in reducing cancer risk and related death is unclear. There are quality measure indicators and multiple factors that affect the performance of a successful colonoscopy. The main objective of our study was to identify if there is a difference in polyp detection rate (PDR) and adenoma detection rate (ADR) according to colonoscopy indication and which factors might be associated. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all colonoscopies performed between January 2018 and January 2019, in a tertiary endoscopic center. All patients ≥ 50 years old scheduled for a nonurgent colonoscopy and screening colonoscopy were included. We stratified the total number of colonoscopies into two categories according to the indication: screening vs. non-screening, and then calculated PDR, ADR and serrated polyp detection rate (SDR). We also performed logistic regression model to identify factors associated with detecting polyps and adenomatous polyps. Results: A total of 1,129 and 365 colonoscopies were performed in the non-screening and screening group, respectively. In comparison with the screening group, PDR and ADR were lower for the non-screening group (33% vs. 25%; P = 0.005 and 17% vs. 13%; P = 0.005). SDR was non-significantly lower in the non-screening group when compared with the screening group (11% vs. 9%; P = 0.53 and 22% vs. 13%; P = 0.007). Conclusion: In conclusion, this observational study reported differences in PDR and ADR depending on screening and non-screening indication. These differences could be related to factors related to the endoscopist, time slot allotted for colonoscopy, population background, and external factors.

Searching for a Clue to Characterize a Crystalline Dinosaur's Eggshell of Baja California, Mexico.

This work presents a detailed structural and morphological analysis of different dinosaur eggshells such as Spheroolithus (sample 1, 2), lambeosaurinae, Prismatoolithus, and one unidentified ootaxon performed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). These ancient eggshells of Late Cretaceous dinosaurs were collected in the coastal area of El Rosario, Baja California in Mexico. Additionally, a thorough study was performed on the elements present in the samples by different techniques such as energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS technique was performed to make an accurate identification of the compounds of two different types of eggshells (Spheroolithus sample 1 and Prismatoolithus). This contribution compares the surface of five different dinosaur eggshells of 74 Ma and their inner section to determine the morphology, distribution of the chemical elements present, as well as their relationship. The observed morphology of the ornithopod eggshells of the herbivorous species shows that the mammillary cones are in the form of columns with microaggregates and irregular pores. In contrast, in the theropod eggshells, the mammillary cones are observed in different forms with wider pores. Finally, the chemical components present in the structures of each of the samples were estimated using the information obtained from SEM-EDS, evidencing the presence of calcite, quartz, and albite in each of the samples. The composition reveals that eggshells contain Si, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Sr and trace elements such as Cr, Cu, and Zn. The presence of heavy metals may be an indication that the eggshells presented diagenetic alterations.

Antileishmanial activity of a new chloroquine analog in an animal model of Leishmania panamensis infection.

Leishmania panamensis is a relevant causative agent of tegumentary leishmaniasis in several Latin American countries. Available antileishmanial drugs have several limitations including relatively high toxicity, difficult administration, high production costs and the emergence of resistance in circulating strains. Therefore, the identification of new molecules as potential therapeutics for leishmaniasis is of great relevance. Here, we developed a murine model of L. panamensis infection and evaluated the effect of a new compound in vivo. After treatment of animals with the compound, we observed a significant reduction of inflammation and parasite load at the inoculation site, in a dose-dependent manner. We observed a reduction in IL-10 production by popliteal lymph nodes cells of infected mice. These results pave the way for future evaluation of this compound as a potential antileishmanial drug or as a suitable scaffold for lead optimization strategies.

Is there a role for bowel rest in nutrition management of Crohn's disease?

In 1988, Greenberg and colleagues published a large randomized controlled trial to address whether bowel rest could lead to improved disease activity in patients with active Crohn's disease. The results of this study provide substantial evidence that bowel rest is not necessary to achieve remission in patients with active Crohn's disease receiving nutrition support. Before this study, great controversy existed about the use of nutrition support and bowel rest in the treatment of active Crohn's disease because of a limited number of conflicting studies providing evidence for and against its application. The results of the publication by Greenberg et al are fundamental because they helped to settle this important argument. Furthermore, this pivotal paper changed the clinical guidelines for the use of nutrition support in the management of active Crohn's disease. Since the publication of this pivotal article, many developments in the field of nutrition and in the treatment of Crohn's disease have helped validate and further its results. Subsequent studies and debate center on the use of enteral nutrition as primary treatment in patients with active Crohn's disease. Data regarding the efficacy, composition, and overall role of adult enteral nutrition in the management of Crohn's disease are presented. This article revisits the Greenberg paper and discusses some of these innovations in nutrition.

