Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity potential of Manihot multifida (L.) Crantz (Euphorbiaceae).

Manihot multifida (L.) Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) is widely used in popular medicine for the treatment of infected wounds. This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of this species against strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, known to cause infections in humans. The extracts showed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) varying from 39 to 2500 µg/mL for antimicrobial activity. The methanolic extract of fruits, aqueous and hexane extracts of leaves showed a very strong activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 18804) with MIC of 39 µg/mL. Furthermore, the methanolic extract of M. multifida leaves exhibited DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging potential with inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 46.9 µg/mL, followed by hexane extract of leaves with IC50 values of 59.2 µg/mL. The cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp was stronger for the methanolic extract of leaves (lethal concentration - LC50 of 15.6 µg/mL). These results suggest that M. multifida has interesting antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Moreover, these results corroborate the popular use of this specie in treating fungal infections since it demonstrates significant activity against C. albicans.

Parkinsonism associated with neurocysticercosis.

We report two cases of brainstem cysticercotic ependymitis presenting with rigid-akinetic syndrome. There was a good response to levodopa therapy as well as cysticidal therapy with albendazole, allowing later reduction of levodopa dosage in one patient and complete withdrawal in the other.

Movement disorders secondary to long-term treatment with cyclosporine A.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence, severity and functional interference of movement disorders (MD) secondary to chronic use of cyclosporine A (CsA). METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 60 patients (58.3% male) with mean age 23.1 (3-75) years, followed at the Bone Marrow Transplantation Service of the Hospital de Clínicas of the Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, taking CsA for at least six months. Our protocol included clinical data, assessment of functional interference of symptoms and neurological examination including observation and grading of MD. RESULTS: Eight (13.3%) subjects reported the presence of tremor at the moment of interview and 29 (48.3%) recalled this symptom at some point during treatment. Neurological examination identified 14 (23.3%) subjects with MD: upper limb symmetric action tremor in 13 (21.6%) and parkinsonism (rigidity and bradykinesia) in 1 (1.7%). No other MD was detected. The mean scores indicated mild clinical signs in all cases. Symptoms were considered subjectively mild with no functional interference. CONCLUSION: Almost one quarter of patients using CsA chronically presented MD, almost always mild and transitory action tremor, with minimal interference on daily living activities, not requiring any form of intervention in the majority of cases.

Clinical findings in a large family with a parkin ex3delta40 mutation.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a large consanguineous family in which inheritance of a 438- to 477-base pair deletion in exon 3 (Ex3Delta40) in the parkin gene resulted in parkinsonism (age range at onset, 24-32 years). DESIGN: Fifty-two family members underwent genetic analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Two clinical examiners blinded to genetic status evaluated 21 family members, including all mutation carriers (4 homozygous and 12 heterozygous individuals; 5 family members did not have the mutation). RESULTS: In this family, the parkin Ex3Delta40 mutation is recessive; only homozygotes manifest symptoms of early-onset levodopa-responsive parkinsonism, including resting tremor, dystonia, and slow progression, with the caveat that presymptomatic signs of dopaminergic loss in heterozygotes must be excluded by fluorodopa F 18 with positron emission tomography. This contrasts with the autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of parkinsonism described in families with the same mutation. CONCLUSION: In families with a dominant inheritance, an additional genetic or environmental cause must coexist with the Ex3Delta40 mutation.

Psychogenic movement disorders.

Psychogenic movement disorders (PMD) are challenging to diagnose and to treat. Since the nineteenth century, PMDs were recognized and described in painstaking detail. In the modern neurology clinic, PMDs may comprise 2-25% of the patient population. Recognition of the various types of PMDs, differentiation from organic illness and an approach to PMDs are described in this article.

[Clinical response to long action propranolol in 40 patients diagnosed with essential tremor with no previous treatment: an open, non-controlled study]. / Uso do propranolol de ação prolongada em 40 pacientes com tremor essencial e virgens de tratamento: um ensaio clínico não controlado.

UNLABELLED: Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder and betablockers are still considered the first line of treatment. The aim of our study is to report the clinical response to long action propranolol (LAP) of 40 patients diagnosed with essential tremor with no previous treatment. METHOD: 40 patients with ET were evaluated with rating scales for severity of tremor and clinical classification of ET. All patients were evaluated at least twice, at enrollment and one month after starting treatment. RESULTS: thirty-six patients (90%) had type 2 ET and types 3 and 4 occurred in two patients each (10%). Familiar history was positive in 25 patients (62.5%). Mean age at first evaluation was 43.1 years and mean age at onset was 27.4 years. Of all patients, 33 (82.5%) had some degree of benefit and in 52.5 % this benefit was either good or excellent. CONCLUSION: LAP seems to be a good treatment option for ET in our series of 40 patients.

Posttraumatic painful torticollis.

