Monitoring Emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Variant through the Spanish National SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Surveillance System (VATar COVID-19).

Since its first identification in the United Kingdom in late 2020, the highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 has become dominant in several countries raising great concern. We developed a duplex real-time RT-qPCR assay to detect, discriminate, and quantitate SARS-CoV-2 variants containing one of its mutation signatures, the ΔHV69/70 deletion, and used it to trace the community circulation of the B.1.1.7 variant in Spain through the Spanish National SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Surveillance System (VATar COVID-19). The B.1.1.7 variant was detected earlier than clinical epidemiological reporting by the local authorities, first in the southern city of Málaga (Andalucía) in week 20_52 (year_week), and multiple introductions during Christmas holidays were inferred in different parts of the country. Wastewater-based B.1.1.7 tracking showed a good correlation with clinical data and provided information at the local level. Data from wastewater treatment plants, which reached B.1.1.7 prevalences higher than 90% for ≥2 consecutive weeks showed that 8.1 ± 2.0 weeks were required for B.1.1.7 to become dominant. The study highlights the applicability of RT-qPCR-based strategies to track specific mutations of variants of concern as soon as they are identified by clinical sequencing and their integration into existing wastewater surveillance programs, as a cost-effective approach to complement clinical testing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Physical activity during leisure time and quality of life in a Spanish cohort: SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) project.

BACKGROUND: Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) has been associated with better mental and physical health particularly in cross-sectional studies. Purpose To longitudinally assess the association between LTPA, changes in LTPA and health-related quality of life (HRQL). METHODS: Cross-sectional and prospective analysis of the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Project, a dynamic cohort study. Information is gathered through mailed questionnaires biannually since 1999. A validated LTPA questionnaire was used to assess LTPA level at baseline. Changes in LTPA were ascertained at 2 and 4 years of follow-up. HRQL was assessed at 4 and 8 years of follow-up with a validated Spanish version of the SF-36 Health Survey. Multivariate regression coefficients, means and their 95% CIs for each of the eight domains of the SF-36 according to quintiles of baseline LTPA and changes in LTPA over time were calculated using generalised linear models. RESULTS: At 4 years of follow-up, mean scores for upper quintiles of LTPA (second to highest quintile) of physical functioning, general health, vitality, social functioning and mental health were significantly higher than the mean score obtained for participants with the lowest level of LTPA (first quintile). In general, and independent of previous scores in SF-36 survey, the maintenance or the increase in LTPA levels during follow-up was associated with better scores in HRQL after 8 years of follow-up, especially for mental domains. CONCLUSION: These findings provide support for an association between LTPA, long-term changes in LTPA and several aspects of HRQL (especially in relation to mental domains) extending previous cross-sectional findings.

Dietary fat intake and quality of life: the SUN project.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have related nutritional factors with quality of life in healthy populations. The purpose of the study was to assess whether dietary fat intake is associated to mental and physical quality of life. METHODS: This analysis included 8,430 participants from the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) Project. The intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), trans unsaturated fatty acids (TFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was assessed through a 136-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Quality of life was measured with the SF-36 Health Survey after 4 years of follow-up. Generalized Linear Models were fitted to assess the regression coefficients (b) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the 8 domains of the SF-36 according to successive quintiles of each kind of fatty acids intake. RESULTS: The multivariate-adjusted models revealed a significant inverse association for SFA intake (in quintiles) and two of the physical domains (physical functioning and general health). E.g. for general health domain: (highest quintile of intake (Q5) vs. lowest quintile (Q1), b = -1.6; 95% CI = -3.1, -0.1. General health also showed a dose-response relationship (p for trend < 0.05). For TFA intake (in quintiles), a significant inverse association was found for most of the mental domains (vitality, social functioning and role emotional). E.g. for vitality domain (Q5) vs. (Q1), b = -2.0, 95% CI = -3.4 to -0.6. We also found an inverse association between TFA intake and the bodily pain domain: (Q5 vs. Q1), b = -2.6; 95% CI = -4.4 to -0.8, with a statistically significant dose-response relationship (p for trend < 0.05). Except for TFA intake and the mental domains, the rest of the associations were attenuated when we repeated the analysis adjusting for adherence to the Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS: A detrimental relationship between TFA intake at baseline and most of the SF-36 mental domains measured 4 years later were found, whereas weak inverse associations were found for SFA intake and some physical domains.

Plasma Metabolites Associated with Coffee Consumption: A Metabolomic Approach within the PREDIMED Study.

Few studies have examined the association of a wide range of metabolites with total and subtypes of coffee consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate associations of plasma metabolites with total, caffeinated, and decaffeinated coffee consumption. We also assessed the ability of metabolites to discriminate between coffee consumption categories. This is a cross-sectional analysis of 1664 participants from the PREDIMED study. Metabolites were semiquantitatively profiled using a multiplatform approach. Consumption of total coffee, caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee was assessed by using a validated food frequency questionnaire. We assessed associations between 387 metabolite levels with total, caffeinated, or decaffeinated coffee consumption (≥50 mL coffee/day) using elastic net regression analysis. Ten-fold cross-validation analyses were used to estimate the discriminative accuracy of metabolites for total and subtypes of coffee. We identified different sets of metabolites associated with total coffee, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption. These metabolites consisted of lipid species (e.g., sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine) or were derived from glycolysis (alpha-glycerophosphate) and polyphenol metabolism (hippurate). Other metabolites included caffeine, 5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil, cotinine, kynurenic acid, glycocholate, lactate, and allantoin. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.60 (95% CI 0.56-0.64), 0.78 (95% CI 0.75-0.81) and 0.52 (95% CI 0.49-0.55), in the multimetabolite model, for total, caffeinated, and decaffeinated coffee consumption, respectively. Our comprehensive metabolic analysis did not result in a new, reliable potential set of metabolites for coffee consumption.

