High-throughput identification of small molecules that affect human embryonic vascular development.

Birth defects, which are in part caused by exposure to environmental chemicals and pharmaceutical drugs, affect 1 in every 33 babies born in the United States each year. The current standard to screen drugs that affect embryonic development is based on prenatal animal testing; however, this approach yields low-throughput and limited mechanistic information regarding the biological pathways and potential adverse consequences in humans. To develop a screening platform for molecules that affect human embryonic development based on endothelial cells (ECs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells, we differentiated human pluripotent stem cells into embryonic ECs and induced their maturation under arterial flow conditions. These cells were then used to screen compounds that specifically affect embryonic vasculature. Using this platform, we have identified two compounds that have higher inhibitory effect in embryonic than postnatal ECs. One of them was fluphenazine (an antipsychotic), which inhibits calmodulin kinase II. The other compound was pyrrolopyrimidine (an antiinflammatory agent), which inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), decreases EC viability, induces an inflammatory response, and disrupts preformed vascular networks. The vascular effect of the pyrrolopyrimidine was further validated in prenatal vs. adult mouse ECs and in embryonic and adult zebrafish. We developed a platform based on human pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs for drug screening, which may open new avenues of research for the study and modulation of embryonic vasculature.

Unveiling the molecular crosstalk in a human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac model.

In vitro cell-based models that better mimic the human heart tissue are of utmost importance for drug development and cardiotoxicity testing but also as tools to understand mechanisms related with heart disease at cellular and molecular level. Besides, the implementation of analytical tools that allow the depiction and comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between the different cell types is also relevant. In this work, we implemented a human cardiac tissue-like in vitro model, derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC), and evaluated the relevance of the cell-cell communication between the two of the most representative cell populations of the human heart: cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) and endothelial cells (hiPSC-EC). We observed that heterotypic cell communication promotes: (a) structural maturation of hiPSC-CM and (b) deposition of several extracellular matrix components (such as collagens and fibronectin). Overall, the toolbox of analytical techniques used in our study not only enabled us to validate previous reports from the literature on the importance of the presence of hiPSC-EC on hiPSC-CM maturation, but also bring new insights on the molecular mechanisms involved in the communication between these two cell types when cocultured in vitro.

In vivo evaluation of the genotoxicity and oxidative damage in individuals exposed to 10% hydrogen peroxide whitening strips.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the impact of 10% hydrogen peroxide whitening strip exposure on the genotoxicity and oxidative damage by means of the buccal micronucleus cytome assay by counting nuclear abnormalities (NAs) in buccal mucosa and attached gingiva cells and by analyzing in whole saliva the molecule 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 113 subjects divided into two groups: group 1 or control (n = 53), non-whitening strip exposed, and group 2 (n = 60), whitening strip exposed (Crest® 3D Whitestrips® premium plus, 10% hydrogen peroxide). Oral epithelial cells and whole saliva samples were taken at the beginning and 30 days later for group 1 and immediately before bleaching and 15 and 30 days after the end of the bleaching for group 2. RESULTS: An increased frequency of NAs (p < 0.05) and higher levels of 8-OHdG (p < 0.05) were observed after bleaching exposure. Also, a positive correlation exists between oxidative stress produced by hydrogen peroxide and micronuclei was found. CONCLUSION: Individuals exposed to 10% hydrogen peroxide whitening strips exhibit NAs increased in oral epithelial cells and 8-OHdG in saliva, which is directed related to nuclear and oxidative DNA damage, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrogen peroxide is the active agent of tooth whitening and this compound induced DNA damage. Individuals exposed to whitening strips with 10% hydrogen peroxide exhibit increased genotoxic and oxidative damage. Therefore, self-application of bleaching agents should be handled carefully since it could be a risk to human health.

Nanoparticle-encapsulated retinoic acid for the modulation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell niche.

