Anticancer genes (NOXA, PAR-4, TRAIL) are de-regulated in breast cancer patients and can be targeted by using a ribosomal inactivating plant protein (riproximin).

BACKGROUND: Anticancer genes are an endogenous defense against transformed cells as they impose antineoplastic effects upon ectopic expression. Profiling the expression of these genes is fundamental for exploring their prognostic and therapeutic relevance in cancers. Natural compounds can upregulate anticancer genes in malignant cells and thus be useful for therapeutic purposes. In this study, we identified the expression levels of anticancer genes in breast cancer clinical isolates. In addition, the purified and sequenced plant protein (riproximin) was evaluated for its potential to induce anticancer genes in two breast cancer cell lines. METHODOLOGY: Expression profiles of three anticancer genes (NOXA, PAR-4, TRAIL) were identified by immunohistochemistry in 45 breast cancer clinical isolates. Breast cancer cells were exposed to riproximin and expression of the anticancer genes was determined by microarray, real-time PCR and western blot methodologies. Lastly, a bioinformatic approach was adopted to highlight the molecular/functional significance of the anticancer genes. RESULTS: NOXA expression was evenly de-regulated among the clinical isolates, while PAR-4 was significantly down-regulated in majority of the breast cancer tissues. In contrast, TRAIL expression was increased in most of the clinical samples. Expression levels of the anticancer genes followed a distinct trend in accordance with the disease severity. Riproximin showed a substantial potential of inducing expression of the anticancer genes in breast cancer cells at transcriptomic and protein levels. The bioinformatic approach revealed involvement of anticancer genes in multiple cellular functions and signaling cascades. CONCLUSION: Anticancer genes were de-regulated and showed discrete expression patterns in breast cancer patient samples. Riproximin effectively induced the expression of selected anticancer genes in breast cancer cells.

Modulatory effect of single nucleotide polymorphism in Xmn1, BCL11A and HBS1L-MYB loci on foetal haemoglobin levels in ß-thalassemia major and Intermedia patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of certain genetic modifiers on foetal haemoglobin levels in thalassemia major and thalassemia intermedia. METHODS: The cohort study was conducted from November 2018 to August 2019, at Department of Haematology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore and comprised beta thalassemia intermedia and thalassemia major patients who were referred by various healthcare facilities across Punjab, Pakistan. Foetal haemoglobin was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Primary mutation analysis and single nucleotide polymorphisms were done by amplification refractory mutation system-based polymerase chain reaction. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. RESULTS: Of the 116 patients, 52(45%) had beta thalassemia intermedia and 64(55%) had thalassemia major. Foetal haemoglobin levels were primarily influenced by alleles of the HBG2 (rs7482144) and BCL11A (rs766432) genes, but single nucleotide polymorphism of HBS1L-MYB (rs9399137) had no significant role (p>0.05). The rs7482144 single nucleotide polymorphism explained 8.3% of the variation in the foetal haemoglobin levels, while 5% of trait variation was explained by rs766432. CONCLUSIONS: There was found a clear association between foetal haemoglobin level and single nucleotide polymorphisms in HBG2 (rs7482144) and BCL11A (rs766432) genes. This correlation was additive and was seen both in thalassemia major and thalassemia intermedia cohorts.

Thalassaemia Patients with Polymorphism of COL1A1 Sp1 are at Greater Risk of Spine Degenerative Changes.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of the COL1A1 Sp1 polymorphism with decreased bone density and spinal changes in ß-thalassaemia patients. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, comparative study. Place and Duration of the Study: University of Health Sciences, Lahore, from May 2020 to June 2021. METHODOLOGY: A total of 110 participants (55patients and 55 controls) of either gender, with ages ranging from 18-40 years were enrolled in the study. Bone density parameters including T-score, Z-score, bone-transmission time (BTT), and amplitude-dependent speed of sound (ADSOS) were assessed by ultrasound bone profiler. Lumbar spine radiographs were collected from patients and assessed for spine changes. Genotype analysis was done by HRM-PCR. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23. RESULTS: All bone density parameters were significantly lower in ß-thalassaemai patients (p<0.001). Spine degenerative changes were more obvious in patients with age <25 years (p=0.04). Loss of lumbar lordosis was seen in 74.5% of the patients. The frequency of mutant allele (ss) was 7.3% while heterozygous (Ss) frequency was found to be 33.6%. The polymorphism showed significant association with T-scores (p=0.03) and ADSOS (p=0.02) in patients. Radiographic grades were higher in osteopenic and osteoporotic patients (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The association of polymorphism with decreased bone density in ß-thalassaemia patients revealed the potential role of genetics in bone changes and related disorders. KEY WORDS: Bone Density, COL1A1 Polymorphism, Osteoporosis, Thalassaemia.