The development of abnormal posturing of the neck or shoulder after local injury has been termed posttraumatic cervical dystonia (PTCD). Certain features seem to distinguish a unique subgroup of patients with this disorder from those with features more akin to typical idiopathic cervical dystonia, such as onset and maximum disability that occurs very quickly after injury, severe pain and a fixed abnormal posture. In an attempt to clarify the nature of this syndrome further, we evaluated 16 such patients (8 men, 8 women). Motor vehicle accident and work-related injuries were common precipitants, with posturing usually developing shortly after trauma, and little progression occurring after the first week. A characteristic, painful, fixed head tilt and shoulder elevation were present in all but one patient, who had a painless elevated shoulder and painful contralateral shoulder depression, as well as nondermatomal sensory loss in 14 patients. Additional abnormalities included dystonic posturing in a limb (2 patients) or jaw (1 patient), limb tremor (3 patients) and "give-way" limb weakness (8 patients). The tremor and the jaw dystonia demonstrated features suggestive of a psychogenic movement disorder, most commonly distractibility. Litigation or compensation was present in all 16 patients. Intravenous sodium amytal improved the posture, pain or both in 13 of 13 patients; in 7 of 13 the sensory deficit either markedly improved or normalized. General anesthesia demonstrated full range of motion in all 5 patients assessed. Psychological evaluations suggested that psychological conflict, stress, or both were being expressed via somatic channels in 11 of 12 tested patients. Our results suggest an important role of psychological factors in the etiology or maintenance of abnormal posture, pain and associated disability of these patients. The role of central factors triggered in psychologically vulnerable individuals after physical trauma is discussed. We propose that the disorder be referred to as "posttraumatic painful torticollis" rather than characterize it as a form of dystonia until further information on its pathogenesis is forthcoming.

Reversible parkinsonian syndrome in systemic and brain vasculitis.

A young female patient with chronic renal failure due to a systemic vasculitis and a parkinsonian syndrome secondary to brain vasculitis, most likely systemic lupus erythematosus, is described. The patient had a dramatic response to a pulse of methylprednisolone, with remission of her parkinsonian symptoms.

Movement disorders secondary to long-term treatment with cyclosporine A

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência, gravidade e interferência funcional de transtornos do movimento (TM) secundários ao uso crônico de ciclosporina A (CsA). MÉTODO: Realizamos um estudo transversal em 60 pacientes (58.3% do sexo masculino) com idade média de 23.1 (3-75) anos, acompanhados pelo Serviço de Transplante de Medula Óssea do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, usando CsA por pelo menos seis meses. A avaliação incluiu dados clínicos, interferência funcional de possíveis sintomas e exame neurológico incluindo observação e graduação de TM. RESULTADOS: Oito (13.3%) entrevistados relataram tremor no momento da entrevista e 29 (48.3%) em alguma fase do tratamento. O exame neurológico identificou 14 (23.3%) pacientes com TM: 13 (21.6%) tremor de ação simétrico de membros superiores e em 1 (1.7%) parkinsonismo (rigidez e bradicinesia). Nenhum outro TM foi detectado. Os escores médios indicaram quadros leves em todos os casos. Os sintomas foram também considerados subjetivamente leves e sem interferência funcional. CONCLUSÃO: Quase um quarto dos pacientes usando CsA cronicamente apresenta TM, quase sempre tremor de ação leve e transitório, interferindo pouco funcionalmente, não requerendo intervenção na maioria dos casos.

Worsening of parkinsonism after the use of veralipride for treatment of menopause: case report

We describe a female patient with stable Parkinson's disease who has shown a marked worsening of her motor functions following therapy of menopause related symptoms with veralipride, as well as the improvement of her symptoms back to baseline after discontinuation of the drug. We emphasize the anti-dopaminergic effect of veralipride

The Rolex sign - first manifestation of Parkinson's disease: case report

We describe a patient whose initial manifestation of Parkinson's disease was a malfunctioning of a self-winding wristwatch secondary to bradykinesia of his left arm. Andrade and Ferraz reported this sign in 1996, suggesting that it be called the Rolex sign