More effective approaches are needed in the treatment of blood cancers, in particular acute myeloid leukemia (AML), that are able to eliminate resistant leukemia stem cells (LSCs) at the bone marrow (BM), after a chemotherapy session, and then enhance hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment for the re-establishment of the HSC compartment. Here, we investigate whether light-activatable nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating all-trans-retinoic acid (RA+NPs) could solve both problems. Our in vitro results show that mouse AML cells transfected with RA+NPs differentiate towards antitumoral M1 macrophages through RIG.1 and OASL gene expression. Our in vivo results further show that mouse AML cells transfected with RA+NPs home at the BM after transplantation in an AML mouse model. The photo-disassembly of the NPs within the grafted cells by a blue laser enables their differentiation towards a macrophage lineage. This macrophage activation seems to have systemic anti-leukemic effect within the BM, with a significant reduction of leukemic cells in all BM compartments, of animals treated with RA+NPs, when compared with animals treated with empty NPs. In a separate group of experiments, we show for the first time that normal HSCs transfected with RA+NPs show superior engraftment at the BM niche than cells without treatment or treated with empty NPs. This is the first time that the activity of RA is tested in terms of long-term hematopoietic reconstitution after transplant using an in situ activation approach without any exogenous priming or genetic conditioning of the transplanted cells. Overall, the approach documented here has the potential to improve consolidation therapy in AML since it allows a dual intervention in the BM niche: to tackle resistant leukemia and improve HSC engraftment at the same time.

Expression and function of K(ATP) channels in normal and osteoarthritic human chondrocytes: possible role in glucose sensing.

ATP-sensitive potassium [K(ATP)] channels sense intracellular ATP/ADP levels, being essential components of a glucose-sensing apparatus in various cells that couples glucose metabolism, intracellular ATP/ADP levels and membrane potential. These channels are present in human chondrocytes, but their subunit composition and functions are unknown. This study aimed at elucidating the subunit composition of K(ATP) channels expressed in human chondrocytes and determining whether they play a role in regulating the abundance of major glucose transporters, GLUT-1 and GLUT-3, and glucose transport capacity. The results obtained show that human chondrocytes express the pore forming subunits, Kir6.1 and Kir6.2, at the mRNA and protein levels and the regulatory sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits, SUR2A and SUR2B, but not SUR1. The expression of these subunits was no affected by culture under hyperglycemia-like conditions. Functional impairment of the channel activity, using a SUR blocker (glibenclamide 10 or 20 nM), reduced the protein levels of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 by approximately 30% in normal chondrocytes, while in cells from cartilage with increasing osteoarthritic (OA) grade no changes were observed. Glucose transport capacity, however, was not affected in normal or OA chondrocytes. These results show that K(ATP) channel activity regulates the abundance of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3, although other mechanisms are involved in regulating the overall glucose transport capacity of human chondrocytes. Therefore, K(ATP) channels are potential components of a broad glucose sensing apparatus that modulates glucose transporters and allows human chondrocytes to adjust to varying extracellular glucose concentrations. This function of K(ATP) channels seems to be impaired in OA chondrocytes.

Development of an in vitro dendritic cell-based test for skin sensitizer identification.

The sensitizing potential of chemicals is currently assessed using animal models. However, ethical and economic concerns and the recent European legislative framework triggered intensive research efforts in the development and validation of alternative methods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an in vitro predictive test based on the analysis and integration of gene expression and intracellular signaling profiles of chemical-exposed skin-derived dendritic cells. Cells were treated with four known sensitizers and two nonsensitizers, and the effects on the expression of 20 candidate genes and the activation of MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Genes Trxr1, Hmox1, Nqo1, and Cxcl10 and the p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways were identified as good predictor variables and used to construct a dichotomous classifier. For validation of the model, 12 new chemicals were then analyzed in a blind assay, and from these, 11 were correctly classified. Considering the total of 18 compounds tested here, 17 were correctly classified, representing a concordance of 94%, with a sensitivity of 92% (12 of 13 sensitizers identified) and a specificity of 100% (5 of 5 nonsensitizers identified). Additionally, we tested the ability of our model to discriminate sensitizers from nonallergenic but immunogenic compounds such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS was correctly classified as a nonsensitizer. Overall, our results indicate that the analysis of proposed gene and signaling pathway signatures in a mouse fetal skin-derived dendritic cell line represents a valuable model to be integrated in a future in vitro test platform.

Real-world genomic profiling of acute myeloid leukemia and the impact of European LeukemiaNet risk stratification 2022 update.

