Direct Reductive Amination of HMF to 5-(Aminomethyl)-2-furanmethanol Using Supported Iridium-based Catalysts.

In this work, partial reductive amination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with gaseous ammonia over iridium supported on γ-Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and carbon has been studied. The influence of the support and pressure was investigated in the valorization under mild conditions of HMF to 5-(aminomethyl)-2-furanmethanol (AMFM). The catalysts were characterized by TEM, SEM-EDS, N2 sorption Isotherms, TGA, CO-Chemisorption, TPR, XRD, NH3-TPD, ICP-AES and XPS. The maximum activity and high rates were obtained for all catalytic systems. At 50 minutes of the reaction the Ir/C catalyst achieved 93 % of conversion and exhibited the highest yield and selectivity of 92 % and 99 % respectively, to the desired product 5-(aminomethyl)-2-furanmethanol. The main properties that influence activity and selectivity are related to the amount of iridium on the surface and catalyst acidity. After the third cycle, 63 % and 59 % of selectivity and yield to AMFM respectively at 93 % of conversion were obtained.

Catalytic Hydrogenation/Hydrogenolysis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Dimethylfuran.

Recent developments in transformations of biobased 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-dimethylfuran, a potential liquid fuel, are critically summarized. The highest yield of 2,5-dimethylfuran (more than 98 %) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural are obtained over bimetallic Cu-Co supported on carbon at 180 °C under 5 bar hydrogen in 2-propanol and over Ni supported on mesoporous carbon at 200 °C under 30 bar hydrogen in water in a batch reactor. The desired catalyst should have relatively high metal dispersion and some acidity to facilitate both hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis. However, overhydrogenation and overhydrogenolysis forming 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran and methylfuran, respectively, should be suppressed. Furthermore, a hydrophobic support is more selective than oxide-based support. After a careful adjustment of the residence time in a continuous reactor it is also possible to produce high yields of 2,5-dimethylfuran even over Pt/C. The main challenges limiting the industrial feasibility of these reactions are relatively low initial reactant concentration, catalyst deactivation by sintering, leaching and coking. In addition to selection of optimum reaction conditions and catalyst properties, kinetic modelling was also summarized.

Orofacial characteristics of the very low-birth-weight preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the orofacial characteristics of very low-birth-weight preterm infants through anthropometric facial measures, orofacial anteroposterior analysis and the relationship between the gum pads. METHOD: Orofacial examinations was performed in 154 infants, classified into two groups: Group A comprised 54 very low-birth-weight infants who were examined after clinical stabilization and before hospital discharge, and Group B comprised 100 full-term infants. RESULTS: The average anthropometricmeasurements in millimetres for Group A and Group B were as follows: upper third:30.2 and 31.1; middle third: 24.2 and 25.9; lower third: 27.6 and 29.9; facial width: 64.8and 81.4. Regarding the orofacial anteroposterior analysis, the results showed that in99% of these infants, the mandible was in a retrognathic position relative to the maxilla.Group A and Group B had the following distributions of the relationship between thegum pads: overbite-overjet: 43% and 77%; overjet: 39% and 17%; open bite: 15% and3%; end-to-end: 2% and 1%; overbite: both 2%. CONCLUSION: The very low-birth-weight preterm infants showed the upper third with the highest values in the facialharmony analysis, followed by the lower third and the middle third; and exhibited themandible in a retrognathic position relative to the maxilla, and with overbite-overjet themost prevalent type of gum pad relationship. The study emphasizes the importance of orofacial examination during neonatal hospitalization and the investigation of birth weight and gestational age in a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach that includes orofacial neonatal evaluation and actions that promote oral health, besides foster follow-up studies.

Protocolo de atendimento odontológico durante a gestação / Protocol of dental care during pregnancy

A Medicina e a Odontologia recentemente abraçaram decisões clínicas baseadas em evidências para otimizar os resultados da saúde durante o pré-natal, considerando a avaliação da saúde oral como integrante aos demais cuidados médicos durante este período, abrangendo todas as mulheres, independente do trimestre gestacional. Para o sucesso destas ações, as entidades nacionais e internacionais recomendam aos profissionais que utilizem protocolos desenvolvidos com base na literatura científica para favorecer a qualidade e a segurança no atendimento odontológico, a fim de prevenir ou restabelecer a saúde oral da gestante, sem gerar riscos a sua prole.

Percepciones y conductas generadas en lo spadres que dan cuidado especial en casa al niño atendido inicialmente en la unidad de recien nacidos del Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio. Santafé de Bogotá: 1996 / Perceptions and behaviours of parents that take special care of babies at home attended first in the new born unit at the San Ignacio Hospital

En la presente investigación se analizaron las percepciones y conductas generadas en los padres que debían dar cuidado especial en casa a su hijo, una vez éste era dado de alta de la unidad de recién nacidos del Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio. El estudio se realizó durante el primer semestre de 1996. Se analizaron las percepciones y conductas manifestadas por los padres al asumir su nuevo rol como cuidadores; también, se estudió cómo influye el entorno para que se desarrolle dicho rol.Se estudiaron ocho familias por medio de entrevistas informal, conversacional y estructurada con guía; al igual que observación directa. La investigación muestra que las percepciones y conductas de los padres no son explícitas, lo que se encontró fueron hechos que comprenden ambas dimensiones y que se correlacionan entre sí; además, se evidencia que los padres sienten ansiedad frente a su nuevo rol, dando como resultado final, el cuidado especial deficiente que proporcionan a sus hijos.