ECG and morphologic adaptations in Arabic athletes: are the European Society of Cardiology's recommendations for the interpretation of the 12-lead ECG appropriate for this ethnicity?

AIMS: To examine the cardiac structure and function of Arabic athletes and to establish if the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the interpretation of an athlete's ECG are applicable to this ethnicity. METHODS: 600 high-level Arabic, 415 Black African, 160 Caucasian male athletes (exercising ≥6 h/week) and 201 Arabic controls presented for ECG and echocardiographic screening. RESULTS: 9 athletes (0.7%) were identified with a cardiac pathology associated with sudden cardiac death. Two Arabics (0.3%) and five Black Africans (1.2%) were diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; a prevalence four times greater in Black African compared to Arabic athletes. Arabic athletes had significantly greater (p<0.05) left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic diameters, maximal LV wall thicknesses and LV mass compared with controls; yet were significantly smaller than Black African and Caucasian athletes. The percentage of athletes demonstrating LV hypertrophy (≥12 mm) was comparable between Arabic, Black African and Caucasian populations (0.5%, 0.5% and 0.6%, respectively). There was no difference in the frequency of an uncommon and training-unrelated ECG between Arabic and Caucasian. However, Black Africans demonstrated a significantly greater prevalence than Arabic and Caucasian athletes (20% vs 8.4% and 6.9%, p<0.001); specifically more right/left atrial enlargement and T wave inversion. CONCLUSIONS: Arabic athletes present significantly smaller cardiac dimensions than Black African and Caucasian athletes. There was no significant difference between the frequency of an uncommon and training-unrelated ECG between Arabic and Caucasian athletes. Therefore, the use of ESC guidelines for the interpretation of an athlete's ECG is clinically relevant and acceptable for use within Arabic athletes.

Do big athletes have big hearts? Impact of extreme anthropometry upon cardiac hypertrophy in professional male athletes.

AIM: Differentiating physiological cardiac hypertrophy from pathology is challenging when the athlete presents with extreme anthropometry. While upper normal limits exist for maximal left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (14 mm) and LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd, 65 mm), it is unknown if these limits are applicable to athletes with a body surface area (BSA) >2.3 m(2). PURPOSE: To investigate cardiac structure in professional male athletes with a BSA>2.3 m(2), and to assess the validity of established upper normal limits for physiological cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS: 836 asymptomatic athletes without a family history of sudden death underwent ECG and echocardiographic screening. Athletes were grouped according to BSA (Group 1, BSA>2.3 m(2), n=100; Group 2, 2-2.29 m(2), n=244; Group 3, <1.99 m(2), n=492). RESULTS: There was strong linear relationship between BSA and LV dimensions; yet no athlete with a normal ECG presented a maximal wall thickness and LVIDd greater than 13 and 65 mm, respectively. In Group 3 athletes, Black African ethnicity was associated with larger cardiac dimensions than either Caucasian or West Asian ethnicity. Three athletes were diagnosed with a cardiomyopathy (0.4% prevalence); with two athletes presenting a maximal wall thickness >13 mm, but in combination with an abnormal ECG suspicious of an inherited cardiac disease. CONCLUSION: Regardless of extreme anthropometry, established upper limits for physiological cardiac hypertrophy of 14 mm for maximal wall thickness and 65 mm for LVIDd are clinically appropriate for all athletes. However, the abnormal ECG is key to diagnosis and guides follow-up, particularly when cardiac dimensions are within accepted limits.

A common but unknown disease; A case series study.

BACKGROUND: The present study is conducted to introduce a common disease of abdominal wall which has received less attention in scientific resources. In traditional medicine sources Some scholars believe that this condition occurs due to the movement of the abdominal muscle near the umbilicus or nave laterally movement of nave. DESIGN: A case series study. METHOD: the study did not receive any funding. This study was a case series study. The study population was all patients who following repeated hospital visits did not improve, and for their last try, they visited a traditional clinic, and were diagnosed with umbilical hernia during a period of 5 months. Data were collected using demographic information questionnaire, and a complete health history taking. RESULTS: nave sliding is an abdominal wall defect and gastrointestinal and psychological problems are listed as the most prominent sign and symptoms. higher body mass index and presence of a first-degree relative with the same problem could be a predictor factor. CONCLUSION: Nave sliding is a common disease that there are a few scientific literatures about it and needs more attention from clinicians to avoid false diagnoses and requires more academic research to clarify any ambiguous side about it to promote the treatment process in a more scientific and approved methods.

[Sirolimus-eluting stent in the prevention of restenosis in small coronary arteries]. / Le Stent A Elution De Sirolimus Dans La Prevention De La Restenose Des Arteres Coronaires De Petit Calibre.

