Apigenin alleviates neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of apigenin on inflammatory response in brain tissue in Parkinson's mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Parkinson's disease model was induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Sixty 8-10-weeks-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups control, Parkinson, prophylaxis, and treatment. Control (0.9% NaCl 0.5 ml, 10 days, i.p.), Parkinson (25 mg/kg MPTP, 5 days, i.p.), prophylaxis (50 mg/kg apigenin, 5 days + 25 mg/kg MPTP, 5 days, i.p.), and treatment (25 mg/kg MPTP, 5 days + 50 mg/kg apigenin, 5 days). The expressions and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1ß), IL-6, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) were determined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis. RESULTS: Apigenin administration attenuated MPTP-induced histopathological changes in brain tissue. Furthermore, apigenin reversed the changes in expressions and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-ß. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that apigenin could be used as a neuroprotective option to attenuate neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease.

Nanodesigning of multifunctional quantum dots and nanoparticles for the treatment of fibrosarcoma.

An effective, dual drug(DD) loaded nanocarrier system (nano particle(NP), quantum dots(QDs)) having two active substances was aimed to develop for the treatment of fibrosarcoma. Zinc oxide(ZnO) QDs were produced using zinc acetate dehydrate as a precursor, were incorporated with chitosan(Ch), and finally decorated with PEG-linked folic acid and were found to be effective after imatinib mesylate(IM) and dexketoprofen trometamol(DT) were loaded. Characterisations, in vitro drug releases, cell toxicities, penetrations through cell lines and in-vivo animal tests of the prepared nanosystems were performed. The size of hybrid nanoparticles were 168.6 ± 48.8 nm, surface charge was -35.8 ± 0.26 mV. The encapsulation efficiency was 75% for IM and 99% for DT. DD-functionalised QDChNPs and lyophilised functionalised QDChNPs in capsules slowed down tumour growth by up to 76.5 and 88.7%. Our results demonstrate that developed hybrid nanoparticles are highly effective. This hybrid system gathers many of the advantages of nanotechnology into one form.

Plasma concentration and uterine and ovarian expressions of insulin-like growth factor-2 in dogs with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra.

The objective of this study was to investigate the plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) as well as its expression in the uterus and ovary of healthy dogs and those with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)-pyometra complex. Group 1 (n = 10) included bitches with open cervix pyometra, while Group 2 (n = 7) consisted of clinically healthy bitches in dioestrus. The number of IGF-2 immunopositive interstitial cells was significantly higher in Group 1, whereas in Group 2 there were only two cases in which a few cells were IGF-2 immunopositive. IGF-2 immunopositivity was observed in the endometrial glandular epithelium in both groups. Additionally, interstitial fibroblasts and macrophages in the endometrium were also positive in Group 1. The concentration of plasma IGF-2 was higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P < 0.05). The concentration was positively correlated with IGF-2 expression in the endometrial glands (r = 0.926; P < 0.001) in Group 1. However, a negative correlation was present between plasma IGF-2 concentration and IGF-2 expression in the interstitial endocrine cells of the ovary in Group 1 (r = -0.652; P < 0.05). The results suggest that IGF-2 plays an important role during the inflammatory process occurring in bitches with CEH-pyometra complex as well as in the endometrium of healthy bitches in dioestrus.

Expression levels of angiogenic growth factors in feline squamous cell carcinoma.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the skin in cats. Tumour angiogenesis is the pivotal event for tumour progression and metastasis. We assessed protein and gene expression of angiogenic growth factors including bFGF, VEGF-C, TGF-ß, PDGF-A, PDGF-C and PDGFR-α that possibly contribute to the angiogenic phenotype of feline SCC (FSCC) and could, therefore, be a good target in the treatment of SCC. In the present study, a total of 27 FSCC cases were investigated. Tumour cases were histopathologically classified as well differentiated (10/27), moderately differentiated (5/27), and poorly differentiated (12/27). The expression levels of the growth factors were detected using immunohistochemistry and assessed semi-quantitatively. Growth factor expression levels were evaluated at different locations: in the oral region, in areas exposed to solar UV radiation including the ears, eyelids and nasal planum, and other miscellaneous locations. Our findings have revealed that FSCC arising from different anatomical sites of the body and showing differences in aggressiveness, metastasis, and prognosis may be angiogenesis dependent, and angiogenic key regulators could play a role in the development of FSCC.

