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This is a reply to the letter titled "Understanding lactate and its clearance during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for supporting refractory cardiogenic shock patients" by Eva Rully Kurniawati et al. In response to the concerns raised about our paper published in BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, titled "Association between serum lactate levels and mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock receiving mechanical circulatory support: a multicenter retrospective cohort study," we have addressed the confounding bias on the population included and the use of VA-ECMO and Impella CP. Furthermore, we have provided new data on the correlation of oxygen supply and lactate levels at admission of cardiogenic shock.
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Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea , Choque Cardiogénico , Humanos , Choque Cardiogénico/diagnóstico , Choque Cardiogénico/terapia , Ácido Láctico , Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea/efectos adversos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Mortalidad HospitalariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the prognostic value of peak serum lactate and lactate clearance at several time points in cardiogenic shock treated with temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) using veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) or Impella CP®. METHODS: Serum lactate and clearance were measured before MCS and at 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h post-MCS in 43 patients at four tertiary-care centers in Southern Brazil. Prognostic value was assessed by univariable and multivariable analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for 30-day mortality. RESULTS: VA-ECMO was the most common MCS modality (58%). Serum lactate levels at all time points and lactate clearance after 6 h were associated with mortality on unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Lactate levels were higher in non-survivors at 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after MCS. Serum lactate > 1.55 mmol/L at 24 h was the best single prognostic marker of 30-day mortality [area under the ROC curve = 0.81 (0.67-0.94); positive predictive value = 86%). Failure to improve serum lactate after 24 h was associated with 100% mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Serum lactate was an important prognostic biomarker in cardiogenic shock treated with temporary MCS. Serum lactate and lactate clearance at 24 h were the strongest independent predictors of short-term survival.
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Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Implantación de Prótesis , Choque Cardiogénico/terapia , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Brasil , Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea/efectos adversos , Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea/instrumentación , Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea/mortalidad , Femenino , Corazón Auxiliar , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oxigenadores de Membrana , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Implantación de Prótesis/efectos adversos , Implantación de Prótesis/instrumentación , Implantación de Prótesis/mortalidad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Choque Cardiogénico/sangre , Choque Cardiogénico/diagnóstico , Choque Cardiogénico/mortalidad , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hemodynamic assessment for cardiogenic shock (CS) phenotyping in patients has led to renewed interest in the use of pulmonary artery catheters (PACs). METHODS: We included patients admitted with CS from January 2014 to December 2020 and compared clinical outcomes among patients who received PACs and those who did not. The primary outcome was the rate of in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included use of advanced heart failure therapies and coronary intensive care unit (CICU) and hospital lengths of stay. RESULTS: A total of 1043 patients were analysed and 47% received PACs. Patients selected for PAC-guided management were younger and had lower left ventricular function. They also had higher use of vasopressor and inotropes, and 15.2% of them were already supported with temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS). In-hospital mortality was lower in patients who received PACs (29.3% vs 36.2%; P = 0.02), mainly driven by a reduction in mortality among those in Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) stages D and E CS. Patients who received PACs were more likely to receive temporary MCS with Impella, durable ventricular assist devices (VADs), or orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) (P < 0.001 for all analyses). CICU and hospital lengths of stay were longer in patients who used PACs. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CS, the use of PACs was associated with lower in-hospital mortality, especially among those in SCAI stages D and E. Patients who received PACs were also more frequently rescued with temporary MCS or received advanced heart failure therapies, such as durable VADs or OHT.