BACKGROUND: Angioplasty of coronary arteries with a small diameter (commonly defined as diameter inferior than 2.75 mm) is associated with a high rate of restenosis and revascularization. Since the use of Drug Eluting Stents (DES) and considering their good results on simple lesions compared to other techniques (balloon dilation and bare metal stents), many studies have also demonstrated the superiority of DES in reducing restenosis and revascularization of complex lesions in particular lesions on coronary arteries with small diameter. AIM: Assessment of this revascularization procedure. METHODS: Our study is a prospective one carried on between june 2002 and august 2006, involving a cohort of 299 patients. Patients are divided into 2 groups: group I: 175 patients with 220 lesions on coronary arteries with small diameter treated by 233 sirolimus DES (Cypher) and group II: 124 patients treated by 136 angioplasty of coronary arteries with diameter superior than 2.75 mm using 179 DES. RESULTS: During hospitalisation, there was no significant difference in MACE between the 2 groups. Nevertheless, 2 patients among the first group had no angioplasty because of unsuccessful progression of the balloon through the lesion and the absence of atherectomy in our center. All patients having acute thrombosis during hospitalization and presenting with ST elevated acute coronary syndrome had successful urgent revascularization with TIMI 3 flow. The mid-term follow-up (12 months) concerned 157/174 patients in group I and 113/123 patients in group II. We observed a higher mortality and non fatal myocardial infarction in group I without statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: despite the complexity of the lesions on coronary arteries with small diameter and despite the association with several risk factors in particular diabetes, the use of DES reduces the MACE specially secondary revascularisations thus improving early and midterm prognosis.

[Multifocal tuberculous dactylitis: a case report]. / Dactylite tuberculeuse multifocale : à propos d'un cas.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculous dactylitis (TD) is a rare disorder. It is the source of a diagnostic hardship as it is difficult to distinguish from other lesions. We report an unusual case with multiple affected sites both in hands and the right big toe. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old female initially presented with two painful tumefactions affecting the left third finger and the right middle finger. These tumefactions had been present for two months. Conventional radiography and computed tomography of the hand revealed soft tissue swelling with bone expansion and cortical destruction in the proximal, middle and distal phalanx of the third finger, the proximal phalanx of the middle finger in the left hand, the proximal and middle phalanx of the middle finger of the right hand. Bone scintigraphy showed additionally infraradiologic localisation in the proximal phalanx of the first right toe. Pathology examination of a biopsy specimen revealed granulomatous osteitis with caseous necrosis. Antituberculosis treatment led to initial clinical remission followed by a recurrence and lesion spreading due to bacteria resistance. The second line treatment with Rifampicine, Ciprofloxacine, Ethambutol and Clarithromycine induced favorable outcome. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis dactylitis is well tolerated for a long time leading to a late diagnosis which may favour its spreading. Antituberculosis treatment is effective but the functional outcome depends on early diagnosis.

[Chronic heart failure: role of Doppler echocardiography in the evaluation of mortality risk]. / Insuffisance cardiaque chronique: place de l'échocardiographie-doppler dans l'évaluation du risque de mortalité.

BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite recent improvements in the management of this condition, the overall prognosis remains poor. Echocardiography is the most useful test in the evaluation of systolic and diastolic function and has also a prognostic value. AIM: The aim of this study is to determine echocardiographic predictors of mortality in patients with CHF. METHODS: We followed 100 patients with a diagnosis of CHF over an average period of 44+/-40.5 months. We compared echocardiographic parameters in survivors and non survivors. RESULTS: Four variables predicted death: LVEF <35% (p=0.001), TDE <150ms (p=0.001), E/A ratio >2 (p=0.05) and E/Ea ratio >10 (p=0.008). CONCLUSION: Doppler echocardiography has a central role in the evaluation of patients with CHF. It provides valuable prognostic information by combination of several parameters.

[Influence of sex on immediate and late results of percutaneous coronary angioplasty]. / Influence du sexe sur les resultats immediats et tardifs de l'angioplastie coronaire percutanee.

Prior studies have reported worse results after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in women than in men. However, recent data suggest that this difference is less marked. The aim of our study is to evaluate whether the procedural outcome is equal in the two genders. Six hundred and eighty-eight PTCA were studied in 96 consecutive women and 509 men who underwent the procedure in our catheterization laboratory between 1998 and 2004. Women undergoing PTCA were older than men and had a higher incidence of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Multivessel disease and severe coronary lesions were more frequent in women. The stenting rates, the use of drug eluting stents and of glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors were similar in the two sexes. Procedural success rate was similar in the two groups. No significant differences were found in in-hospital mortality and in the resort to emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). 14 month after the procedure there were similar rates of death, repeated revascularisation and restenosis have been shown in the two sexes. Even if the baseline characteristics remain worse in women, increased experience of the operators, introduction of new stents and use of glycoprotein IIIbIIa inhibitors have improved the results in patients undergoing PTCA. This improvement has been higher in women than in men leading to the equalization of the outcome in the two sexes.

