RESUMEN
Utility as-built plans, which typically provide information about underground utilities' position and spatial locations, are known to comprise inaccuracies. Over the years, the reliance on utility investigations using an array of sensing equipment has increased in an attempt to resolve utility as-built inaccuracies and mitigate the high rate of accidental underground utility strikes during excavation activities. Adapting data fusion into utility engineering and investigation practices has been shown to be effective in generating information with improved accuracy. However, the complexities in data interpretation and associated prohibitive costs, especially for large-scale projects, are limiting factors. This paper addresses the problem of data interpretation, costs, and large-scale utility mapping with a novel framework that generates probabilistic inferences by fusing data from an automatically generated initial map with as-built data. The probabilistic inferences expose regions of high uncertainty, highlighting them as prime targets for further investigations. The proposed model is a collection of three main processes. First, the automatic initial map creation is a novel contribution supporting rapid utility mapping by subjecting identified utility appurtenances to utility inference rules. The second and third processes encompass the fusion of the created initial utility map with available knowledge from utility as-builts or historical satellite imagery data and then evaluating the uncertainties using confidence value estimators. The proposed framework transcends the point estimation of buried utility locations in previous works by producing a final probabilistic utility map, revealing a confidence level attributed to each segment linking aboveground features. In this approach, the utility infrastructure is rapidly mapped at a low cost, limiting the extent of more detailed utility investigations to low-confidence regions. In resisting obsolescence, another unique advantage of this framework is the dynamic nature of the mapping to automatically update information upon the arrival of new knowledge. This ultimately minimizes the problem of utility as-built accuracies dwindling over time.