BACKGROUND: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a myeloid neoplasm associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis, risk stratification and therapy selection in AML have changed substantially in the last decade with the progressive incorporation of clinically relevant molecular markers. METHODS: In this work, our aim was to describe a real-world genomic profiling experience in AML and to demonstrate the impact of the European Leukemia Net 2022 update on risk stratification in AML. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: One hundred and forty-one patients were evaluated with an amplicon-based multi-gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. The most commonly mutated genes were FLT3, DNMT3A, RUNX1, IDH2, NPM1, ASXL1, SRSF2, NRAS, TP53 and TET2. Detection of FLT3 ITD with NGS had a sensitivity of 96.3% when compared to capillary electrophoresis. According to ELN 2017, 26.6%, 20.1%, and 53.3% of patients were classified as having a good, moderate, or unfavorable risk. When ELN 2022 was used, 15.6%, 27.8%, and 56.6% of patients were classified as favorable, moderate, or unfavorable risk, respectively. When ELN 2022 was compared to ELN 2017, thirteen patients (14.4%) exhibited a different risk classification, with a significant decrease in the number of favorable risk patients, what has immediate clinical impact. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we have described a real-world genomic profiling experience in AML and the impact of the 2022 ELN update on risk stratification.

Profiling changes triggered during maturation of dendritic cells: a lipidomic approach.

Lipids are important in several biological processes because they act as signalling and regulating molecules, or, locally, as membrane components that modulate protein function. This paper reports the pattern of lipid composition of dendritic cells (DCs), a cell type of critical importance in inflammatory and immune responses. After activation by antigens, DCs undergo drastic phenotypical and functional transformations, in a process known as maturation. To better characterize this process, changes of lipid profile were evaluated by use of a lipidomic approach. As an experimental model of DCs, we used a foetal skin-derived dendritic cell line (FSDC) induced to mature by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results showed that LPS treatment increased ceramide (Cer) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels and reduced sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) content. Mass spectrometric analysis of a total lipid extract and of each class of lipids revealed that maturation promoted clear changes in ceramide profile. Quantitative analysis enabled identification of an increase in the total ceramide content and enhanced Cer at m/z 646.6, identified as Cer(d18:1/24:1), and at m/z 648.6, identified as Cer(d18:1/24:0). The pattern of change of these lipids give an extremely rich source of data for evaluating modulation of specific lipid species triggered during DC maturation.

Evaluation of Genotoxic Effect and Antigenotoxic Potential against DNA Damage of the Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Annona muricata Using an In Vivo Erythrocyte Rodent Micronucleus Assay.

Annona muricata have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple diseases, including cancers. This study evaluated the genotoxic potential and antigenotoxic activities of A. muricata aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts by employing an in vivo erythrocyte rodent micronucleus assay. Different doses (187.5, 375, and 750 mg/kg) of both extracts were administered orally for 5 days alone and combined with cyclophosphamide (CP, 60 mg/kg) to BALB/c mice. Also, it was administered orally to Wistar rats for 5 days through the final stage of gestation. No genotoxic or cytotoxic effects were observed in the two adult rodent models when A. muricata was administered orally nor in newborn rats transplacentally exposed to the extracts. Moreover, A. muricata aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts demonstrated a protective effect against CP-induced DNA damage. Due to its lack of genotoxic effect and its capacity to decrease DNA damage, A. muricata is likely to open an interest field regarding its potential safe use in clinical applications.

Role of glucose as a modulator of anabolic and catabolic gene expression in normal and osteoarthritic human chondrocytes.

Cartilage matrix homeostasis involves a dynamic balance between numerous signals that modulate chondrocyte functions. This study aimed at elucidating the role of the extracellular glucose concentration in modulating anabolic and catabolic gene expression in normal and osteoarthritic (OA) human chondrocytes and its ability to modify the gene expression responses induced by pro-anabolic stimuli, namely Transforming Growth Factor-ß (TGF). For this, we analyzed by real time RT-PCR the expression of articular cartilage matrix-specific and non-specific genes, namely collagen types II and I, respectively. The expression of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-1 and -13, which plays a major role in cartilage degradation in arthritic conditions, and of their tissue inhibitors (TIMP) was also measured. The results showed that exposure to high glucose (30 mM) increased the mRNA levels of both MMPs in OA chondrocytes, whereas in normal ones only MMP-1 increased. Collagen II mRNA was similarly increased in normal and OA chondrocytes, but the increase lasted longer in the later. Exposure to high glucose for 24 h prevented TGF-induced downregulation of MMP-13 gene expression in normal and OA chondrocytes, while the inhibitory effect of TGF on MMP-1 expression was only partially reduced. Other responses were not significantly modified. In conclusion, exposure of human chondrocytes to high glucose, as occurs in vivo in diabetes mellitus patients and in vitro for the production of engineered cartilage, favors the chondrocyte catabolic program. This may promote articular cartilage degradation, facilitating OA development and/or progression, as well as compromise the quality and consequent in vivo efficacy of tissue engineered cartilage.