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Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Corazón Auxiliar , Humanos , Choque Cardiogénico , Arteria Pulmonar , Canadá/epidemiología , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Sistema de Registros , Catéteres , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Background: Diaphragm atrophy can contribute to dyspnea in patients with heart failure (HF) with its link to central neurohormonal overactivation. HF medications that cross the blood-brain barrier could act centrally and improve respiratory function, potentially alleviating diaphragmatic atrophy. Therefore, we compared the benefit of central- vs peripheral-acting HF drugs on respiratory function, as assessed by a single cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and outcomes in HF patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of 624 ambulatory adult HF patients (80% male) with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40% and a complete CPET, followed at a single institution between 2001 and 2017. CPET parameters, and the outcomes all-cause death, a composite endpoint (all-cause death, need for left ventricular assist device, heart transplantation), and all-cause and/or HF hospitalizations, were compared in patients receiving central-acting (n = 550) vs peripheral-acting (n = 74) drugs. Results: Compared to patients who receive peripheral-acting drugs, patients who receive central-acting drugs had better respiratory function (peak breath-by breath oxygen uptake [VO2], P = 0.020; forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], P = 0.007), and ventilatory efficiency (minute ventilation / carbon dioxide production [VE/VCO2], P < 0.001; end-tidal carbon dioxide tension [PETCO2], P = 0.015; and trend for forced vital capacity [FVC], P = 0.056). Many of the associations between the CPET parameters and drug type remained significant after multivariate adjustment. Moreover, patients receiving central-acting drugs had fewer composite events (P = 0.023), and HF hospitalizations (P = 0.044), although significance after multivariant correction was not achieved, despite the hazard ratio being 0.664 and 0.757, respectively. Conclusions: Central-acting drugs were associated with better respiratory function as measured by CPET parameters in HF patients. This could extend to clinically meaningful composite outcomes and hospitalizations but required more power to be definitive in linking to drug effect. Central-acting HF drugs show a role in mitigating diaphragm weakness.
Contexte: L'atrophie du diaphragme peut contribuer à la dyspnée chez les personnes atteintes d'insuffisance cardiaque (IC), compte tenu de son lien avec la suractivation neuro-hormonale centrale. Or, les médicaments contre l'IC qui franchissent la barrière hématoencéphalique pourraient exercer une action centrale, améliorer la respiration et ainsi éventuellement atténuer l'atrophie du diaphragme. C'est pourquoi nous avons voulu comparer, au moyen d'une seule épreuve d'effort cardiopulmonaire (EECP), les effets bénéfiques exercés par des médicaments à action périphérique et des médicaments à action centrale sur la fonction respiratoire, de même que l'issue des patients atteints d'IC auxquels ils ont été administrés. Méthodologie: Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective auprès de 624 adultes ambulatoires atteints d'IC (80 % d'hommes) dont la fraction d'éjection ventriculaire gauche était réduite (≤ 40 %), qui se sont prêtés à une EECP complète et qui ont été suivis dans le même établissement entre 2001 et 2017. Les paramètres de l'EECP et la mortalité toutes causes confondues, un critère d'évaluation composé (décès toutes causes confondues, nécessité de recourir à un dispositif d'assistance ventriculaire gauche, transplantation cardiaque), et les hospitalisations toutes causes confondues et/ou liées à l'IC ont été comparés entre les patients qui recevaient des médicaments à action centrale (n = 550) et ceux qui recevaient des médicaments à action périphérique (n = 74). Résultats: Comparativement aux patients ayant reçu des médicaments à action périphérique, ceux qui ont reçu des médicaments à action centrale ont bénéficié d'une meilleure fonction respiratoire (consommation maximale d'oxygène [VO2], p = 0,020; volume expiratoire maximal par seconde [VEMS], p = 0,007) et d'une meilleure efficacité ventilatoire (ventilation minute/production de dioxyde de carbone [VE/VCO2], p < 0,001; pression partielle de dioxyde de carbone en fin d'expiration [PETCO2], p = 0,015; et tendance de la capacité vitale forcée [CVF], p = 0,056). De plus, bon nombre des associations entre les paramètres de l'EECP et le type de médicament sont demeurées significatives après ajustement multivarié. Les patients qui ont reçu des médicaments à action centrale ont également présenté moins d'événements faisant partie du critère d'évaluation composé (p = 0,023) et moins d'hospitalisations liées à l'IC (p = 0,044), même si la différence après correction multivariée n'a pas été significative et que les rapports de risques étaient respectivement de 0,664 et de 0,757. Conclusions: Les médicaments à action centrale ont été associés à une meilleure fonction respiratoire, mesurée à l'aide des paramètres d'une EECP, chez les patients atteints d'IC. Ce résultat pourrait également s'appliquer au critère d'évaluation composé et aux hospitalisations, mais une étude plus puissante est nécessaire pour établir un lien cliniquement significatif avec l'effet des médicaments. Les médicaments à action centrale contre l'IC ont donc un rôle à jouer dans la correction de la faiblesse du diaphragme.