Novel Approach to the Treatment of Diabetes: Embryonic Stem Cell and Insulin-Loaded Liposomes and Nanocochleates.

This study aims to investigate and compare the effects of insulin and embryonic stem-cell (ESC) loaded liposomes (LPs) and nanocochleate formulations and their PEGylated forms on the glucose levels. All formulations were characterized considering particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index and encapsulation efficiencies. In-vitro insulin that releases from the formulations was determined using Franz-type diffusion cells. A cytotoxicity test revealed that none of the formulations was toxic to cells in any concentrations. The effects of the formulations on diabetic cells induced with glucose and streptozotocin (STZ) were then investigated in cell culture studies. Although glucose levels were decreased by the formulations after incubation, the liposomal formulations were found to be better. In experiments that were conducted on mice, it was observed again that blood glucose levels decreased successfully when diabetic pancreatic beta TC cells were incubated with the formulations, and all formulations were found to be effective in decreasing blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. Although ESC-loaded LPs were found to be the most effective formulation, LPs and nanocochleate formulations may also be used for the repair of pancreatic cells. This proposed ESC treatment is considered to be an attractive approach and a potential source for cell replacement therapy in the treatment of diabetes.

Efficacy of targeted liposomes and nanocochleates containing imatinib plus dexketoprofen against fibrosarcoma.

The main challenges in treating cancer using chemotherapeutics are insufficient dose at the target site and the development of drug resistance, while higher doses can induce side effects by damaging nontarget tissues. Combinatorial drug therapy may overcome these limitations by permitting lower doses and more specific targeting, thereby mitigating drug resistance and nontarget side effects. Recent reports indicate that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have anticancer potential and can be used together with conventional chemotherapeutics to improve efficacy and safety. In the present study, imatinib mesylate and dexketoprofen trometamol were selected as model drugs to develop targeted surface-modified liposome and nanocochleate formulations for fibrosarcoma treatment. The physicochemical properties and in vitro efficacy of various formulations were evaluated by measurement of particle size distribution, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, diffusion through Caco-2 cells, and toxicity in culture. Selected formulations were then evaluated in fibrosarcoma-bearing model mice by histopathological observations and tyrosine kinase receptor inhibition assays. The most effective formulation on the fibrosarcoma model was a PEGylated nanocochleate formulation. These findings provide a foundation for developing more effective formulations and chemotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of fibrosarcoma and other types of cancer.

Pre-pubertal treatment with a GnRH agonist in bitches-Effect on the uterus and hormone receptor expression.

Aim of the study was to examine the effect of deslorelin on uterine tissues of eleven pre-pubertal bitches aged 4.2 ± 0.6 m. Implants containing placebo (sodium chloride 0.9%; n = 4, G I), 4.7 mg (n = 3, GII) or 9.4 mg (n = 4, GIII) deslorelin acetate (Suprelorin® ; Virbac, France), were administered subcutaneously. Signs of oestrus, vaginal cytology, serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17ß (E2) concentrations were monitored until the occurrence of oestrus. Bitches were ovariohysterectomized and sections from the uterine tissue were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) for detection of GnRH receptor (R), Kisspeptin (KP)10, Kisspeptin receptor (GPR54), androgen receptor (AR), oestrogen receptor (ER) α,ß, and progesterone receptor (PR). Tissue sections were scored semi-quantitatively using an immunoreactivity score (IRS) ranging from 0 to 300 (3). Since some animals were ovariohysterectomized before puberty (n = 1 from GII and n = 2 from GIII), and some in metestrus (all controls and 2 from GII and GIII each), results from these animals were separately evaluated and compared to the controls. Results: No abnormalities were seen in uterine tissues. Kisspeptin 10 expression was low in all cell types, highest IRS were seen in the vascular endothelial cells. The GPR54 was mainly detected in the luminal epithelial cells, superficial and deep uterine glands. The expression of GPR54 and ERα,ß was especially high in bitches operated prepubertally. No difference was observed between the controls and experimental bitches operated in their first metestrus. The PR and ERα,ß were exclusively expressed in superficial and deep uterine glands and luminal surface epithelial cells. The AR and GnRH-R expression was negative in all cells of all groups. We conclude that application of 4.7 or 9.4 mg deslorelin at the age of 4 months did not cause uterine disturbances. GPR54 expression might be influenced by pre-pubertal deslorelin treatment or the changings related to approaching puberty; the latter is supposed in case of ERα,ß.