Body Mass Index and Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction With obesity reaching pandemic proportions, its detrimental influence on many health-related conditions has recently become a focus of research. Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is one of several disorders associated with obesity. Materials and methods This study was designed to identify MSK pain in individuals with severe obesity, recruited from a specialized obesity clinic, and to evaluate the correlation between the MSK symptoms and some individual criteria. Results In 466 patients (342 females and 124 males), with a mean BMI of 42,77 ± 5.64 kg/m², 90,3% reported MSK pain. Severe pain was reported by 57,8% of female vs 26,6% of male patients. Female patients showed higher mean pain level when compared with males. Body sites with a higher prevalence of pain were: knee (63.5%), lumbar region (46.8%), hip (29%) and ankle (23%), with a predominance of severe pain. BMI have shown a positive correlation to numeric rating scale score in female participants in three body regions: shoulder (P = 0.010), knee (P = 0.042) and ankle (P = 0.024). Body sites with higher pain prevalence were especially in areas of increased mechanical load. Conclusions Understanding the relationship between obesity and pain may provide insights into preventive measures and therapeutic strategies for MSK pain. Persistent MSK pain is a significant problem in obese patients that can have a negative relationship with quality of life and function. This fact highlights the importance that patients with obesity may have access to interdisciplinary care, for the prevention and rehabilitation of MSK disorders. To further understand this association, more robust studies are needed.

Screening of five essential oils for identification of potential inhibitors of IL-1-induced Nf-kappaB activation and NO production in human chondrocytes: characterization of the inhibitory activity of alpha-pinene.

Nuclear factor-kappaB is a key transcription factor activated by pro-inflammatory signals, like interleukin-1beta (IL-1), being required for the expression of many inflammatory and catabolic mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), that play an important role in arthritic diseases. This work aimed at screening and identifying natural inhibitors of IL-induced NF-kappaB activation and NO production in human articular chondrocytes. Five essential oils obtained from four plants of the Iberian flora, Mentha x piperita L. (Lamiaceae), Origanum virens L. (Lamiaceae), Lavandula luiseri L. (Lamiaceae), and Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus (Cupressaceae), were screened for their ability to prevent IL-1-induced NO production. The oil showing higher inhibitory activity was fractionated, concentrated, analyzed for composition elucidation and prepared for further assays. For this purpose, the human chondrocytic cell line C-28/I2 was used to evaluate NF-kappaB activation by determining the cytoplasmic levels of the total and phosphorylated forms of the inhibitory protein, I kappaB-alpha, and the NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity. The essential oil from the leaves of J. oxycedrus in a concentration of 0.02 % (v/v) achieved the greatest inhibition (80 +/- 8%) of IL-1-induced NO production. Chemical analysis showed that this essential oil is predominantly composed of monoterpene hydrocabons, being alpha-pinene [2,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-3-ene] the major constituent (76 %). Similarly to the effect of the whole oil, a fraction containing 93% alpha-pinene reduced significantly IL-1-induced I kappaB-alpha degradation. Moreover, alpha-pinene also decreased I kappaB-alpha phosphorylation, NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity, and NO production. Another fraction containing oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes was nearly as effective as alpha-pinene. The ability of the alpha-pinene-containing fraction to reduce IL-1-induced NF-kappaB activation and NO production warrants further studies to demonstrate the usefulness of alpha-pinene in the treatment of arthritic diseases and other conditions in which NF-kappaB and NO play pathological roles.

A High-Throughput Screening Method to Identify Compounds Displaying Human Vascular Embryonic Toxicity.

