High Temperature Electron Diffraction on Organic Crystals: In Situ Crystal Structure Determination of Pigment Orange 34.

Small molecule structures and their applications rely on good knowledge of their atomic arrangements. However, the crystal structures of these compounds and materials, which are often composed of fine crystalline domains, cannot be determined with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED) is already becoming a reliable method for the structure analysis of submicrometer-sized organic materials. The reduction of electron beam damage is essential for successful structure determination and often prevents the analysis of organic materials at room temperature, not to mention high temperature studies. In this work, we apply advanced 3D ED methods at different temperatures enabling the accurate structure determination of two phases of Pigment Orange 34 (C34H28N8O2Cl2), a biphenyl pyrazolone pigment that has been industrially produced for more than 80 years and used for plastics application. The crystal structure of the high-temperature phase, which can be formed during plastic coloration, was determined at 220 °C. For the first time, we were able to observe a reversible phase transition in an industrial organic pigment in the solid state, even with atomic resolution, despite crystallites being submicrometer in size. By localizing hydrogen atoms, we were even able to detect the tautomeric state of the molecules at different temperatures. This demonstrates that precise, fast, and low-dose 3D ED measurements enable high-temperature studies the door for general in situ studies of nanocrystalline materials at the atomic level.

Solid-State NMR-Driven Crystal Structure Prediction of Molecular Crystals: The Case of Mebendazole.

Among all possible NMR crystallography approaches for crystal-structure determination, crystal structure prediction - NMR crystallography (CSP-NMRX) has recently turned out to be a powerful method. In the latter, the original procedure exploited solid-state NMR (SSNMR) information during the final steps of the prediction. In particular, it used the comparison of computed and experimental chemical shifts for the selection of the correct crystal packing. Still, the prediction procedure, generally carried out with DFT methods, may require important computational resources and be quite time-consuming, especially if there are no available constraints to use at the initial stage. Herein, the successful application of this combined prediction method, which exploits NMR information also in the input step to reduce the search space of the predictive algorithm, is presented. Herein, this method was applied on mebendazole, which is characterized by desmotropism. The use of SSNMR data as constraints for the selection of the right tautomer and the determination of the number of independent molecules in the unit cell led to a considerably faster process, reducing the number of calculations to be performed. In this way, the crystal packing was successfully predicted for the three known phases of mebendazole. To evaluate the quality of the predicted structures, these were compared to the experimental ones. The crystal structure of phase B of mebendazole, in particular, was determined de novo by powder diffraction and is presented for the first time in this paper.

Absolute Configuration of Pharmaceutical Research Compounds Determined by X-ray Powder Diffraction.

The absolute configuration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was determined by generating salts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with counterions of known chirality, and determining the crystal structures by X-ray powder diffraction. This approach avoids the (often tedious) growth of single crystals, and is successful with very limited quantities of material (less than 1 mg). The feasibility of the method is demonstrated on five examples, and its limitations are discussed as well.

Total-scattering pair-distribution function of organic material from powder electron diffraction data.

This paper shows that pair-distribution function (PDF) analyses can be carried out on organic and organometallic compounds from powder electron diffraction data. Different experimental setups are demonstrated, including selected area electron diffraction and nanodiffraction in transmission electron microscopy or nanodiffraction in scanning transmission electron microscopy modes. The methods were demonstrated on organometallic complexes (chlorinated and unchlorinated copper phthalocyanine) and on purely organic compounds (quinacridone). The PDF curves from powder electron diffraction data, called ePDF, are in good agreement with PDF curves determined from X-ray powder data demonstrating that the problems of obtaining kinematical scattering data and avoiding beam damage of the sample are possible to resolve.

Influence of the co-ligand on the magnetic and relaxation properties of layered cobalt(II) thiocyanato coordination polymers.