Productive characteristics of sunflower genotypes irrigated with different levels of saline water

Sunflower is suitable for family farmers from Northeast Brazil who are benefited by the production of grain and oil and is adequate for crop rotation and for honey production. The need for irrigation in this region leads to the realization of this study for evaluating the production components of four sunflower genotypes irrigated with different levels of water salinity. The study was carried out in the municipality of Remigio, Paraíba, Brazil, using a randomized block with split plots experimental design in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of five electrical conductivity levels of the irrigation water at 25 °C (L1 - 0.14 (reservoir water), L2 - 1.50, L3 - 2.50, L4 - 3.50, and L5 - 4.50 dS m- 1), and four sunflower genotypes (C1 - Embrapa 122-V2000, C2 - Olisun 03, C3 - AG 963, and C4 - Multissol) with three replicates. The irrigation water salinity levels tested did not influence the variables studied. Different values of the variables among sunflower genotypes were due to characteristics inherent to each genotype. Sunflower genotype Olisun 03 presented the highest oil content, while the lowest content was observed in Multissol.

Melon cultivation irrigated with saline waters promote chemical alterations in an acrisol / Cultivo de melão irrigado com águas salinas promove alterações químicas em argissolo

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the salinization process and the changes in the chemical properties of an Acrisol cultivated with melon irrigated with water of different saline concentrations. The experiment was carried out in the field conditions using the experimental design of randomized blocks, arranged in split-plot. The plots were composed of salinity levels of irrigation water, expressed in terms of water electrical conductivity (ECw): 0.54; 1.48; 2.02 dS m-1; and the sub-plots for melon cultivars: Sancho and Medellín (Toad Skin), Mandacaru (Yellow), Nectar (Galia) and Sedna (Cantaloupe). Soil samples were collected at the beginning and end of the crop cycle to evaluate the changes in the physical-chemical properties of the soil. The electrical conductivity of saturation extract in the soil profile varied for each cultivar, observing high salinity values in soils with cultivars with lower water demand (Sedna and Nectar). The salinity of the soil was lower than the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water in the treatments with high values of ECw. The soil pH values showed little reaction in relation to the initial values. The exchangeable sodium percentage values were approximate twice the sodium adsorption ratio of the saturation stratum.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o processo de salinização e as alterações dos atributos químicos de um Argissolo cultivado com melão irrigado com água de diferentes concentrações salinas. O experimento foi desenvolvido em campo aberto utilizando o delineamento de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdividas. As parcelas constituíram de níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação, expressa em condutividade elétrica da água (CEa): 0,54; 1,48; 2,02; 3,03 e 3,90 dS m-1 e, as sub-parcelas de cultivares de melão: Sancho e Medellín (Pele de Sapo), Mandacaru (Amarelo), Néctar (Gália) e Sedna (Cantaloupe). Amostras de solos foram coletadas no início e no final do ciclo da cultura para avaliação do processo de salinização e das alterações dos atributos físico-químicos do solo. Os resultados mostraram que a ECse no perfil do solo variou para cada cultivar, sendo as maiores salinidades observadas nos solos cultivados com as cultivares que utilizam uma menor demanda hídrica (Sedna e Néctar). A salinidade do solo foi sempre inferior ao da condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação nos tratamentos com maiores CEa. Os valores de pH do solo apresentaram pequena reação em relação aos valores iniciais. Os valores de porcentagem de sódio trocável foram cerca de duas vezes superiores ao da razão de adsorção de sódio do estrato de saturação. (AU)

Sunflower growth irrigated with sewage effluent under organic fertilization / Crescimento de girassol irrigado com efluente de esgoto sob adubação orgânica