Investigation of protective effect of L-carnitine on L-asparaginase-induced acute pancreatic injury in male Balb/c mice.

INTRODUCTION: The present analysis deals with the biochemical and histopathological effects of L-carnitine in mice with L-asparaginase (ASNase)-induced experimental acute pancreatic injury (API). METHODS: A total of 32 male Balb/c mice were divided into four groups as follows. Group I (control) was injected with single saline via the intraperitoneal route. Group II received 500 mg/kg of L-carnitine daily with the injected volume of 62.5-75 µl for 25-30 g mice using a Hamilton microinjector applied for 5 days. Group III received a single 10,000 IU Escherichia coli ASNase/kg body weight dose of ASNase at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Group IV received 500 mg/kg of L-carnitine daily and a single dose of 500 mg/kg of ASNase and were decapitated on the fifth day following the injection. Blood and pancreatic tissue samples were obtained for evaluation of histopathological structure and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total sialic acid (TSA), glucose, amylase and triglyceride. RESULTS: In group III, compared to group IV and group I it was determined that levels of GSH and amylase were significantly lower while levels of MDA, TSA, glucose and triglyceride were higher. Levels of GSH, MDA, TSA, glucose, triglyceride and amylase, especially in group IV, approached that of group I. As a result, L-carnitine for ASNase-induced API mice may be protective against pancreatic tissue degeneration and oxidative stress or lipid peroxidation.

Serum concentration and skin tissue expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 in canine generalized demodicosis.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) levels are altered in skin injury; there are no data evaluating the serum concentration and skin tissue expression of IGF-2 in canine generalized demodicosis. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To assess serum concentrations of IGF-2 collected from dogs with generalized demodicosis compared to healthy dogs and to determine the location of IGF-2 in the skin of affected dogs. METHODS: Blood and skin samples were collected from 12 dogs of differing breeds and gender at 1-2 years of age that had a confirmed diagnosis of generalized demodicosis. Age-matched control skin and blood samples were collected from 11 normal dogs of different breeds and gender. Serum IGF-2 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Skin tissue expression of IGF-2 was analysed by immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: Serum concentration and skin tissue expression of IGF-2 were increased in dogs with generalized demodicosis compared with control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: These findings indicate that keratinocytes, histiocytes and fibrocytes in the dermis are positive for IGF-2; they may be a source of the elevated serum IGF-2 levels in dogs with generalized demodicosis.

The effects of dexmedetomidine on mesenteric arterial occlusion-associated gut ischemia and reperfusion-induced gut and kidney injury in rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the antioxidant activity of dexmedetomidine (Dex) administered during the ischemic period in a rabbit model of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using biochemical and histopathological methods. METHODS: A total of 24 male New Zealand white rabbits weighing between 2.5 and 3.0 kg were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group (Group S, n = 8), the I/R group (Group I/R, n = 8), and the I/R plus Dex treatment group (Group Dex, n = 8). In the I/R group, ischemia was achieved with 60 min of mesenteric occlusion. The sham group provided normal basal values. The rabbits in Group I/R were operated to achieve I/R. Group Dex received intravenous Dex 30 min after the commencement of reperfusion (10 µg/kg Dex was infused within 10 min, and then a maintenance dose of 10 µg/kg/h Dex was infused intravenously). For the measurement of tissue malondialdehyde, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, lipid hydroperoxide levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and myeloperoxidase activity levels in the renal tissue samples of animals, the rabbits in each group were sacrificed 3 h after reperfusion. The histopathological examination scores were determined using the intestinal and renal tissues. RESULTS: The mean malondialdehyde, total oxidant status, myeloperoxidase, and lipid hydroperoxide levels were significantly higher in Group I/R than in Groups S and Dex (P < 0.05). There also were significant decreases in the mean total antioxidant status, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in Group I/R compared with Groups S and Dex (P < 0.05). The histopathological examination scores of the intestinal and renal tissues were significantly higher in Group I/R compared with Groups S and Dex (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Dex treatment may have biochemical and histopathological benefits by preventing I/R-related cellular damage of intestinal and renal tissues as shown in an experimental mesenteric ischemia model. The preference to use Dex for anesthesia during the mesenteric ischemia procedure may attenuate I/R injury in intestinal and renal tissues.