[Asymptomatic cor triatriatum sinister in adulthood]. / Le coeur triatrial gauche asymptomatique de l'adulte.

Cor triatrium sinister is a rare congenital disease (0,1% of cases of congenital heart disease). Cor triatrium is recognized by the finding of an abnormal fibromuscular membrane that subdivise the left atrium into posterosuperior and anteroinferor chambers. This anomaly creates an obstacle to the venous pulmonary flow. Depending on the severity of obstruction, cor triatrium may be symptomatic in childhood but it can be symtom free even in adulthood. Diagnosis of this abnormality has been easy supported by transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography.Treatment is easy to perform and consists in surgical defenitive correction in symptomatic patients. We report a case of a 31-year-old man in whom a non obstructive cor triatrium was discovered while evaluation for an atrial fibrillation secondary to a hyperthyroidism. According to this rare case we try to evaluate the severity and the outcome of this disease relating the literature data.

Systematic echocardiography is not efficacious when screening an ethnically diverse cohort of athletes in West Asia.

BACKGROUND: The clinical and economic value of including systematic echocardiography (ECHO) alongside the 12-lead electrocardiograpm (ECG) when undertaking pre-participation screening in athletes has not been examined, yet several sporting organistations recommend its inclusion. DESIGN: To examine the efficacy of systematic ECHO alongside the ECG, to identify sudden cardiac death (SCD) disease and to provide a cost-analysis of a government-funded pre-participation screening programme. METHODS: A total 1628 athletes presented for cardiological consultation, ECG, and ECHO as standard, with further cardiac examinations performed if necessary to confirm or exclude pathology. The efficacy of systematic ECHO was compared to an ECG-led programme, with ECHO reserved as a follow-up examination. RESULTS: To screen 1628 athletes with ECG and ECHO cost US$743,996. There were 54 24-h-blood pressure/ECG Holter recordings, 62 exercise tests, 25 CMRs, two electrophysiological studies, and two genetic tests, which cost US$67,734: total US$811,730. Eight athletes (0.5%) were identified with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and two (0.1%) with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The cost per identifed athlete was US$81,173. All 10 athletes presented an abnormal ECG. No athlete diagnosed with HCM was identified by ECHO in isolation. When adopting a ECG-led screening protocol, 15% of athletes required ECHO as a follow-up examination, resulting in a US$380,600 cost reduction (47% saving), with the cost per diagnosis reduced to US$43,113. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes diagnosed with a disease associated with SCD were identified via an abnormal ECG and/or physical examination, personal symptoms, or family history. Screening athletes with systematic ECHO is not economically or clinically effective.

Severely vitamin D-deficient athletes present smaller hearts than sufficient athletes.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency has associations with bowl/colon cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Many athletes are vitamin D deficient, yet no studies have examined the association between 25(OH)D status and cardiac structure and function in healthy athletes. DESIGN: A total of 506 national-level athletes [football (50%), handball (23%), volleyball (16%), and basketball (11%)] and 244 control participants presented for precompetition medical assessment. Controls were healthy individuals registered with a sporting federation undertaking <2 h of exercise per week. METHODS: All individuals undertook a physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and serum 25(OH)D evaluation. RESULTS: From 506 athletes and 244 controls, 23 and 12.3% demonstrated 25(OH)D sufficiency (>30 ng/ml), 30 and 23.4% insufficiency (20-30 ng/ml), 37.2 and 48.8% deficiency (10-20 ng/ml), and 11 and 15.6% severe deficiency (<10 ng/ml). Severely 25(OH)D-deficient athletes present significantly (p < 0.05) smaller aortic root and left atria diameters, intraventricular septum diameter (IVSd), left ventricular diameter during diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular volume during diastole (LVvolD), and right atrial (RA) area than insufficient and sufficient athletes. Furthermore, following logarithmic transformation adjusting 25(OH)D for age, body surface area, ethnicity, and athletic participation, positive associations were observed between 25(OH)D and IVSd, LVIDd, posterior wall thickness during diastole, LVM, and LVvolD in athletes but not in the control participants. CONCLUSIONS: Severely 25(OH)D-deficient athletes present significantly smaller cardiac structural parameters than insufficient and sufficient athletes. Future research should investigate the precise mechanism(s) causing cardiac hypertrophy with increases in serum 25(OH)D in healthy athletes.