Reaction of Co(NCS)2 with 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-ethane (bpa) leads to the formation of [Co(NCS)2(bpa)2]n, which, on heating, transforms into the new layered coordination polymer [Co(NCS)2(bpa)]n. This compound can also be prepared in solution, but because no reasonable single crystals are available, its crystal structure was determined from X-ray powder data from scratch. In the crystal structure of [Co(NCS)2(bpa)]n, the cobalt(II) cations are coordinated by two S-bonded and two N-bonded thiocyanato anions and two N atoms of the bpa co-ligands in a distorted octahedral geometry. The cobalt(II) cations are linked into chains by pairs of µ-1,3 bridging thiocyanato anions. These chains are further connected into layers by the 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-ethane ligand. The compound was magnetically characterized, and, for comparative purposes, the complementary magnetic study of a known and very similar compound, [Co(NCS)2(bpe)]n (bpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-ethylene), was also undertaken. The compounds differ in their interchain interactions, which are antiferromagnetic but significantly greater for [Co(NCS)2(bpe)]n. Magnetic measurements indicate that [Co(NCS)2(bpa)]n is a canted antiferromagnet with Néel temperature TN = 3.1 K and that Co(NCS)2(bpe) is an antiferromagnet with TN = 4.0 K. Both compounds show a metamagnetic transition with a critical field HC ∼ 40 Oe and ∼ 400 Oe, respectively. Magnetic relaxations were studied by means of dc and ac methods and analyzed using the Argand diagrams. Except for the thermally activated single chain and domain wall relaxations observed for both compounds, temperature-independent slow relaxations were observed for [Co(NCS)2(bpa)]n.

A two-dimensional polymer from the anthracene dimer and triptycene motifs.

A two-dimensional polymer (2DP) based on the dimerization of anthraceno groups arranged in a triptycene motif is reported. A photoinduced polymerization is performed in the crystalline state and gives a lamellar 2DP via a crystal-to-crystal (but not single-crystal to single-crystal) transformation. Solvent-induced exfoliation provides monolayer sheets of the 2DP. The 2DP is considered to be a tiling, a mathematical approach that facilitates structural elucidation.

4,4'-{Diazenediylbis[(1,4-phenylene)bis(carbonyloxy)]}bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxidanyl): the first crystal structure determination from powder data of a nitroxide radical.

The title compound, C32H42N4O6, is a novel nitroxide radical used for pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR) spectroscopy. Its crystal structure was determined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. The attractive forces between the molecules in the crystal structure are mainly of dispersive nature. A special interaction of the nitroxide radicals was not observed.

Analysis of diffuse scattering in electron diffraction data for the crystal structure determination of Pigment Orange 13, C32H24Cl2N8O2.

The crystallographic study of two polymorphs of the industrial pyrazolone Pigment Orange 13 (P.O.13) is reported. The crystal structure of the ß phase was determined using single-crystal X-ray analysis of a tiny needle. The α phase was investigated using three-dimensional electron diffraction. The electron diffraction data contain sharp Bragg reflections and strong diffuse streaks, associated with severe stacking disorder. The structure was solved by careful analysis of the diffuse scattering, and similarities of the unit-cell parameters with the ß phase. The structure solution is described in detail and this provides a didactic example of solving molecular crystal structures in the presence of diffuse scattering. Several structural models were constructed and optimized by lattice-energy minimization with dispersion-corrected DFT. A four-layer model was found, which matches the electron diffraction data, including the diffuse scattering, and agrees with X-ray powder data. Additionally, five further phases of P.O.13 are described.

Leucopterin, the white pigment in butterfly wings: structural analysis by PDF fit, FIDEL fit, Rietveld refinement, solid-state NMR and DFT-D.