This article describes a screening platform to identify compounds that affect human embryonic vascular development. The procedure comprises the generation of human embryonic-like endothelial cells (ECs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and subsequent maturation under arterial flow conditions; the use of these cells for the high-throughput screening of small molecules that specifically inhibit the survival of embryonic-like ECs; the confirmation of the hits in embryonic-like ECs cultured under flow shear stress; and final validation in mouse embryonic ECs. The embryonic-like ECs express embryonic genes including DLL1, EPHB2, LYN, TEK, ID1, NRP2, CAST, FLT1, IGF1, DKK3, NIN, LEF1, and SORBS3. The entire screening procedure (without the validation step) can be completed within 1 month. This platform is an alternative/complement to standard animal protocols for assessing the effects of chemicals on embryonic vascular development. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Derivation of Brain Capillary-like Endothelial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells.

The derivation of human brain capillary endothelial cells is of utmost importance for drug discovery programs focusing on diseases of the central nervous system. Here, we describe a two-step differentiation protocol to derive brain capillary-like endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells. The cells were initially differentiated into endothelial progenitor cells followed by specification into a brain capillary-like endothelial cell phenotype using a protocol that combined the induction, in a time-dependent manner, of VEGF, Wnt3a, and retinoic acid signaling pathways and the use of fibronectin as the extracellular matrix. The brain capillary-like endothelial cells displayed a permeability to lucifer yellow of 1 × 10-3 cm/min, a transendothelial electrical resistance value of 60 Ω cm2 and were able to generate a continuous monolayer of cells expressing ZO-1 and CLAUDIN-5 but moderate expression of P-glycoprotein. Further maturation of these cells required coculture with pericytes. The study presented here opens a new approach for the study of soluble and non-soluble factors in the specification of endothelial progenitor cells into brain capillary-like endothelial cells.

Genome Damage in Rats after Transplacental Exposure to Jatropha dioica Root Extract.

Jatropha dioica is traditionally used owing to its antiviral, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties. But, toxicological information regarding J. dioica root total extract is currently limited. The aim of this work was to evaluate in a rat model, the transplacental genotoxicity effect of J. dioica aqueous root total extract. Three different J. dioica aqueous root total extract doses (60, 100, and 300 mg/kg) were administered orally to Wistar rats during 5 days through the pregnancy term (16-21 days). Pregnant rats were sampled every 24 h during the last 6 days of gestation, and pubs were sampled at birth. Genome damage in dams and their newborn pups transplacentally exposed to J. dioica was evaluated by in vivo micronuclei assay. We evaluated the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE), and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in peripheral blood samples from pups and MNPCE and PCE in pregnant rats. No genotoxic effect was observed after oral administration of the three different doses of aqueous root total extract of J. dioica in pregnant or in their newborn pubs, after transplacental exposure. A significant decrease in PCE frequency was noted in samples from pubs of rats treated with the highest dose of J. dioica extract. The aqueous total root extract of J. dioica at the highest dose tested in our research do have cytotoxic effect in pups transplacentally exposed to this plant extract. Moreover, neither a genotoxic nor a cytotoxic effect was observed in pregnant rats. In the present work, there was no evidence of genome damage in the rat model after transplacental exposure to J. dioica aqueous root total extract.

Facilitative glucose transporters in articular chondrocytes. Expression, distribution and functional regulation of GLUT isoforms by hypoxia, hypoxia mimetics, growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Articular cartilage is a unique and highly specialized avascular connective tissue in which the availability of oxygen and glucose is significantly lower than synovial fluid and plasma. Glucose is an essential source of energy during embryonic growth and fetal development and is vital for mesenchymal cell differentiation, chondrogenesis, and skeletal morphogenesis. Glucose is an important metabolic fuel for differentiated chondrocytes during postnatal development and in adult articular cartilage and is a common structural precursor for the synthesis of extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans. Glucose metabolism is critical for growth plate chondrocytes which participate in long bone growth. Glucose concentrations in articular cartilage can fluctuate depending on age, physical activity, and endocrine status. Chondrocytes are glycolytic cells and must be able to sense the concentration of oxygen and glucose in the extracellular matrix and respond appropriately by adjusting cellular metabolism. Consequently chondrocytes must have the capacity to survive in an extracellular matrix with limited nutrients and low oxygen tensions. Published data from our laboratories suggest that chondrocytes express multiple isoforms of the GLUT/SLC2A family of glucose/polyol transporters. In other tissues GLUT proteins are expressed in a cell-specific manner, exhibit distinct kinetic properties, and are developmentally regulated. Several GLUTs expressed in chondrocytes are regulated by hypoxia, hypoxia mimetics, metabolic hormones, and proinflammatory cytokines. In this multidisciplinary text we review the molecular and morphological aspects of GLUT expression and function in chondrocytes and their mesenchymal and embryonic stem cell precursors and propose key roles for these proteins in glucose sensing and metabolic regulation in cartilage.

