Diagnosis of pre-sarcopenia from a single selectional crosscut at C3 region, using CT scans before radiotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: Purpose: the main purpose of this study was to diagnose pre-sarcopenia in cancer patients who had lack of computed tomography (CT) abdominal images, with a newly discovered method based on cervical images. Material and methods: a sample of 37 patients with either lung cancer or a cancer that affected the upper digestive system underwent radiotherapy computed simulation which included measurements at C3 and L3 regions. Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and skeletal muscle index (SMI) were determined by Hounsfield units and compared in both regions. Pre-sarcopenia was identified according to the cut-points currently established: ≤ 41 cm2/m2 in females, ≤ 43 cm2/m2 in males with a BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2, and ≤ 53 cm2/m2 in males with a BMI > 25 kg/m2. Results: the correlation of SMM and SMI between the C3 and L3 regions was R2 = 0.876 and R2 = 0.805, respectively. Moreover, there was a positive association (86.49%) in terms of the diagnosis of pre-sarcopenia according to both regions. In total, eleven pre-sarcopenic patients (29.37%) were identified; three of them being overweight (27.27%) and two of them being obese (18.18%). Conclusion: a single sectional cross at the level of C3 can be used for the diagnosis of pre-sarcopenia. This new method avoids unnecessary irradiation, saves hospital costs and detects malnutrition before starting radiotherapy treatment in cancer patients who have lack of CT abdominal imaging.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Propósito: el propósito de este estudio fue diagnosticar la presarcopenia en pacientes con cáncer que no disponen de imágenes por tomografía computarizada (TC) a nivel abdominal mediante un método novedoso basado en cortes a nivel cervical. Material y métodos: se analizaron y se compararon mediante unidades la masa muscular y la masa muscular esquelética en 37 pacientes con cáncer de pulmón y neoplasias del aparato digestivo superior que incluían cortes en la TC de planificación a nivel de C3 y L3. La presarcopenia se identificó de acuerdo con los puntos de corte establecidos actualmente: ≤ 41 cm2/m2 para mujeres, ≤ 43 cm2/m2 en hombres con un IMC ≤ 25 kg/m2 y ≤ 53 cm2/m2 en hombres con IMC > 25 kg/m2. Resultados: la correlación de la masa muscular y el índice musculoesquelético entre las regiones C3 y L3 fue R2 = 0.876 y R2 = 0.805, respectivamente. Además, hubo una asociación positiva (86,49%) en términos del diagnóstico de presarcopenia según ambas regiones. En total, se identificaron once pacientes con presarcopenia (29,37%); tres de ellos con sobrepeso (27,27%) y dos con obesidad (18,18%). Conclusión: un solo corte transversal a nivel de la vértebra C3 puede diagnosticar la presarcopenia. Este nuevo método evita la irradiación innecesaria, ahorra costos hospitalarios y detecta la desnutrición antes de iniciar el tratamiento de radioterapia en pacientes con cáncer que no disponen de imágenes a nivel abdominal.

Analysis of microbiota in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

To identify the bacterial diversity (microbiota) in expectorated sputum, a pyrosequencing method that investigates complex microbial communities of expectorated sputum was done in 19 stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (mean (SD) FEV1: 47 (18%) of predicted value). Using conventional culture, 3 phyla and 20 bacterial genera were identified, whereas the pyrosequencing approach detected 9 phyla and 43 genera (p < 0.001). In sputum the prevalent genera with pyrosequencing approach were Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Rothia, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Granulicatella, Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Veillonella. Enterobacteriaceae, detected frequently in conventional culture, were not significantly detected with pyrosequencing methods. In addition, we found that important pathogens such as Haemophilus and Moraxella were detected more frequently with the new genetic procedures. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae is probably overestimated with conventional culture, whereas other difficult cultivable pathogens are underestimated. These studies open a new perspective for evaluating the role of bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis and progression.

[Characterization of gene expression associated with both the AcrAB/TolC system and the membrane permeability, in Salmonella spp isolates with and without gyrA mutation]. / Caracterización de la expresión de genes asociados con el sistema AcrAB/TolC y la permeabilidad de membrana en aislados de Salmonella spp. con y sin mutación en gyrA.

Introduction. The marA, soxS, ramA, acrB and ompF genes have been studied in order to characterize mechanisms of AcrAB-TolC active efflux pumps and membrane permeability alterations that reduce fluoroquinolones susceptibility in Salmonella spp. Methods. Mutations in marA, soxS, ramA, acrB and ompF genes were detected, as well as their expression levels in presence and absence of ciprofloxacin, calculating the level of change between them by qPCR. Data were analysed by using SPSS 19.0. Results. No mutations in these genes were found, but both AcrAB-TolC regulatory genes and structural acrB gene expression were affected by ciprofloxacin in both mutant strains and wild type bacterial strains (WT). The activation of the marA gene in presence of drug was higher in WT strains (level of change 0.823) than in mutants strains (level of change 0.158; p=0.049). In gyrA mutants, a reduction in ompF gene expression in presence of ciprofloxacin was found (level of change -0.949 p=0.017). Conclusion. The reduction of fluoroquinolones susceptibility in Salmonella spp is a complex process, in which several different bacterial mechanisms are involved. This study has found a high difference in the degree of participation among studied mechanisms, between bacterial strains with and without gyrA mutation. Whereas WT strains activated efflux pumps especially through marA gene, mutants supressed ompF gene expression related to porins.