Leucopterin (C6H5N5O3) is the white pigment in the wings of Pieris brassicae butterflies, and other butterflies; it can also be found in wasps and other insects. Its crystal structure and its tautomeric form in the solid state were hitherto unknown. Leucopterin turned out to be a variable hydrate, with 0.5 to about 0.1 molecules of water per leucopterin molecule. Under ambient conditions, the preferred state is the hemihydrate. Initially, all attempts to grow single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were to no avail. Attempts to determine the crystal structure by powder diffraction using the direct-space method failed, because the trials did not include the correct, but rare, space group P2/c. Attempts were made to solve the crystal structure by a global fit to the pair distribution function (PDF-Global-Fit), as described by Prill and co-workers [Schlesinger et al. (2021). J. Appl. Cryst. 54, 776-786]. The approach worked well, but the correct structure was not found, because again the correct space group was not included. Finally, tiny single crystals of the hemihydrate could be obtained, which allowed at least the determination of the crystal symmetry and the positions of the C, N and O atoms. The tautomeric state of the hemihydrate was assessed by multinuclear solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 15N CPMAS spectra showed the presence of one NH2 and three NH groups, and one unprotonated N atom, which agreed with the 1H MAS and 13C CPMAS spectra. Independently, the tautomeric state was investigated by lattice-energy minimizations with dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D) on 17 different possible tautomers, which also included the prediction of the corresponding 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shifts in the solid. All methods showed the presence of the 2-amino-3,5,8-H tautomer. The DFT-D calculations also confirmed the crystal structure. Heating of the hemihydrate results in a slow release of water between 130 and 250 °C, as shown by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry (DTA-TG). Temperature-dependent powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) showed an irreversible continuous shift of the reflections upon heating, which reveals that leucopterin is a variable hydrate. This observation was also confirmed by PXRD of samples obtained under various synthetic and drying conditions. The crystal structure of a sample with about 0.2 molecules of water per leucopterin was solved by a fit with deviating lattice parameters (FIDEL), as described by Habermehl et al. [Acta Cryst. (2022), B78, 195-213]. A local fit, starting from the structure of the hemihydrate, as well as a global fit, starting from random structures, were performed, followed by Rietveld refinements. Despite dehydration, the space group remains P2/c. In both structures (hemihydrate and variable hydrate), the leucopterin molecules are connected by 2-4 hydrogen bonds into chains, which are connected by further hydrogen bonds to neighbouring chains. The molecular packing is very efficient. The density of leucopterin hemihydrate is as high as 1.909 kg dm-3, which is one of the highest densities for organic compounds consisting of C, H, N and O only. The high density might explain the good light-scattering and opacity properties of the wings of Pieris brassicae and other butterflies.

2-Ammonio-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonate, its 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvates and a corrected structure of 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)di(4,5-dihydroimidazolium) bis(4-aminobenzenesulfonate) dihydrate.

2-Ammonio-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonate, C(7)H(8)ClNO(3)S, (Ia), is an intermediate in the synthesis of lake red azo pigments. The present structure determination from single-crystal data confirms the results of a previous powder diffraction determination [Bekö, Thoms, Brüning, Alig, van de Streek, Lakatos, Glaubitz & Schmidt (2010). Z. Kristallogr. 225, 382-387]. The zwitterionic tautomeric form is confirmed. During a polymorph screening, two additional pseudopolymorphs were obtained, viz. 2-ammonio-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonate 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone monosolvate, C(7)H(8)ClNO(3)S·C(5)H(9)NO, (Ib), and 2-ammonio-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonate dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate, C(7)H(8)ClNO(3)S·C(2)H(6)OS, (Ic). The molecules of (Ib) have crystallographic m symmetry. The 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent molecule has an envelope conformation and is disordered around the mirror plane. The structure shows hydrogen-bonded ladders of molecules [graph-set notation C(2)(2)(6)R(2)(2)(12)] in the [010] direction. The benzene groups of adjacent ladders are also stacked in this direction. A different type of hydrogen-bonded ladder [graph-set notation C(6)R(2)(2)(4)R(4)(4)(12)] occurs in (Ic). In (Ia), (Ib) and (Ic), the molecules correspond to the zwitterionic tautomer. The structure of the cocrystal of 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid with 1,4-bis(4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl)benzene [Shang, Ren, Wang, Lu & Yang (2009). Acta Cryst. E65, o2221-o2222] is corrected; it actually contains 4-aminobenzenesulfonate anions and 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)di(dihydroimidazolium) dications, i.e. 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)di(4,5-dihydroimidazolium) bis(4-aminobenzenesulfonate) dihydrate, C(12)H(16)N(4)(2+)·2C(6)H(6)NO(3)S(-)·2H(2)O. Hence, all known structures of aminobenzenesulfonic acid complexes contain ionic or zwitterionic molecules; there is no known structure with a neutral aminobenzenesulfonic acid molecule.