In the semi-arid region of Brazil due to water scarcity, the use of alternative water sources is of vital importance, such as the use of saline waters and treated sewage effluents. Therefore, in the present work, the growth of sunflower plants irrigated with tap water and treated domestic sewage effluent, associated with organic fertilization was evaluated. The research was carried out in a protected environment at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus I, Campina Grande, PB. A completely randomized experimental design with factorial arrangement was used (4 x 2) + 2, with 5 repetitions. the treatments consisted of organic manure dosages (7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% of manure on a weight basis) and two water sources (supply water and treated domestic sewage effluent). According to the results obtained, it can be indicated that the use of domestic sewage effluent for sunflower irrigation increased sunflower growth in relation to the use of water supply. The application of manure doses of 12.5 and 15% improved the early growth of the sunflower, with significant increases in the growth variables.

Na região semiárida do Brasil, devido à escassez de água, o uso de fontes alternativas de água é de vital importância, como o uso de águas salinas e efluentes de esgoto tratado. Portanto, no presente trabalho, avaliou-se o crescimento de plantas de girassol irrigadas com água da torneira e efluente de esgoto doméstico tratado, associado à adubação orgânica. A pesquisa foi realizada em ambiente protegido da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus I, Campina Grande, PB. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial (4 x 2) + 2, com 5 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dosagens de adubo orgânico (7,5; 10; 12,5 e 15% de esterco por peso) e duas fontes de água (água de abastecimento e efluente de esgoto doméstico tratado). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se indicar que o uso de efluente de esgoto doméstico na irrigação com girassol aumentou o crescimento do girassol em relação ao uso de água. A aplicação de doses de estrume de 12,5 e 15% melhorou o crescimento inicial do girassol, com aumentos significativos nas variáveis de crescimento.

Green onion production under strategies of replacement and frequencies of circulation of brackish nutritive solutions / Produção de cebolinha sob estratégias de reposição e frequências de circulação de soluções nutritivas salobras

The cultivation of vegetables in semi-arid regions, especially in the context of the use of brackish water, has been made possible by the use of the hydroponics technique. Thus, two experiments were carried out between December 2016 and January 2017 in a protected environment at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife ­ PE, Brazil (8° 1"7" South latitude and 34° 56" 53" West longitude, and average altitude of 6.5 m), aiming at evaluating the production of green onion (cv. "Todo dia" Evergreen - Nebuka) in plants exposed to brackish nutrient solution (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 dS m-1), applied at two frequencies of circulation (twice a day - at 8 and 16 hours, and three times per day - at 8, 12 and 16 hours) in low-cost hydroponics system. In Experiment I, the nutrient solution evapotranspirated by the plants was replaced with the respective brackish water used in its preparation, and in Experiment II with UFRPE supply water (0.12 dS m-1). In both cases, a completely randomized experimental design was used, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replications. It was concluded that under replacement with brackish water, the increase in the frequency of circulation attenuated the losses imposed by the salinity to the biometric variables and of the production of fresh and dry phytomass of the plants; the water supply replenishment had a greater mitigating role in relation to the damage caused by the salinity with the increase of the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution.

O cultivo de hortaliças em regiões semiáridas, especialmente no contexto de uso de águas salobras, tem sido viabilizado pelo uso da técnica da hidroponia. Diante disto, entre janeiro de 2016 e abril de 2017, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em ambiente protegido na Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE (8° 1"7" Sul e 34° 56" 53" Oeste, altitude média de 6,5 m), objetivando-se avaliar a produção da cebolinha (cv. Todo ano Evergreen - Nebuka) em plantas expostas a soluções nutritivas salobras (1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0; 7,5 e 9,0 dS m-1) aplicadas em duas frequências de circulação (duas vezes ao dia - às 8 e às 16 horas; e três vezes ao dia - às 8, 12 e 16 horas). Em ambos os casos, utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com cinco repetições. No Experimento I, a lâmina de solução nutritiva evapotranspirada pelas plantas foi reposta com a respectiva água salobra utilizada no seu preparo e, no Experimento II, com água de abastecimento da UFRPE (0,12 dS m-1). Concluiu-se que sob reposição com água salobra, o aumento da frequência de circulação atenuou as perdas impostas pela salinidade às variáveis biométricas e de produção de fitomassa fresca e seca das plantas; a reposição com água deabastecimento passou a ter maior papel mitigador em relação ao dano causado pela salinidade com o aumento da condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva.