Nobiletin attenuates inflammation via modulating proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokine expressions in an autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model.

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of nobiletin by evaluating the expression of cytokines associated with inflammatory reactions in an autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model. A total of 60 male C57BL/6 mice aged between 8 and 10 weeks were used. Mice were divided into six groups (n = 10 mice per group): control, EAE, low-prophylaxis, high-prophylaxis, low-treatment and high-treatment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and pertussis toxin. Nobiletin was administered in low (25 mg/kg) and high (50 mg/kg) doses, intraperitoneally. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of nobiletin on brain tissue and spinal cord were evaluated by expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFNγ), IL-6, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) using immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Prophylactic and therapeutic use of nobiletin inhibited EAE-induced increase of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 activities to alleviate inflammatory response in brain and spinal cord. Moreover, nobiletin supplement dramatically increased the IL-10, TGF-ß and IFNγ expressions in prophylaxis and treatment groups compared with the EAE group in the brain and spinal cord. The results obtained from this study show that prophylactic and therapeutic nobiletin modulates expressions of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in brain and spinal cord dose-dependent manner in EAE model. These data demonstrates that nobiletin has a potential to attenuate inflammation in EAE mouse model. These experimental findings need to be supported by clinical studies.

Expression of PDGF-A, PDGFRA, integrin subunit alpha V and selectin E is increased in canine cutaneous fibrosarcomas.

We investigated the expression of platelet derived growth factor alpha (PDGFA); its receptor, PDGFRA; integrin subunit alpha V; and selectin E in cutaneous fibrosarcomas in dogs. Ten cases of canine fibrosarcomas were obtained from the archive of the Department of Pathology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun. Tissue sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff, Masson's trichrome, and also immunostained. Eight tumors classified as spontaneous fibrosarcomas exhibited interwoven bundles of spindle shaped cells with oval to plump nuclei and scant cytoplasm, while two tumors exhibited features of injection site fibrosarcoma with peripheral infiltration of mononuclear cells and intratumor necrosis. We found that neoplastic cells from all cases exhibited cytoplasmic expression of PDGFA, and cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for PDGFRA. Integrin subunit alpha V immunostaining was observed in all cases, while selectin E expression was observed in vascular endothelial cells and neoplastic cells. A significant positive correlation was found between the expression of PDGFA and integrin subunit alpha V. Our findings indicate that PDGFA, PDGFRA, integrin subunit alpha V and selectin E are expressed strongly in canine cutaneous fibrosarcomas and may contribute to tumor progression.

Meibomian carcinoma of the eyelid in a Simmental cow.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and pathomorphological features of meibomian carcinoma (MC) diagnosed in a Simmental cow. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 7-year-old Simmental cow was admitted to the Veterinary Surgery Clinics of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey. The signalment and anatomical distribution were summarized and focused on pathomorphological description. RESULTS: Macroscopically, a papillary mass, 5 × 3.5 × 7 cm in size, arising from the left lower eyelid with local spread to the upper eyelid and covering the entire globe was observed. The mass was ulcerated and hemorrhagic and applied pressure to the globe. Following sedation and local anesthesia, the mass and globe were excised. Histopathological examination revealed an MC. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of MC is infrequent in veterinary literature. Complete surgical excision could be curative and histopathology is crucial for the diagnosis of MC occurring in animals.

Determination of cardiac troponin I in the blood and heart of calves with foot-and-mouth disease.

The current study was designed to determine the changes of the cardiac troponin I (cTnI) expression in blood and tissue during the myocardial degeneration in calves with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Seventeen crossbred calves presenting pathological signs for FMD confirmed by viral analysis were studied. A biochemistry panel and immunohistochemistry were performed on 17 diseased calves and 7 calves used as controls. Creatine kinase (CK), CK-myocardial band (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were analyzed for both groups. Cardiac troponin I levels were measured by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Mean cTnI (14.8 +/- 1.9 ng/ml) concentration and CK (573 +/- 407 U/l), CK-MB (238 +/- 37 U/l), AST (84 +/- 7), and LDH (298 +/- 29 U/l) activities were higher in FMD cases compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed loss or depletion of cTnI expression in myocardium of all cases. None of the 7 controls showed loss of cTnI expression. Increased serum cTnI concentration correlated with myocardial injury and loss of cTnI immunolabeling in cardiomyocytes of calves with FMD.