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Development of ventricular failure and pulmonary edema is associated with a worse prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We aimed to evaluate the prognostic ability of a novel classification combining lung ultrasound (LUS) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) velocity time integral (VTI) in patients with STEMI. LUS and LVOT-VTI were performed within 24 h of admission in STEMI patients. A LUS combined with LVOT-VTI (LUV) classification was developed based on LUS with < or ≥ 3 positive zone scans, combined with LVOT-VTI > or ≤ 14. Patients were classified as A (< 3zones/ > 14 cm VTI), B (≥ 3zones/ > 14 cm VTI), C (< 3zones/ ≤ 14 cm VTI) and D (≥ 3zones/ ≤ 14 cm VTI). Primary outcome was occurrence of in-hospital mortality. Development of cardiogenic shock (CS) within 24 h was also assessed. A total of 308 patients were included. Overall in-hospital mortality was 8.8%, while mortality for LUV A, B, C, and D was 0%, 3%, 12%, and 45%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting in-hospital mortality was 0.915. Moreover, after exclusion of patients admitted in Killip IV, at each increasing degree of LUV, a higher proportion of patients developed CS within 24 h: LUV A = 0.0%, LUV B 5%, LUV C = 12.5% and LUV D = 30.8% (p < 0.0001). The AUC for predicting CS was 0.908 (p < 0.001). In a cohort of STEMI patients, LUV provided to be an excellent method for prediction of in-hospital mortality and development of CS. LUV classification is a fast, non-invasive and very user-friendly ultrasonographic evaluation method to stratify the risk of mortality and CS.
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BACKGROUND: Refractory cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with high mortality rates, and the use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) as a therapeutic option has generated discussions. Therefore, its cost-effectiveness, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Brazil, remains uncertain.Objectives: To conduct a cost-utility analysis from the Brazilian Unified Health System perspective to assess the cost-effectiveness of VA-ECMO combined with standard care compared to standard care alone in adult refractory CS patients. METHODS: We followed a cohort of refractory CS patients treated with VA-ECMO in tertiary care centers located in Southern Brazilian. We collected data on hospital outcomes and costs. We conducted a systematic review to supplement our data and utilized a Markov model to estimate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and per life-year gained. RESULTS: In the base-case analysis, VA-ECMO yielded an ICER of Int$ 37,491 per QALY. Sensitivity analyses identified hospitalization cost, relative risk of survival, and VA-ECMO group survival as key drivers of results. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis favored VA-ECMO, with a 78% probability of cost-effectiveness at the recommended willingness-to-pay threshold. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that, within the Brazilian Health System framework, VA-ECMO may be a cost-effective therapy for refractory CS. However, limited efficacy data and recent trials questioning its benefit in specific patient subsets highlight the need for further research. Rigorous clinical trials, encompassing diverse patient profiles, are essential to confirm cost-effectiveness and ensure equitable access to advanced medical interventions within healthcare systems, particularly in socio-economically diverse countries like Brazil.