Ferritin light chain gene mutations in two Brazilian families with hereditary hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome.

Hereditary hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with mutations in the 5'UTR region of the ferritin light chain gene. These mutations cause the ferritin levels to increase even in the absence of iron overload. Patients also develop bilateral cataract early due to accumulation of ferritin in the lens, and many are misdiagnosed as having hemochromatosis and thus not properly treated. The first cases were described in 1995 and several mutations have already been identified. However, this syndrome is still a poorly understood. We report two cases of unrelated Brazilian families with clinical suspicion of the syndrome, which were treated in our department. For the definitive diagnosis, the affected patients, their parents and siblings were submitted to Sanger sequencing of the 5'UTR region for detection of the ferritin light gene mutation. Single nucleotide polymorphism-like mutations were found in the affected patients, previously described. The test assisted in making the accurate diagnosis of the disease, and its description is important so that the test can be incorporated into clinical practice.

Elevated glucose changes the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits and impairs calcium homeostasis in retinal neural cells.

PURPOSE: Altered glutamatergic neurotransmission and calcium homeostasis may contribute to retinal neural cell dysfunction and apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy (DR). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of high glucose on the protein content of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate glutamate receptor subunits, particularly the GluR2 subunit, because it controls Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptor-associated channels. The effect of high glucose on the concentration of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) was also investigated. METHODS: The protein content of GluR1, GluR2, GluR6/7, and KA2 subunits was assessed by Western blot. Cobalt staining was used to identify cells containing calcium/cobalt-permeable AMPA receptors. The [Ca2+]i changes evoked by KCl or kainate were recorded by live-cell confocal microscopy in R28 cells and in primary cultures of rat retina, loaded with fluo-4. RESULTS: In primary cultures, high glucose significantly decreased the protein content of GluR1 and GluR6/7 subunits and increased the protein content of GluR2 and KA2 subunits. High glucose decreased the number of cobalt-positive cells, suggesting a decrease in calcium permeability through AMPA receptor-associated channels. In high-glucose-treated cells, changes in [Ca2+]i were greater than in control cells, and the recovery to basal levels was delayed. However, in the absence of Na+, to prevent the activation of voltage-sensitive calcium channels, the [Ca2+]i changes evoked by kainate in the presence of cyclothiazide, which inhibits AMPA receptor desensitization, were significantly lower in high-glucose-treated cells than in control cultures, further indicating that AMPA receptors were less permeable to calcium. Mannitol, used as an osmotic control, did not cause significant changes compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that elevated glucose may alter glutamate neurotransmission and calcium homeostasis in the retina, which may have implications for the mechanisms of vision loss in DR.