The Effects of Periostin in a Rat Model of Isoproterenol: Mediated Cardiotoxicity.

Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein from fasciclin family, and it plays an important role in the cell adhesion, migration, and growth of the organism. Periostin prevents apoptosis while stimulating cardiomyocytes. The present study was designed to investigate cardioprotective effects of the recombinant murine periostin peptide administration in a rat model of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury. The experiment was performed on 84 adult male Sprague Dawley rats in 4 groups (n = 21): control group (1), periostin-treated group (2), ISO-treated group (3), and ISO + periostin-treated group (4). The groups were further divided into three subgroups based on the duration of the experiment in which rats were killed on days 1, 7, and 28 (n = 7). Growth factors (VEGF, ANGPT, FGF-2, TGFß), mitosis and apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax, PCNA, Ki-67, phospho-histone H3), cell cycle activators and inhibitors (cyclin D1, D2, A2, Cdc2), the origin of regenerating cells (cKit and CD45) mRNA were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR array. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to directly detect protein level and distribution in the heart tissues. Administration of periostin following ISO-induced cardiotoxicity revealed that periostin alleviated deleterious effects of ISO through several pathways: (1) periostin induced mitotic activity of endothelial/fibroblastic cells, (2) periostin drives cardiomyocytes into S and M phases, thus promoting proliferation of cardiomyocytes, (3) periostin contributed to collagen degradation, tissue remodeling, and reduced cardiac fibrosis during the healing process following myocardial damage while preserving tissue matrix, (4) periostin stimulated angiogenesis by upregulating THBS1, TGFB2, and HGF genes, (5) periostin regulated cell growth and proliferation while maintaining cell shape and cellular muscle contractions (ACTB) and functioned as chemoattractant factor (CCL2) at the beginning of myocardial damage.

Use of fine needle aspirates and flow cytometry for the diagnosis, classification, and immunophenotyping of canine lymphomas.

Fifty canine lymphomas were classified cytomorphologically using the updated Kiel classification scheme. Aspirates of lymph nodes from dogs with lymphoma were stained using 5 canine-specific antibodies and 3 human-specific antibodies that cross-react with canine lymphocytes. The antibody-stained aspirates were analyzed by flow cytometry. A total of 32 (64%) of the 50 lymphomas were characterized as B-cell origin and 18 (36%) were of T-cell origin. B-cell lymphomas were identified in 12 females and 20 males with a mean age of 8.35 years. T-cell lymphomas were identified in 8 females and 10 males with a mean age of 7.9 years. A minority of the lymphomas were low-grade B-cell and T-cell lymphomas (6/50, 12% and 4/50, 8%, respectively). The most common morphologic types were high-grade centroblastic and unclassifiable plasmacytoid for B- and T-cell lymphomas (18/50, 36% and 7/50, 14%, respectively).

Occurrence of Helicobacter Infection in the gastric mucosa of free-living red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).

We studied gastric Helicobacter spp. in five red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Samples of stomach from the cardia, corpus, pyloric antrum, and duodenum were subjected to histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination for the presence of Helicobacter and gastritis. All foxes had gastric Helicobacter-like organisms (GHLOs) on examination by light microscopy and TEM. Gastric Helicobacter-like organisms were present in all areas of the stomachs. Chronic mild or moderate gastric inflammation was associated with infection by GHLOs in one or more regions of the stomach, but there was no correlation between inflammation and infection. It is not clear whether the organisms were causing the minimal histologic lesions observed, but the gastric mucosa of free-living foxes appears to be commonly colonized with GHLOs. The frequent colonization of free-living foxes with distinct GHLOs possibly reflects their special characteristic in feeding and/or social behavior or the potential commensal nature of the bacteria in free-ranging foxes.

Protective effects of silymarin on fumonisin B1-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of silymarin on experimental liver toxication induced by Fumonisin B11 (FB1) in BALB/c mice. The mice were divided into six groups (n = 15). Group 1 served as the control. Group 2 was the silymarin control (100 mg/kg by gavage). Groups 3 and 4 were treated with FB1 (Group 3, 1.5 mg/kg FB1, intraperitoneally; and Group 4, 4.5 mg/kg FB1). Group 5 received FB1 (1.5 mg/kg) and silymarin (100 mg/kg), and Group 6 was given a higher dose of FB1 (4.5 mg/kg FB1) with silymarin (100 mg/kg). Silymarin treatment significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) the apoptotic rate. FB1 administration significantly increased (p < 0.0001) proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 expression. Furthermore, FB1 elevated the levels of caspase-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediators while silymarin significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) the expression of these factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expressions were significantly elevated in Group 4 (p < 0.0001). Silymarin administration alleviated increased VEGF and FGF-2 expression levels (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, silymarin ameliorated toxic liver damage caused by FB1 in BALB/c mice.

