RESUMEN
The acceptable duration of donor warm ischemia time (DWIT) after cardiocirculatory death (DCD) is still debated. We analyzed the biomolecular profile and function during ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) of DCD lungs and their correlation with lung transplantation (LuTx) outcomes. Donor data, procurement times, recipient outcomes, and graft function up to 1 year after LuTx were collected. During EVLP, the parameters of graft function and metabolism, perfusate samples to quantify inflammation, glycocalyx breakdown products, coagulation, and endothelial activation markers were obtained. Data were compared to a cohort of extended-criteria donors after brain death (EC-DBD). Eight DBD and seven DCD grafts transplanted after EVLP were analyzed. DCD's DWIT was 201 [188;247] minutes. Donors differed only regarding the duration of mechanical ventilation that was longer in the EC-DBD group. No difference was observed in lung graft function during EVLP. At reperfusion, "wash-out" of inflammatory cells and microthrombi was predominant in DCD grafts. Perfusate biomolecular profile demonstrated marked endothelial activation, characterized by the presence of inflammatory mediators and glycocalyx breakdown products both in DCD and EC-DBD grafts. Early graft function after LuTx was similar between DCD and EC-DBD. DCD lungs exposed to prolonged DWIT represent a potential resource for donation if properly preserved and evaluated.
RESUMEN
The activity of kidney transplantation at Policlinico University Hospital, now the Ca' Granda Foundation, was established by Professor Edmondo Malan, who performed the first deceased donor transplantation in Milan, Italy, in 1969. Since then, 2989 kidney transplant procedures (2760 first, 219 second, 10 third transplants) have been performed through the end of November 2011, 2617 of them coming from deceased donors and 372 from living donors. Patient and graft survival have increased since the introduction of cyclosporine and tacrolimus in the last 28 years: 323 living donor-recipients under calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) show patient survival of 95.4% at five years and 88% at 10 years, not significantly different when compared with those of 1968 deceased donor-recipients (93.5% and 86.2%, respectively, at the same time points). Crude graft survival for living donor-recipients under CNI is 84.2% at 5 years and 70.2% at 10 years, not significantly different from those of deceased donor-recipients (80.3% and 64.3% for at the same time points). Actuarial graft survival censored by death is 87.2% at 5 years and 76.5% at 10 years for living donor-recipients vs. 84.4% and 72.2% for deceased donor-recipients, respectively. Previously unacceptable living or deceased kidneys are now successfully transplanted after being repaired with microsurgical techniques at bench. The rate of donors over 60 years of age has increased from 3.8% in the period of 1983-1995 to 20.8% in the last 15 years. It is interesting to note that 306 older kidneys (living donor, deceased donor, first, second, third transplants, with mean donor age of 64.6 +/- 4.0 yrs. and range 60-77 yrs.), always transplanted singularly, have similar behavior if compared with organs coming from donors aging 11-49 years. Survival rates are 93.1%, 90.1%, 88.4%, and 73.2% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years post-transplant for the older donor grafts vs. 91.2%, 88.1%, 85.4%, and 74.4% for the younger donor grafts at the same time points. Perhaps the practice of dual transplant should be revisited and reserved to very old and ECD-donors. An open subcostal mini-incision (MINI) has been utilized in 177 living donors since 1996. This technique offers the same advantages of hand assisted videolaparoscopic technique, no disadvantages, and no major complications. Although more older and unrelated living donors are included in the MINI-group, very good results are obtained in these recipients, with graft survival censored by death of 97.2%, 95.3%, 93.8%, and 86.3% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years post-transplant.