Variation of the water table and salinity in alluvial aquifers of underground dams in the semi-arid regio n of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Variação do nível freático e da salinidade do aquífero aluvial em barragens subterrâneas no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte

Despite the growing progress in the construction of underground dams, there are few studies to evaluate and monitor these reservoirs after their construction. Thus, a research study was carried out to evaluate the water table level in alluvial aquifers and water salinity in four underground dams selected in the Cobras river basin, Parelhas municipality, Rio Grande do Norte. Water level variation was monitored using the traditional method and the Ground Penetrating Radar with generation of 3D virtual models. Water samples were collected between the months of December 2010 and December 2011 for electrical conductivity analysis. The results indicate that the accumulation of groundwater and salinity (expressed by electrical conductivity) in the reservoirs were affected by the spatial position within the hydrographic basin (limited occurrence of alluvial aquifer recharge area in headwater sectors) and the presence of surface reservoirs (upstream dams), which promote a more continuous recharge, greater renovation, and reduction of the salinity of the waters of the alluvial aquifer downstream.

Apesar do crescente avanço na construção de barragens subterrâneas, há poucos estudos de avaliação e monitoramento das barragens subterrâneas após a sua construção. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa com o objetivo de avaliar a salinidade da água e a variação do nível freático em aquífero aluvial em quatro barragens subterrâneas selecionadas na microbacia do rio das Cobras, município de Parelhas, RioGrande do Norte. As amostras de água foram coletadas entre os meses de dezembro de 2010 a dezembro de 2011 para análise da condutividade elétrica. A variação do nível da água foi monitorada utilizando método tradicional e o Ground Penetrating Radar com geração de modelos virtuais 3D. Os resultados indicam que a acumulação da água subterrânea e a sua salinidade (expressa pela condutividade elétrica) nos reservatórios foram afetadas pela posição espacial dentro da bacia hidrográfica (ocorrência limitada de área de recarga do aquífero aluvial em setores de cabeceiras do rio) e pela presença de reservatórios superficiais (açudes à montante), os quais promovem uma recarga mais contínua, maior renovação, e redução da salinidade das águas do aquífero aluvial à jusante.

Production of lettuce crop under foliar organo-mine ral fertilization and environment / Produção da alface cultivada sob fertilização organomineral via foliar e ambiência

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the organo-mineral foliar fertilization and the environment in the lettuce crop. The work was carried out in a soil classified as Quartzipsamments, with loam texture and low initial availability of nutrients. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement 2 x 2 x 5, corresponding to two cultivars of lettuce (Crisp Vanda and Crisp Lucy Brown), two environments (with and without shading mesh at 35%) and five concentrations of Ferti Garden liquid fertilizer multipurpose via foliar, (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20% of the product in the solution), with 4 repetitions, containing 20 plants. Soil preparation was done manually and fertilized with 30 m3 hectare-1 of bovine manure, dead cover was also used. The foliar fertilizer was applied three times, at intervals of seven days, through a constant pressure sprayer, from 12 days after transplanting the seedlings. At 33 days after the transplant the plants were harvested and evaluated in the variables of head diameter, number of leaves, fresh matter and productivity. The cultivar Crisp Lucy Brown proved to be more demanding in terms of luminosity and mineral nutrition in relation to the cultivar Crisp Vanda. Therefore, the highest development and productivity of the Crisp Lucy Brown cultivar is obtained without shading mesh, with fertilization before sowing of 30 kg ha-1 of fowl bed and fertilization with 9.1% of the foliar fertilizer. While for the cultivar Crisp Vanda the highest productivity is obtained with shading mesh, and only with fertilization before sowing.