The healing effect of shark cartilage in rabbits after colonic anastomosis.

AIM: Shark cartilage has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumoral, and immunomodulatory properties. We studied the effect of shark cartilage on the healing of colonic anastomoses, which are among the gastrointestinal system anastomoses that most commonly cause leakage. MATERIAL OF STUDY: Rabbits were divided into two groups of seven as the study and control groups. A normal diet was given to both groups before and after right colonic anastomosis. Shark cartilage tablets were given orally to the study group for five days before and after the anastomosis. Bursting pressures, hydroxyproline levels and translocation of the intestinal flora in anastomosis region were evaluated on the 6th day by operating on both groups. RESULTS: Bursting pressure and hydroxproline levels were higher in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.05). An increase in connective tissue and vascularization without growth of microorganisms was observed in the experimental group on microbiological examination. CONCLUSIONS: Shark cartilage given orally to rabbits increased anastomotic healing and did not cause serious consequences such as bacterial translocation.

Hyaluronic acid and synovial fluid in preventing adhesion formation after tenorrhaphy: An in vivo study on rabbit Achilles tendon / Ácido hialurônico e líquido sinovial na prevenção da formação de aderências após tenorrafia: Um estudo in vivo sobre o tendão de Aquiles de coelho

ABSTRACT: Peritendinous adhesions are a significant problem in tendon surgery. One of the most preferred methods for preventing adhesion formation is anti-adhesive applications. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of natural synovial fluid as an alternative viscoelastic agent for preventing adhesion in the healing period compared to hyaluronic acid. Thirty adult New Zealand rabbits were used in the study to form three experimental models. In all groups, a rupture was induced in the Achilles tendons. Following tenorrhaphy, hyaluronic acid was applied in one group and synovial fluid in the other group for anti-adhesive purposes. In the control group, no viscoelastic application was made. Bandage was applied to the operated extremities for three weeks post-operatively. At the end of five weeks, euthanasia was performed on the animals using pentobarbital sodium. Surgical sites in all groups were macroscopically examined for healing status as well as the presence and extent of adhesions. Biomechanical tests and histopathological examinations were then performed on the tendons in all groups. Findings established once again the positive contribution of hyaluronic acid to preventing adhesion formation as well as to healing and tensile strength in tendon surgery. Although, we found that it is possible to use synovial fluid, which is a natural source of hyaluronic acid, as a viscoelastic material, it is not superior to commercial hyaluronic acid preparation.

RESUMO: Asderências peritendinares são um problema significativo na cirurgia tendínea. Um dos métodos mais empregados para evitar a formação de adesão são as aplicações anti-adesivas. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a eficácia do líquido sinovial natural como um agente viscoelástico alternativo para prevenir a adesão no período de cicatrização comparado ao ácido hialurônico. Trinta coelhos adultos da Nova Zelândia foram utilizados no estudo para formar três modelos experimentais. Em todos os grupos, uma ruptura foi induzida nos tendões de Aquiles. Após tenorrafia, o ácido hialurônico foi aplicado em um grupo e o líquido sinovial no outro grupo para fins anti-adesivos. No grupo controle, não foi feita qualquer aplicação viscoelástica. A bandagem foi aplicada às extremidades operadas por três semanas pós-operatório. No final de cinco semanas, a eutanásia foi realizada nos animais utilizando pentobarbital sódico. Os locais cirúrgicos em todos os grupos foram examinados macroscopicamente quanto ao estado de cura, bem como a presença e extensão das aderências. Testes biomecânicos e exames histopatológicos foram realizados nos tendões em todos os grupos. Os achados estabeleceram mais uma vez a contribuição positiva do ácido hialurônico para prevenir a formação de aderências, bem como para a cicatrização e resistência à tração na cirurgia do tendão. Embora se tenha constatado que é possível utilizar fluido sinovial, que é uma fonte natural de ácido hialurónico, como material viscoelástico, não é superior à preparação de ácido hialurónico comercial.