FUNDAMENTO: O choque cardiogênico (CC) refratário está associado com altas taxas de mortalidade, e o uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea venoarterial (VA-ECMO, do inglês venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) como uma opção terapêutica tem gerado discussões. Nesse sentido, sua custo-efetividade, principalmente em países de baixa e média renda como o Brasil, continua incerto.Objetivos: Conduzir uma análise de custo-efetividade na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para avaliar a custo-efetividade de VA-ECMO combinado com o tratamento padrão em comparação ao tratamento padrão isolado em pacientes adultos com CC refratário. MÉTODOS: Acompanhamos uma coorte de pacientes com CC refratário tratados com VA-ECMO em centros de assistência terciária do sul brasileiro. Coletamos dados de desfechos e custos hospitalares. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática para complementar nossos dados e usamos o modelo de Markov para estimar a razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) por ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade (QALY) e por ano de vida ganho. RESULTADOS: Na análise do caso-base, a VA-ECMO gerou uma RCEI de Int$ 37 491 por QALY. Análises de sensibilidade identificaram o custo de internação, o risco relativo de sobrevida, e a sobrevida do grupo submetido à VA-ECMO como principais variáveis influenciando os resultados. A análise de sensibilidade probabilística mostrou um benefício do uso de VA-ECMO, com uma probabilidade de 78% de custo-efetividade no limiar recomendado de disposição a pagar. CONCLUSÕES: Nosso estudo sugere que, dentro do SUS, VA-ECMO pode ser uma terapia custo-efetiva para o CC refratário. Contudo, a escassez de dados sobre a eficácia e de ensaios clínicos recentes que abordem seus benefícios em subgrupos específicos de pacientes destaca a necessidade de mais pesquisas. Ensaios clínicos rigorosos, incluindo perfis diversos de pacientes, são essenciais para confirmar a custo-efetividade com uso de VA-ECMO e assegurar acesso igualitário a intervenções médicas avançadas dentro dos sistemas de saúde, especialmente em países com desigualdades socioeconômicas como o Brasil.
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Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea , Años de Vida Ajustados por Calidad de Vida , Choque Cardiogénico , Humanos , Choque Cardiogénico/terapia , Choque Cardiogénico/economía , Choque Cardiogénico/mortalidad , Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea/economía , Brasil , Resultado del Tratamiento , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Cadenas de MarkovRESUMEN
RATIONALE: Evidence about long-term sequelae after hospitalization for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 is still scarce. PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in pulmonary, cardiac, and renal function and in quality of life after hospitalization for acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to COVID-19. METHODS: This will be a multicenter case-control study of 220 participants. Eligible are patients who are hospitalized for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. In the control group, individuals with no history of hospitalization in the last 12 months or long-term symptoms of COVID-19 will be selected. All individuals will be subjected to pulmonary spirometry with a carbon monoxide diffusion test, chest tomography, cardiac and renal magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium, ergospirometry, serum and urinary creatinine, total protein, and urinary microalbuminuria, in addition to quality-of-life questionnaires. Patients will be evaluated 12 months after hospital discharge, and controls will be evaluated within 90 days of inclusion in the study. For all the statistical analyses, p < 0.05 is the threshold for significance. RESULTS: The primary outcome of the study will be the pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide measured after 12 months. The other parameters of pulmonary, cardiac, and renal function and quality of life are secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION: This study aims to determine the long-term sequelae of pulmonary, cardiac, and renal function and the quality of life of patients hospitalized for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 in the Brazilian population.
