Methylprednisolone dosing for pediatric critical asthma: a single-center cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize intravenous (IV) methylprednisolone (MP) dosing regimens and clinical outcomes for children hospitalized for critical asthma (CA). METHODS: A single-center, retrospective review was performed of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for CA between September 2015 and October 2019. Patients 5-to 17-year-olds, initiated on continuous nebulized albuterol, and prescribed at least one dose of IV MP were included. The primary outcome was to characterize PICU MP dosing. Cohorts were then compared by MP dosing: conservative-dose methylprednisolone (CDMP, ≤ 0.5 mg/kg/dose every 6 h) and standard-dose methylprednisolone (SDMP, > 0.5 mg/kg/dose every 6 h). Clinical efficacy endpoints were the duration of continuous nebulized albuterol and PICU length of stay (LOS). Safety endpoints included corticosteroid-related adverse events. RESULTS: Of 168 children studied, 50 (29.8%) were prescribed CDMP and 118 (70.2%) SDMP. The overall mean MP dose was 31.3 ± 19.6 mg (weight-adjusted: 0.77 ± 0.32 mg/kg/dose). Compared to those prescribed SDMP, those prescribed CDMP had a shorter median duration of continuous nebulized albuterol (12.8 [IQR: 10.5-20] versus 17.3 [IQR: 11.3-29.7] hours, p = 0.019) and median PICU LOS (0.9 [IQR: 0.7-1.4] versus 1.2 [IQR: 0.9-1.8] days, p = 0.012). No corticosteroid-related adverse events were observed. In adjusted models, weight-adjusted IV MP dose was not associated with PICU LOS or duration of continuous nebulized albuterol. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous MP dosing for pediatric CA varied widely in our study sample. Prospective, controlled trials are required to validate our observations including clinical efficacy and safety endpoints.

Azithromycin for Pediatric Critical Asthma: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the prescribing trends and clinical outcomes related to azithromycin (AZI) among children hospitalized for critical asthma (CA). METHODS: We performed a multicenter, retrospective cohort study using the Pediatric Health Information Systems registry of children 3 to 17 years of age hospitalized in a PICU for CA from January 2011 to December 2022. We excluded for alternative indications for AZI (eg, atypical pneumonia, B. pertussis infection, acute otitis media, acute sinusitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and urethritis). The primary outcome was AZI prescribing rate by hospital and calendar year (trends assessed by Joinpoint regression). Cohorts with and without AZI exposure were further characterized by demographics, CA treatments, and inpatient outcomes using descriptive and comparative (ie, χ2 and Wilcoxon rank tests) statistics. RESULTS: Of the 47 797 children studied, 9901 (20.7%) were prescribed AZI with a downward annual trend noted from 34.7% in 2011% to 12.4% in 2022 (-1.7% per year, R2 = 0.91). Median institutional AZI prescribing rate was 19.2% (interquartile range [IQR] 11.7%-28%; total range 5.6%-60%). Compared with children not prescribed AZI, those prescribed AZI were older (median 8.3 [IQR 5.7-11.6] vs 7.3 [4.9-10.8] years, P < .001) and experienced a more severe clinical trajectory with greater rates of bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation (19.7% vs 12.6%, P < .001), invasive ventilation (22.1% vs 13.5%, P < .001), extracorporeal life support (0.8% vs 0.1%, P < .001), and median length of stay (4 [IQR 3-6] vs 3 [IQR 2-4] days, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Between 2011 and 2022, 20.7% of children hospitalized for CA were prescribed AZI notwithstanding the absence of trial-derived efficacy or safety data for this indication and population.

Noninvasive Respiratory Support for Pediatric Critical Asthma: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive respiratory support (NRS) for pediatric critical asthma includes CPAP; bi-level positive airway pressure (BPAP); and heated, humidified, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). We used the Virtual Pediatric System database to estimate NRS by prescribing rates for pediatric critical asthma and characterize patient clinical features and in-patient outcomes by the initial NRS device applied. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study from 125 participating pediatric ICUs among children 2-17 years of age hospitalized for critical asthma and prescribed NRS from 2017 through 2021. The primary outcomes were NRS modality prescribing rates and trends. Secondary outcomes were descriptive and included demographics, comorbidities, severity of illness indices, and NRS failure rates (defined as escalation from the initial NRS modality to invasive ventilation, HFNC to BPAP or CPAP, or CPAP to BPAP). RESULTS: Of the 10,083 encounters studied, the initial NRS modalities prescribed varied widely by hospital center (HFNC: 69.7 ± 29.6%; BPAP: 27.2 ± 7.1%; CPAP: 3.1 ± 5.9%). The mean rates of HFNC use increased from 59.7% in 2017 to 71.9% in 2021 (+2.5%/y). In contrast, BPAP (-1.6%/y) and CPAP (-0.8%/y) utilization declined throughout the study period. Older children who were obese and with a higher Pediatric Risk of Mortality III-Probability of Mortality score were more frequently prescribed BPAP and CPAP compared with HFNC. Those children on HFNC experienced higher noninvasive respiratory support failure rates versus BPAP (7.3% vs 2.4%; P < .001) but a lower subsequent invasive ventilation rate versus BPAP (0.8% vs 2.4%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In this multi-center cohort study, we observed that children with critical asthma are increasingly exposed to HFNC compared with BPAP and CPAP. Rates of HFNC failure were greater than those of BPAP failure, but a majority were transitioned to BPAP without subsequent invasive ventilation. The next steps include prospective trials, including practical end points such as patient comfort and optimal delivery of nebulized treatments to distinguish device superiority and suitable NRS utilization.

Pediatric Methamphetamine Toxicity: Clinical Manifestations and Therapeutic Use of Antipsychotics-One Institution's Experience.

INTRODUCTION: Methamphetamine toxicity is common in the Southwest region of the United States and presents diagnostic and treatment challenges in the pediatric population. The aim of our study was to characterize signs and symptoms of methamphetamine toxicity in pediatric patients, highlighting manifestations unique to this population. Additionally, our study sought to evaluate treatment modalities, specifically antipsychotics, in this population with the intent to characterize their adverse effects. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of pediatric patients (age > 2 months ≤ 18 years) at a tertiary care pediatric hospital with ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes suggestive of stimulant exposure between September 1, 2010, and July 31, 2017. Patients with clinical manifestations of sympathomimetic toxicity and confirmation of methamphetamine on urine drug testing via GC/MS were included. Nature, source, and route of exposure along with clinical manifestations including signs, complications, treatments utilized, and adverse events related to treatment were recorded. Specifically, adverse effects following administration of antipsychotics were studied. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients met inclusion criteria: median age 2.0 years. Typical manifestations of sympathomimetic toxicity were common, including tachycardia (93.4%), hypertension (85.7%), agitation (79.7%), and abnormal motor activity (55.8%). The prominence of gastrointestinal signs (26.3%) and unique abnormal motor activity were notable. The most common treatments were intravenous fluids (96.1%) and benzodiazepines (77.9%). Antipsychotics were administered in 40.5% of cases, with haloperidol used in the majority. No patients developed seizures, dystonia, torsades de pointes, or hyperthermia after antipsychotic administration. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with methamphetamine toxicity commonly manifest sympathomimetic signs. Antipsychotics were often used as an adjunct treatment in this cohort of patients, and no adverse events were reported. Clinicians should be aware of prominent gastrointestinal signs and abnormal motor activity and neurologic manifestations unique to pediatric patients that will assist in making the correct diagnosis in cases of suspected methamphetamine toxicity.