Tizanidine and tizanidine hydrochloride: on the correct tautomeric form of tizanidine.

A crystallization series of tizanidine hydrochloride, used as a muscle relaxant for spasticity acting centrally as an α(2)-adrenergic agonist, yielded single crystals of the free base and the hydrochloride salt. The crystal structures of tizanidine [systematic name: 5-chloro-N-(imidazolidin-2-ylidene)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-amine], C(9)H(8)ClN(5)S, (I), and tizanidine hydrochloride {systematic name: 2-[(5-chloro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)amino]imidazolidinium chloride}, C(9)H(9)ClN(5)S(+)·Cl(-), (II), have been determined. Tizanidine crystallizes with two almost identical molecules in the asymmetric unit (r.m.s. deviation = 0.179 Å for all non-H atoms). The molecules are connected by N-H···N hydrogen bonds forming chains running along [2 ̅11]. The present structure determination corrects the structure determination of tizanidine by John et al. [Acta Cryst. (2011), E67, o838-o839], which shows an incorrect tautomeric form. Tizanidine does not crystallize as the usually drawn 2-amino-imidazoline tautomer, but as the 2-imino-imidazolidine tautomer. This tautomer is present in solution as well, as shown by (1)H NMR analysis. In tizanidine hydrochloride, cations and anions are connected by N-H···Cl hydrogen bonds to form layers parallel to (100).

Antidiarrhetic loperamide hydrochloride.

Single crystals of the anhydrous form of the title compound {systematic name: 1-[3-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-3,3-diphenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-ium chloride}, C(29)H(34)ClN(2)O(2)(+)·Cl(-), were obtained by diffusion of acetone into a solution in 2-propanol. In the structure, N-H...Cl(-) and O-H...Cl(-) hydrogen bonds connect neighbouring molecules and chloride anions to form chains along the c-axis direction. Neighbouring chains along the b-axis direction are connected by intermolecular C-H...Cl(-) contacts, defining layers parallel to the (100) planes. The layers are connected by weak intermolecular C-H...Cl interactions only, which may account for the plate-like shape of the crystals.

Nimustine hydrochloride: the first crystal structure determination of a 2-chloroethyl-N-nitrosourea hydrochloride derivative by X-ray powder diffraction and solid-state NMR.

Nimustine hydrochloride [systematic name: 4-amino-5-({[N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamoyl]amino}methyl)-2-methylpyrimidin-1-ium chloride], C(9)H(14)ClN(6)O(2)(+)·Cl(-), is a prodrug of CENU (chloroethylnitrosourea) and is used as a cytostatic agent in cancer therapy. Its crystal structure was determined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. The protonation at an N atom of the pyrimidine ring was established by solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

Erythromycin A dimethyl sulfoxide disolvate 1.43-hydrate.

The title compound, C(37)H(67)NO(13)·2C(2)H(6)OS·1.43H(2)O, is a macrolide anti-biotic with better solubility and better dermal penetration abilities than erythromycin A itself. The asymmetric unit of this form contains one erythromycin A mol-ecule, two dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent mol-ecules, a fully occupied water mol-ecule and a partially occupied water mol-ecule with an occupancy factor of 0.432 (11). The 14-membered ring of the erythronolide fragment has a conformation which differs considerably from that in erythromycin A dihydrate [Stephenson, Stowell, Toma, Pfeiffer & Byrn (1997 ▶). J. Pharm. Sci.86, 1239-1244]. One of the two DMSO mol-ecules is disordered over two orientations; the orientation depends on the presence or absence of the second, partially occupied, water mol-ecule. In the crystal, erythromycin mol-ecules are connected by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the hy-droxy groups and the fully occupied water mol-ecule to form layers parallel to (010). These layers are connected along the b-axis direction only by a possible hydrogen-bonding contact involving the partially occupied water mol-ecule.