Validation of beverage intake methods vs. hydration biomarkers; a short review.

INTRODUCTION: Fluid intake is difficult to monitor. Biomarkers of beverage intake are able to assess dietary intake/hydration status without the bias of self-reported dietary intake errors and also the intra-individual variability. Various markers have been proposed to assess hydration, however, to date; there is a lack of universally accepted biomarker that reflects changes of hydration status in response to changes in beverage intake. AIM: We conduct a review to find out the questionnaires of beverage intake available in the scientific literature to assess beverage intake and hydration status and their validation against hydration biomarkers. METHODS: A scientific literature search was conducted. Only two articles were selected, in which, two different beverage intake questionnaires designed to capture the usual beverage intake were validated against Urine Specific Gravidity biomarker (Usg). RESULTS: Water balance questionnaire (WBQ) reported no correlations in the first study and the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ), a quantitative Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in the second study, also found a negative correlation. FFQ appears to measure better beverage intake than WBQ when compared with biomarkers. However, the WBQ seems to be a more complete method to evaluate the hydration balance of a given population. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to understand the meaning of the different correlations between intake estimates and biomarkers of beverage in distinct population groups and environments.

Resumen: Introducción: La ingesta de líquidos es difícil de monitorear. Los biomarcadores de ingesta de bebidas son capaces de evaluar la ingesta dietética / estado de hidratación sin el sesgo producido por los errores de los auto- registros de ingesta dietaria, así como por la variabilidad intra-individual. Se han propuesto diversos marcadores para evaluar el estado de hidratación; sin embargo, hasta la fecha, no existe ningún biomarcador universalmente aceptado que refleje los cambios del estado de hidratación en respuesta a cambios en la ingesta de bebidas. Objetivo: Hemos llevado a cabo una revisión para determinar los cuestionarios de ingesta de bebidas disponibles en la literatura científica que evalúan la ingesta de bebidas y el estado de hidratación y que han sido validados con biomarcadores de hidratación. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la literatura científica. Se seleccionaron sólo dos artículos, los cuales contenían dos cuestionarios de ingesta de bebidas diferentes, diseñados para capturar la ingesta habitual de bebidas. Ambos cuestionarios fueron validados con el biomarcador Gravedad específica de la orina (Usg). Resultados: El Cuestionario de Balance Hídrico (WBQ) no reportó correlaciones en el primer estudio y el Cuestionario de Ingesta de Bebidas (BEVQ), que es un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo alimentario (FFQ) en el segundo estudio, tampoco encontró una correlación positiva. El FFQ parece medir mejor la ingesta de bebidas que el WBQ en comparación con los biomarcadores. Sin embargo, el WBQ parece ser un método más completo para evaluar el balance hídrico de una población dada. Conclusión: Se necesita más investigación para entender el significado de las diferentes correlaciones entre las estimaciones de ingesta y los biomarcadores de bebidas en distintos grupos de población y en diferentes entornos.

Empirically derived dietary patterns and health-related quality of life in the SUN project.

OBJECTIVE: The analysis of dietary patterns has become a valuable tool to examine diet-disease relationships but little is known about their effects on quality of life. Our aim was to ascertain the association between major dietary patterns and mental and physical quality of life after 4 years of follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This analysis included 11,128 participants from the "Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra" (SUN) cohort. Dietary habits were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis was used to derive dietary patterns. Quality of life was measured with the validated Spanish version of the SF-36 Health Survey. RESULTS: Two major dietary patterns were identified, the 'Western' dietary pattern (rich in red meats, processed pastries and fast-food) and the "Mediterranean" dietary pattern (high in fruits, vegetables and olive oil). After controlling for confounders, the Western dietary pattern was associated with quality of life in all domains. The magnitude of these differences between the subjects in the highest (quintile 5) and the lowest quintile of adherence to the Western pattern ranged from -0.8 (for mental health) to -3.5 (for vitality). On the contrary, the Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with better quality of life domains: differences ranged from +1.3 (for physical functioning) to +3.4 (for vitality) when comparing extreme quintiles of adherence. Additional sensitivity analyses did not change the reported differences. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas baseline adherence to a Western dietary pattern was inversely associated with self-perceived quality of life after 4 years of follow-up, baseline adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern was directly associated with better scores in quality of life four years later in the SUN Project.

How the electrode potential controls the selection rules of the charge transfer mechanism of SERS.

This communication reports, for the first time, the dependence of the SERS intensities under resonant CT conditions (SERS-CT) on the electrode potential. SERS-CT intensities have been estimated from the properties of S(0)-CT(i) transitions ranging between 200-1200 nm of selected [Ag(n)-pyridine](q) and [Ag(n)-pyrazine](q) complexes.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of 5-fluorouracil adsorbed on silver nanostructures.

Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) have been recorded under several experimental conditions. SERS spectra have been analysed according to a resonant charge-transfer (CT) mechanism similar to a resonance Raman (RR) process, involving the photoinduced transfer of an electron from the Fermi level of the metal to vacant orbitals of the adsorbate (SERS-CT). In order to detect the enhancement mechanism and to identify the chemical species that give rise to the spectra, the theoretical SERS-CT intensities for the dienolic and diketo forms, and its respective N1 and N3 deprotonated anions (5-FU(-)), have been calculated and compared with the experimental results. In this way, the presence of N1 deprotonated anion is confirmed by SERS given that the calculated SERS-CT intensities predict the selective enhancement of the band at ca. 1680 cm(-1) in agreement with the experiment. Therefore, the metal-to-adsorbate CT process involves the transient formation of the respective radical dianion (5-FU (2-)), which is new evidence of the relevance of the CT enhancement mechanism in SERS.