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COVID-19 , Hospitalización , Calidad de Vida , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria , Humanos , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/epidemiología , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/fisiopatología , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Pulmón/fisiopatología , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , SARS-CoV-2 , Riñón/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Capacidad de Difusión PulmonarRESUMEN
Our purpose is to evaluate the combined predictive value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) strain in predicting mortality and heart transplant (HTx) in a series of outpatients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). A retrospective cohort study of 66 patients with HFrEF (median age, 57 years; 51% women) who underwent CPET and echocardiography (up to 90 days apart) to assess prognosis. The primary outcome was a composite of death and need for HTx. At a median follow-up of 27 [20-39] months, 19 patients (29%) experienced the primary outcome. In unadjusted analysis, most echocardiographic and CPET parameters were associated with the primary outcome, including percentage of predicted peak oxygen consumption (ppVO2), VE/VCO2 slope, LV ejection fraction, and LV and RV longitudinal strain. After adjusting for other clinical, echocardiographic and CPET variables, RV free wall longitudinal strain and ppVO2 remained significantly associated with the primary outcome. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for death and HTx, based on the best cutoff values, showed lower survival rates in patients with impairment in both ppVO2 and RV FW-LS than in those with one or neither parameter impaired (p < 0.001). RV dysfunction and low cardiorespiratory fitness were independent markers of death and need for HTx. Impairment of both ppVO2 and RV FW-LS had a strong additive impact on prognostic assessment in this cohort of patients with HFrEF.
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Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda , Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Masculino , Pronóstico , Volumen Sistólico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Consumo de OxígenoRESUMEN
Background: In advanced heart failure (HF), diagnostic performance of physical exam may be poor. Physical examination associated with lung ultrasound (LUS) may be an important tool to facilitate congestion screening. Objective: To evaluate performance of LUS for congestion screening in advanced HF referred for transplant, as compared to findings of right heart catheterization (RHC). Methods: Prospective study of 23 subjects with advanced HF referred for RHC. LUS was performed in association with clinical congestion score (CCS), analogue-visual dyspnea scale (AVDS) and presence of trepopnea/bendopnea prior to catheterization. Congestion was assessed by the number of B-lines in the LUS, and by findings of physical examination as well as by NT-proBNP serum values. Results: Congestion was present in 43.4 % of patients by LUS (B-lines ≥ 15), as compared to 21.7 % by CCS (score greater than or equal to 5), 56.5 % by NT-proBNP (>1000 pg/ml), and 60.8 % by pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) (>15 mm Hg). The number of B-lines was correlated to cardiac index (CI) (rho = -0.619; p 0.002), but not with PCWP (rho 0.190; p 0.386), RAP (rho -0.244; p 0.262), CCS (rho 0.198; p 0.36) and neither with NT-proBNP (rho 0.282; p 0.193). Otherwise, NT-proBNP was correlated with PCWP (rho = 0.636; p = 0.001) and with CI (rho -0.667 p 0.001). Conclusions: In advanced HF patients referred for transplant, number of B-lines in LUS was not correlated with PCWP or RAP. Advanced HF patients seem to have increased filling pressures, but no interstitial pulmonary congestion that LUS could detect.
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Background: Persistent symptoms and exercise intolerance have been reported after COVID-19, even months after the acute disease. Although, the long-term impact on exercise capacity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is still unclear. Research question: To assess the long-term functional capacity and HRQoL in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. Study design and methods: This is a prospective cohort study, conducted at two centers in Brazil, that included post-discharge COVID-19 patients and paired controls. The cohort was paired by age, sex, body mass index and comorbidities, using propensity score matching in a 1:3 ratio. Patients were eligible if signs or symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 and pulmonary involvement on chest computed tomography. All patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and a HRQoL questionnaire (SF-36) 6 months after the COVID-19. The main outcome was the percentage of predicted peak oxygen consumption (ppVO2). Secondary outcomes included other CPET measures and HRQoL. Results: The study sample comprised 47 post-discharge COVID-19 patients and 141 healthy controls. The mean age of COVID-19 patients was 54 ± 14 years, with 19 (40%) females, and a mean body mass index of 31 kg/m2 (SD, 6). The median follow-up was 7 months (IQR, 6.5-8.0) after hospital discharge. PpVO2 in COVID-19 patients was lower than in controls (83% vs. 95%, p = 0.002) with an effect size of 0.38 ([95%CI], 0.04-0.70). Mean peak VO2 (22 vs. 25 mL/kg/min, p = 0.04) and OUES (2,122 vs. 2,380, p = 0.027) were also reduced in the COVID-19 patients in comparison to controls. Dysfunctional breathing (DB) was present in 51%. HRQoL was significantly reduced in post COVID patients and positively correlated to peak exercise capacity. Interpretation: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients presented, 7 months after discharge, with a reduction in functional capacity and HRQoL when compared to historical controls. HRQoL were reduced and correlated with the reduced peak VO2 in our population.
