Colorectal cancer outcomes among Hispanic/Latino patients in the United States: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review will identify the patterns of survival, treatment, and recurrence among Hispanic and/or Latino/a/x (H/L) patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) living in the United States (US) and Puerto Rico. Additionally, population- and individual-level determinants of cancer outcomes among H/L CRC patients will be mapped to highlight under-reported/under-investigated research areas. INTRODUCTION: CRC is the third most common cancer excluding skin cancers in the US. Unlike non-Hispanic White populations, cancer is the number one cause of death in H/L populations and currently represents 21% of total deaths. Despite this, a lack of consensus exists on CRC outcomes for H/L patients. Most research on H/L individuals has examined incidence and screening of CRC, with fewer studies focusing on cancer outcomes. INCLUSION CRITERIA: All epidemiological study designs and systematic reviews will be considered. The review will only include peer-reviewed studies that report on survival, treatment, and/or recurrence patterns for H/L patients with CRC residing in the US and Puerto Rico. METHODS: A 3-step search with a 2-stage study selection process will be followed, as recommended by JBI and Arksey and O'Malley. Databases to be searched will include MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), and Scopus. A data extraction tool will be designed based on JBI recommendations. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRSIMA-ScR) will be used, with the results presented in a PRISMA diagram. Publications in English from database inception to the present will be considered. REVIEW REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework https://osf.io/y6qf5.

Prostate cancer disparities in clinical and survival patterns among Black and Latino patients considering nativity: findings from the California Cancer Registry.

BACKGROUND: We investigated clinical characteristics and prostate cancer (PCa) survival patterns among Latino patients considering nativity compared to non-Latino Black (NLB) and non-Latino White (NLW) patients. METHODS: We used data from the California Cancer Registry (1995-2021), which included 347,540 NLW, 50,032 NLB, and 75,238 Latino PCa patients. Frequencies of sociodemographic and clinical variables were assessed with Chi-square tests. Multivariable regression models were fitted to evaluate determinants of treatment reception, Gleason upgrade, and survival differences. Exploratory analyses were conducted grouping Latino cases into US-born and non-US-born by country-of-origin. RESULTS: Compared to NLW, NLB cases had the greatest proportion of younger patients, whereas non-US-born Latino patients had the greatest proportion of low socio-economic status and uninsured patients. Non-US-born Latinos showed greater proportion of diagnoses completed with <6 core biopsies, Gleason >8, stage IV tumors and metastasis. Multivariable analyses showed that compared to NLW, Latino patients were as likely to receive treatment, whereas NLB cases were less likely (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67-0.98, p = 0.029). Compared to NLW, Non-US-born Latino cases were less likely to die of PCa (HR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.64-0.94, p=0.011), with no difference reported for NLB cases. CONCLUSIONS: Considering sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, non-US-born Latino PCa patients had better survival than NLW. This highlights the need to identify key determinants of these survival differences, and the importance of sociodemographic and clinical determinants in survival disparities. IMPACT: Our study emphasizes the importance of considering nativity among Latino patients to understand PCa disparities and outcomes in this population.

Genome-Wide Gene-Environment Interaction Analyses to Understand the Relationship between Red Meat and Processed Meat Intake and Colorectal Cancer Risk.

BACKGROUND: High red meat and/or processed meat consumption are established colorectal cancer risk factors. We conducted a genome-wide gene-environment (GxE) interaction analysis to identify genetic variants that may modify these associations. METHODS: A pooled sample of 29,842 colorectal cancer cases and 39,635 controls of European ancestry from 27 studies were included. Quantiles for red meat and processed meat intake were constructed from harmonized questionnaire data. Genotyping arrays were imputed to the Haplotype Reference Consortium. Two-step EDGE and joint tests of GxE interaction were utilized in our genome-wide scan. RESULTS: Meta-analyses confirmed positive associations between increased consumption of red meat and processed meat with colorectal cancer risk [per quartile red meat OR = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21-1.41; processed meat OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.20-1.63]. Two significant genome-wide GxE interactions for red meat consumption were found. Joint GxE tests revealed the rs4871179 SNP in chromosome 8 (downstream of HAS2); greater than median of consumption ORs = 1.38 (95% CI = 1.29-1.46), 1.20 (95% CI = 1.12-1.27), and 1.07 (95% CI = 0.95-1.19) for CC, CG, and GG, respectively. The two-step EDGE method identified the rs35352860 SNP in chromosome 18 (SMAD7 intron); greater than median of consumption ORs = 1.18 (95% CI = 1.11-1.24), 1.35 (95% CI = 1.26-1.44), and 1.46 (95% CI = 1.26-1.69) for CC, CT, and TT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We propose two novel biomarkers that support the role of meat consumption with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. IMPACT: The reported GxE interactions may explain the increased risk of colorectal cancer in certain population subgroups.