Structure determination from unindexed powder data from scratch by a global optimization approach using pattern comparison based on cross-correlation functions.

A method of ab initio crystal structure determination from powder diffraction data for organic and metal-organic compounds, which does not require prior indexing of the powder pattern, has been developed. Only a reasonable molecular geometry is required, needing knowledge of neither unit-cell parameters nor space group. The structures are solved from scratch by a global fit to the powder data using the new program FIDEL-GO (`FIt with DEviating Lattice parameters - Global Optimization'). FIDEL-GO uses a similarity measure based on cross-correlation functions, which allows the comparison of simulated and experimental powder data even if the unit-cell parameters deviate strongly. The optimization starts from large sets of random structures in various space groups. The unit-cell parameters, molecular position and orientation, and selected internal degrees of freedom are fitted simultaneously to the powder pattern. The optimization proceeds in an elaborate multi-step procedure with built-in clustering of duplicate structures and iterative adaptation of parameter ranges. The best structures are selected for an automatic Rietveld refinement. Finally, a user-controlled Rietveld refinement is performed. The procedure aims for the analysis of a wide range of `problematic' powder patterns, in particular powders of low crystallinity. The method can also be used for the clustering and screening of a large number of possible structure candidates and other application scenarios. Examples are presented for structure determination from unindexed powder data of the previously unknown structures of the nanocrystalline phases of 4,11-difluoro-, 2,9-dichloro- and 2,9-dichloro-6,13-dihydro-quinacridone, which were solved from powder patterns with 14-20 peaks only, and of the coordination polymer dichloro-bis(pyridine-N)copper(II).

Ambiguous structure determination from powder data: four different structural models of 4,11-di-fluoro-quinacridone with similar X-ray powder patterns, fit to the PDF, SSNMR and DFT-D.

Four different structural models, which all fit the same X-ray powder pattern, were obtained in the structure determination of 4,11-di-fluoro-quinacridone (C20H10N2O2F2) from unindexed X-ray powder data by a global fit. The models differ in their lattice parameters, space groups, Z, Z', molecular packing and hydrogen bond patterns. The molecules form a criss-cross pattern in models A and B, a layer structure built from chains in model C and a criss-cross arrangement of dimers in model D. Nevertheless, all models give a good Rietveld fit to the experimental powder pattern with acceptable R-values. All molecular geometries are reliable, except for model D, which is slightly distorted. All structures are crystallochemically plausible, concerning density, hydrogen bonds, intermolecular distances etc. All models passed the checkCIF test without major problems; only in model A a missed symmetry was detected. All structures could have probably been published, although 3 of the 4 structures were wrong. The investigation, which of the four structures is actually the correct one, was challenging. Six methods were used: (1) Rietveld refinements, (2) fit of the crystal structures to the pair distribution function (PDF) including the refinement of lattice parameters and atomic coordinates, (3) evaluation of the colour, (4) lattice-energy minimizations with force fields, (5) lattice-energy minimizations by two dispersion-corrected density functional theory methods, and (6) multinuclear CPMAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 19F) including the comparison of calculated and experimental chemical shifts. All in all, model B (perhaps with some disorder) can probably be considered to be the correct one. This work shows that a structure determination from limited-quality powder data may result in totally different structural models, which all may be correct or wrong, even if they are chemically sensible and give a good Rietveld refinement. Additionally, the work is an excellent example that the refinement of an organic crystal structure can be successfully performed by a fit to the PDF, and the combination of computed and experimental solid-state NMR chemical shifts can provide further information for the selection of the most reliable structure among several possibilities.

Predicted and experimental crystal structures of ethyl-tert-butyl ether.