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BACKGROUND: The long-term effects of mild COVID-19 on physical, cognitive, and mental health are not yet well understood. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to describe the protocol for the ongoing "Post-COVID Brazil" study 2, which aims to evaluate the factors associated with health-related quality of life and long-term cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes one year after a mild episode of symptomatic COVID-19. METHODS: The "Post-COVID Brazil" study 2 is a prospective multicenter study that plans to enroll 1047 patients (NCT05197647). Centralized, structured telephone interviews are conducted at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. The primary outcome is the health-related quality-of-life utility score, assessed using the EuroQol-5D-3L (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire at 12 months. Secondary endpoints include the EQ-5D-3L at 3, 6, and 9 months, as well as all-cause mortality, major cardiovascular events, hospitalization, return to work or education, persistent symptoms, new disabilities in instrumental activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. A p-value < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant for all analyses. RESULTS: The primary endpoint will be presented as the overall frequency of the EQ-5D-3L domains 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main analysis will explore the association of independent variables with the study outcomes. CONCLUSION: The "Post-COVID Brazil" study 2 aims to clarify the impact of long COVID on the quality of life and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes of Brazilian patients who have had mild COVID-19.
FUNDAMENTO: Os efeitos em longo prazo da COVID-19 leve sobre a saúde física, mental e cognitiva ainda não são bem conhecidos. OBJETIVO: Este artigo visa descrever o protocolo para o estudo em andamento Pós-COVID Brasil 2, o qual tem como objetivo avaliar os fatores associados à qualidade de vida associada à saúde e desfechos cardiovasculares e não cardiovasculares de longo prazo um ano após um episódio de COVID-19 sintomática leve. MÉTODOS: O estudo "Pós-COVID Brasil 2" é um estudo multicêntrico prospectivo que pretende incluir 1047 pacientes (NCT05197647). Entrevistas estruturas, centralizadas são conduzidas em um mês, e aos três, seis, nove e 12 meses após o diagnóstico de COVID-19. O desfecho primário é o escore de utilidade da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, avaliado usando o questionário EuroQol-5D-3L (EQ-5D-3L) aos 12 meses. Desfechos secundários incluem o EQ-5D-3L aos três, seis e nove meses, mortalidade por todas as causas, eventos cardiovasculares maiores, hospitalização, retorno ao trabalho ou à escola, sintomas persistentes, novas incapacidades em atividades instrumentais diárias, déficit cognitivo, ansiedade, depressão, e sintomas de transtorno do estresse pós-traumático as três, seis, nove e doze meses após a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Um valor de p<0,05 será considerado estatisticamente significativo para as análises. RESULTADOS: O desfecho primário será apresentado como frequência dos domínios do EQ-5D-3L doze meses após a infecção por SARS-CoV-2. A análise principal explorará a associação das variáveis independentes com os desfechos do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo "Pós-COVID Brasil 2" tem como objetivo elucidar o impacto da COVID longa sobre a qualidade de vida e desfechos cardiovasculares e não cardiovasculares de brasileiros pacientes que apresentaram COVID-19 leve.