Charcot and Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between Professor Charcot and Brazil. BACKGROUND: During the XIX century, French Neurology and its most prominent figure, Professor Charcot, dominated the area of nervous system diseases in the world. METHOD: We have reviewed some of the main publications about Charcot's life, the biography of Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil and the development of Neurology in Brazil. RESULTS: Among the most important patients in Charcot's practice was the Emperor of Brazil. Dom Pedro II became a close friend of Charcot and he was a distinguished guest at Charcot's house, particularly at Tuesday soirées on boulevard St. Germain. In 1887, during the visit of Dom Pedro II to France, Charcot evaluated him and made the diagnosis of surmenage. In 1889, Dom Pedro II was deposed and went to Paris, where he lived until his death in 1891. Charcot signed the death certificate and gave the diagnosis of pneumonitis. Charcot had a passionate affection for animals, a feeling shared by Dom Pedro II. Dom Pedro II was affiliated to the French Society for the Protection of Animals. It is conceivable that Charcot's little monkey, from South America, was given to him by Dom Pedro II. The Brazilian Neurological School was founded by Professor A . Austregésilo in 1911, in Rio de Janeiro. At the time, of Charcot's death in 1893, his influence was still very important in the whole world. He and his pupils played a major role in the development of Brazilian Neurology. CONCLUSION: Professor Charcot had a close relationship with the Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II. He was his private physician and they were close friends. The neurological school, created by professor Charcot, contributed significantly, albeit in an indirect way, to the development of Brazilian Neurology, starting in 1911, in Rio de Janeiro, by Professor A . Austregésilo

Doença de Lafora e distúrbios do movimento: relato de dois casos / Lafora's disease and movement disorders: report of 2 cases

Relatamos dois casos de doença de Lafora que apresentaram distúrbios do movimento, ataxia cerebelar, disartria e fenômeno do "susto exagerado", como manifestaçoes clínicas iniciais. Estes sintomas precederam as convulsoes, mioclonias e a demência progressiva. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela identificaçao de corpos de inclusao, PAS positivo, na biópsia de pele de ambos os casos. Os pacientes relatados apresentam uma progressao lenta da doença, o que é incomum, com longa sobrevida. A doença de Lafora deve sempre ser incluída entre as causas de ataxia lentamente progressiva associada com epilepsia

Oclusäo bilateral das artérias carótidas internas, sífilis meningovascular e AIDS / Internal carotid bilateral occlusion, menigovascular syphilis and AIDS: case report

Relatamos um caso de obstrução bilateral na origem das artérias carótidas internas, apresentando como sinais/sintomas associados hemiparesia e hipoestesia superficial e profunda à direita, associada a sífilis meningovascular em paciente com SIDA. Tomografia de crânio apresentou pequenas lesões hipodensas, com predomínio à esquerda, e arteriografia evidenciou oclusão bilateral das artérias carótidas. A associação entre lues e SIDA não é infrequente, porém o quadro oligossintomático do paciente, provavelmente devido a oclusão arterial lenta e gradual chama a atenção.

O uso da toxina botulínica no tratamento da distonia laríngea (disfonia espasmódica): estudo preliminar com doze pacientes / Use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of laryngeal dystonia (spasmodic dysphonia): preliminary study of twelve patients

A distonia laríngea (disfonia espasmódica) é distúrbio do movimento caracterizado por contrações involuntárias da musculatura laríngea envolvida no processo de vocalização. A utilização da toxina botulínica no tratamento da distonia laríngea trouxe consideráveis benefícios clínicos. Descrevemos os resultados preliminares do uso terapêutico da toxina botulínica no tratamento da distonia laríngea em 12 pacientes. Após investigação clínica, os pacientes foram submetidos a videolaringoestroboscopia para confirmação diagnóstica e as injeções de toxina botulínica foram realizadas através de punção da membrana cricotireóidea em direção ao músculo tireoaritenóideo, com uso de eletromiografia. A maioria dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com toxina botulínica apresentou melhora significativa da distonia laríngea (83 por cento dos casos), com duração média do efeito de quatro meses, sem efeitos colaterais significativos

Uso do propranolol de ação prolongada em 40 pacientes com tremor essencial e virgens de tratamento: um ensaio clínico não controlado / Clinical response to long action propranolol in 40 patients diagnosed with essential tremor with no previous treatment: an open, non-controlled study

O tremor essencial (TE) é o distúrbio do movimento mais frequente. Entre os tratamentos de primeira escolha está o uso de beta-bloqueadores. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar os resultados do uso de propranolol de ação prolongada (PAP) em 40 pacientes com TE e virgens de tratamentos anteriores. MÉTODO: 40 pacientes com TE foram submetidos a um protocolo de avaliação pré-estabelecido em que constavam escalas de classificação para o tremor e escalas de avaliação da severidade do tremor. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação inicial e após 1 mês de tratamento. RESULTADOS: com relação ao tipo de tremor, 36 pacientes (90 por cento do total) tinham o tipo 2; os tipos 3 e 4 ocorreram em dois pacientes cada (10 por cento do total). Houve história familiar de tremor em 25 casos (62,5 por cento). A média de idade dos pacientes foi 43,1 anos e a média de idade de início dos sintomas foi 27,4 anos. Dos 40 indivíduos avaliados, 33 ou 82,5 por cento apresentaram algum grau de melhora com PAP; em 52,5 por cento a melhora foi considerada ótima ou boa. CONCLUSAO: o PAP mostrou ser uma medicação adequada para o tratamento do TE nesta amostra de 40 pacientes avaliados.