Beneficios de la actividad física durante un lapso de 16 semanas en pacientes con Enfermedad de Parkinson de la fundación "FUNDAPE", Marzo­Septiembre 2019 / Benefits of 16 weeks of physical activity in patients diagnosed of Parkinson's Disease at Parkinson Fundation Ecuador (FUNDAPE), March-September 2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es neurodegenerativa, explicada por la pérdida de neuronas dopaminérgicas de la sustancia negra, afecta mayormente a personas mayores de 60 años. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los beneficios tanto en la sintomatología motora como no motora, tras aplicar un programa de 16 semanas de actividad física en personas con esta enfermedad que pertenecen a la Fundación Parkinson del Ecuador (FUNDAPE). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El presente es un estudio de intervención cuasiexperimental, con una muestra de 17 pacientes con diagnóstico de Enfermedad de Parkinson que realizaron un programa de 16 semanas de ejercicio físico aeróbico, para analizar su beneficio el consumo máximo de oxígeno, la motricidad, el equilibrio, la cognición, la composición corporal, y la presencia de depresión. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó la prueba de Wilconson "t de Student". Se consideró n un nivel de confianza del 95%, un error del 5%. RESULTADOS: El consumo máximo de oxígeno, mejoró en 29.86% tras la intervención. El porcentaje de masa grasa bajó en 10.78%. El porcentaje de peso muscular subió un 4.58%. Referente a los Test, la media del puntaje del Test UPRDS mejoró en 8.29%; la media del puntaje del test de la Escala de Berg mejoró en 6.25%; en la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica Yesavage, el porcentaje de pacientes con posible depresión disminuyó de 42.86% a 7.14% en el grupo con evolución de EP menor a 5 años, y de 66.67% a 33.33% en el grupo de pacientes con evolución de EP mayor a 5 años; en el test Minimental del Estado Mental de Folstein, no se encontró beneficios. CONCLUSIÓN: El presente estudio evidenció que existen beneficios estadísticamente significativos de la aplicación de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico de 16 semanas de duración en pacientes con Enfermedad de Parkinson, en relación a los síntomas motores y no motores de la enfermedad, la composición corporal, el consumo máximo de oxígeno. No se encontró beneficios significativos en relación al deterioro cognitivo asociado a la enfermedad. Los beneficios fueron mayores en los pacientes menores a 60 años de edad y también fueron mayores cuando la evolución de la enfermedad fue menor a 5 años.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is neurodegenerative, explained by the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, affecting most commonly people over 60 years of age. The aim of this study was to analyze the benefits in both motor and non-motor symptoms, found after a 16-week pro- gram of physical activity in people with this disease who belong to the Parkinson Foundation of Ecuador (FUNDAPE). METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental interventional study, with a sample of 17 patients with Parkin- son's disease diagnosis that went through a 16 week program of aerobic exercise, to analyze its impact on maximum oxygen consumption, motor skills, balance, cognition, body composition, and presence of depression. For the analysis, Wilconson "t-test" was applied. Confidence interval was 95%, 5% error. RESULTS: The maximum oxygen consumption improved 29.86%. The percentage of fat mass decreased 10.78%. The muscle weight percentage increased 4.58%. Regarding the different evaluated tests, the mean score for UPRDS improved 8.29%; the mean score for Berg Scale test improved 6.25%; regarding Ye- savage Geriatric Depression Scale, the percentage of patients with probable depression decreased from 42.86% to 7.14% in the group with PD of ≤5 years of evolution, and from 66.67% to 33.33% in the group with PD for than 5 years; regarding the Folstein Minimental State of Mind test, we found no benefits. CONCLUSION: This study showed that there are statistically significant benefits resulting from the appli- cation of a 16 week aerobic exercise program in patients with Parkinson's disease, related to the motor and non-motor symptoms of the disease, body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption. No significant benefits were found in relation to the cognitive impairment associated with the disease. The benefits were greater in patients younger than 60 years of age, and were also greater in patients with less than 5 years of evolution of the disease.

Evidences of the involvement of Bak, a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, in active coeliac disease.

Apoptosis of enterocytes is a feature that characterises the development of lesions in coeliac disease (CD). However, the intracellular pathways that lead to apoptosis of enterocytes have not been completely clarified. Bak is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that acts as an endogenous promoter of apoptosis in normal enterocytes. However, its role in coeliac lesions has not been explored. We used small intestinal mucosa from patients with CD to evaluate the differential expression of members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Gene expression of Bak was analysed by RT-PCR of biopsies from 14 patients with untreated CD and from 19 controls without CD. In these samples, we also investigated the localisation of the Bak protein by immunohistochemistry and its apoptotic activity. In patients with untreated CD there was a 2.3-fold higher expression of Bak mRNA (p = 0.026), without significant differences in the expression of related genes bax or bcl-2. The higher expression of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) (p = 0.036) and the higher number of apoptotic cells identified by the TUNEL method (p = 0.032) confirmed the proapoptotic status in the intestinal mucosa of CD patients. We found a significant positive correlation (p < 0.0001) between the expression of IFN-gamma and Bak mRNA in patients with untreated CD. The expression of Bak protein was higher in patients with CD, and the immunoreactivity was almost restricted to the epithelium. We found that Bak mRNA and its protein were overexpressed in the intestinal lesions of CD patients and that IFNgamma confers increased susceptibility for enterocytes to undergo apoptosis via upregulation of Bak.