Possible crystal structures of ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE) were predicted by global lattice-energy minimizations using the force-field approach. 33 structures were found within an energy range of 2 kJmol(-1) above the global minimum. Low-temperature crystallization experiments were carried out at 80-160 K. The crystal structure was determined from X-ray powder data. ETBE crystallizes in C2/m, Z = 4, with molecules on mirror planes. The ETBE molecule adopts a trans conformation with a (CH(3))(3)C-O-C-C torsion angle of 180°. The experimental structure corresponds with high accuracy to the predicted structure with energy rank 2, which has an energy of 0.54 kJmol(-1) above the global minimum and is the most dense low-energy structure. In some crystallization experiments a second polymorph was observed, but the quality of the powder data did not allow the determination of the crystal structure. Possibilities and limitations are discussed for solving crystal structures from powder diffraction data by real-space methods and lattice-energy minimizations.

1,5-Dianilinopentane-1,3,5-trione: a crystal structure containing two polymorphic domains.

Single crystals of the title compound, C(17)H(16)N(2)O(3), were obtained by gas diffusion. The observed diffraction pattern is compatible with a superposition of reflections from two monoclinic unit cells with the space group C2/c. The two cells share the a and b axes but not the c axis. Both structures contain layers parallel to (001), with molecules connected by intermolecular N-H···O=C hydrogen bonds. The bonding between adjacent layers is weak. Layer displacements result in a crystal structure containing two closely related polymorphic domains. The structure of one polymorph can be derived from the structure of the other if subsequent layers are displaced by (a/4, b/4, 0) for odd-numbered layers and by (a/4, -b/4, 0) for even-numbered layers. Three different crystals were analysed and their observed diffraction patterns were similar, showing all three crystals to contain the polymorphic domain structure.

First crystal structure of a Pigment Red 52 compound: DMSO solvate hydrate of the monosodium salt.

Pigment Red 52, Na2[C18H11ClN2O6S], is an industrially produced hydrazone-laked pigment. It serves as an inter-mediate in the synthesis of the corresponding Ca2+ and Mn2+ salts, which are used commercially for printing inks and lacquers. Hitherto, no crystal structure of any salt of Pigment Red 52 is known. Now, single crystals have been obtained of a dimethyl sulfoxide solvate hydrate of the monosodium salt of Pigment Red 52, namely, monosodium 2-[2-(3-carb-oxy-2-oxo-1,2-di-hydro-naphthalen-1-yl-idene)hydrazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-4-methyl-benz-ene-sulfonate dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate monohydrate, Na+·C18H12ClN2O6S-·H2O·C2H6OS, obtained from in-house synthesized Pigment Red 52. The crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 173 K. In this monosodium salt, the SO3 - group is deprotonated, whereas the COOH group is protonated. The residues form chains via ionic inter-actions and hydrogen bonds. The chains are arranged in polar/non-polar double layers.

Sustained-release hot melt extrudates of the weak acid TMP-001: A case study using PBB modelling.

Over the last 30 years, hot melt extrusion has become a leading technology in the manufacture of amorphous drug delivery systems. Mostly applied as an 'enabling formulation' for poorly soluble compounds, application in the design of sustained-release formulations increasingly attracts the attention of the pharmaceutical industry. The drug candidate TMP-001 is currently under evaluation for the early treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Although this weak acid falls into class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, the compound exhibits high solubility in the upper intestine resulting in high peroral bioavailability. In the present studies, four different formulation prototypes varying in their sustained-release behavior were developed, using L-arginine as a pore-forming agent in concentrations ranging between 0 and 20%. Initially, biorelevant release testing was applied to assess the dissolution behavior of the prototypes. For these formulations, a total drug release of 44.7%, 64.6%, 75%, and 90.5% was achieved in FaSSIF-v2 after 24 h. Two candidates were selected for further characterization considering the crystal structure and the physical stability of the amorphous state of TMP-001 in the formulations together with the release behavior in Level II biorelevant media. Our findings indicate L-arginine as a valuable excipient in the formulation of hot melt extrudates, as its presence led to a considerable stabilization of the amorphous state and favorably impacted the milling process and release behavior of TMP-001. To properly evaluate the proposed formulations and the importance of colonic dissolution and absorption on the overall bioavailability, a physiologically-based biopharmaceutics model was used.