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a influência da adubação foliar organominaral e ambiência no cultivo da alface. O estudo foi realizado em condições de campo, em solo classificado como Neossolo Quartzarênico, com textura média e baixa disponibilidade inicial de nutrientes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso em fatorial 2 x 2 x 5, correspondente a duas cultivares de alface (solta crespa: Vanda e repolhuda crespa: Lucy Brown), dois ambientes (presença e ausência de sombrite a 35%) e cinco concentrações do fertilizante líquido Ferti Garden Multiuso via foliar (0; 5; 10; 15 e 20% do produto na calda), em 4 repetições, contendo 20 plantas. No preparo do solo foi realizado manualmente e fertilizado com 30 m3 hectare-1 de esterco bovino, sendo também adotado a cobertura morta. O fertilizante foliar foi aplicado três vezes em intervalos de sete dias via pulverizador de pressão constante, a partir do 12 dias após o transplantio das mudas. Aos 33 dias após o transplantio as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas quanto ao diâmetro da cabeça, número de folha, matéria fresca e produtividade. A cultivar Lucy Brown é mais exigente em luminosidade e nutrição mineral em relação a cultivar Vanda. O maior crescimento e produtividade dacultivar Lucy Brown é obtido na ausência de sombrite, com adubação de fundação com 30 kg ha-1 de cama aviária e adubação com 9,1% do fertilizante foliar. Enquanto para cultivar solta crespa: Vanda é obtido na presença de sombrite, apenas com adubação de fundação.

Small bowel feeding tube placement using an electromagnetic tube placement device: accuracy of tip location.

BACKGROUND: An electromagnetic tube placement device (ETPD) monitors tip position of feeding tubes (FT) during placement in the digestive tract. It helps to avoid airway misplacement and permits positioning into the small bowel (SB). This study compares the overall agreement between FT tip location as determined by an ETPD vs an abdominal radiograph of the kidneys, ureter, and bladder (KUB). METHODS: Using an ETPD, A nurse placed postpyloric FTs in ICU patients. We included all patients in whom the ETPD was used for FT placement. Data were prospectively recorded for 255 days on the rate of successful postpyloric placement, ETPD estimated tip location, and KUB location. RESULTS: 860 tubes were placed in 616 patients, 719 (83.6%) of which recorded for ETPD and KUB. According to the KUB, 81% of tubes were in the SB; however, ETPD suggested 89% were beyond the pylorus. There was moderate agreement beyond what could be attributed to chance between KUB and ETPD tip locations (475 [66.1%], κ score 0.62 [95% confidence interval 0.58-0.67]). More tubes by KUB were distal (134[18.6%]) vs proximal (110[15.3%]) to the suspected location by ETPD (P < .0001. Tubes in or distal to the second half of the duodenum, according to ETPD were rarely in the stomach (<1%). No tubes were proximal to the stomach or placed into the airway. CONCLUSIONS: The strong agreement between KUB and ETPD, when tubes were believed to be in the second part of the duodenum or beyond, suggests that KUB is necessary only when the FT tip is suspected to be in the proximal duodenum.

Professional outcomes of completing a clinical nutrition fellowship: Cleveland Clinic's 16-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Cleveland Clinic has trained 17 physician nutrition specialists since the establishment of its clinical nutrition fellowship (CNF) in 1994. The paths taken by the graduates and whether they continue to practice clinical nutrition are largely unknown. METHODS: To investigate the professional outcomes of completing a CNF, a survey of graduates was conducted. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of respondents (n = 8) applied to another fellowship prior to applying to a CNF. The 2 most common reasons for applying to a CNF were to increase knowledge of clinical nutrition and increase the chance of acquiring a gastroenterology fellowship. Eighty-five percent (n = 10) of graduates found the CNF to be valuable. Eighty-six percent (n = 12) went on to complete a gastroenterology fellowship, and 67% (n = 8) of graduates believed that completing a CNF increased their chances of gaining acceptance to a gastroenterology fellowship. Only 42% (n = 6) of the graduates currently hold professions that specifically dictate the use of clinical nutrition, but 61% (n = 8) reported using clinical nutrition in their daily or weekly practice. Fifty percent (n = 7) of graduates believed that completing a CNF made them more competitive job candidates, but only 21% (n = 3) said that their extra training is reflected in their current salary. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that CNFs are being used as a method of subsequently acquiring a gastroenterology or other medical fellowships. Although not working in defined clinical nutrition professions, >50% of graduates continue to apply their CNF skills after completing their training. A small percentage have found dedicated nutrition-based clinical professions.