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COVID-19 , Calidad de Vida , Humanos , Actividades Cotidianas , Brasil/epidemiología , Prueba de COVID-19 , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto , Síndrome Post Agudo de COVID-19 , Estudios Prospectivos , Calidad de Vida/psicología , SARS-CoV-2 , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The long-term impact of hospitalization for COVID-19 on patients' physical, mental, and cognitive health still needs further assessment. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate factors associated with quality of life and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes 12 months after hospitalization for COVID-19. METHODS: This prospective multicenter study intends to enroll 611 patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 (NCT05165979). Centralized telephone interviews are scheduled to occur at three, six, nine, and 12 months after hospital discharge. The primary endpoint is defined as the health-related quality-of-life utility score assessed by the EuroQol-5D-3L (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire at 12 months. Secondary endpoints are defined as the EQ-5D-3L at three, six and nine months, return to work or education, persistent symptoms, new disabilities in instrumental activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms, major cardiovascular events, rehospitalization, as well as all-cause mortality at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. A p-value <0.05 will be assumed as statistically significant for all analyses. RESULTS: The primary endpoint will be presented as the frequency of the EQ-5D-3L score 12 months after COVID-19 hospitalization. A sub-analysis to identify possible associations of independent variables with study outcomes will be presented. CONCLUSIONS: This study will determine the impact of COVID-19 on the quality of life and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes of hospitalized patients 12 months after discharge providing insights to the public health system in Brazil.
FUNDAMENTO: O impacto em longo prazo da hospitalização por COVID-19 sobre a saúde física, mental e cognitiva dos pacientes requer mais investigação. OBJETIVOS: Este artigo visa avaliar os fatores associados com a qualidade de vida e desfechos cardiovasculares e não cardiovasculares 12 meses após a internação hospitalar por COVID-19. MÉTODOS: Este estudo multicêntrico prospectivo pretende incluir 611 pacientes internados por COVID-19 (NCT05165979). Entrevistas telefônicas centralizadas estão programadas para ocorrer em três, seis, nove e 12 meses após a alta hospitalar. O desfecho primário é definido como o escore de utilidade de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde avaliada pelo questionário EuroQol-5D-3L (EQ-5D-3L) aos 12 meses. Desfechos secundários são definidos como o EQ-5D-3L aos três, seis e nove meses, retorno ao trabalho ou à escola, sintomas persistentes, novas incapacidades em atividades instrumentais diárias, déficit cognitivo, ansiedade, depressão, e sintomas de transtorno do estresse pós-traumático, eventos cardiovasculares maiores, reinternação, e mortalidade por todas as causas aos três, seis, nove e 12 meses após a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Um valor de p<0,05 será considerado estatisticamente significativo para as análises. RESULTADOS: O desfecho primário será apresentado como frequência do escore EQ-5D-3L 12 meses após a internação por COVID-19. Uma subanálise para identificar possíveis associações das variáveis independentes com desfechos do estudo será apresentada. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo determinará o impacto da COVID-19 sobre a qualidade de vida e de desfechos cardiovasculares e não cardiovasculares de pacientes internados 12 meses após a alta, e fornecerá novas informações ao sistema público de saúde no Brasil.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Actividades Cotidianas , Estudios Prospectivos , Brasil/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Hospitalización , Estudios Multicéntricos como AsuntoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) infection is associated with a high risk of complications and death among heart transplant recipients. However, most cohorts are from high-income countries, while data from Latin America are sparse. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort of heart transplant recipients followed at a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between March 1st 2020 and October 1st 2021. RESULTS: Of the 62 heart transplant recipients on follow-up, 21 (34%) were infected by COVID-19, 58 (36-63) years of age, 67% male, body mass index of 26 (23-29) kg/m2, 48% with hypertension, 43% with chronic kidney disease, 5% with diabetes, within 2 (1-4) years of post-transplant follow-up. At presentation, the main symptoms were fever (62%), myalgia (33%), cough (33%), headache (33%), and dyspnea (19%). Hospitalization was required for 13 (62%) patients, with a time from first symptoms to the admission of 5 (1-12) days. In 38%, supplementary oxygen was needed, 19% required intensive care, and 10% mechanical ventilation. Three (14%) were infected after at least a first dose of COVID-19 vaccine. The main complications were bacterial pneumonia (38%), renal replacement therapy (19%), sepsis (10%) and venous thromboembolism (10%). Immunosuppression therapy was modified in 48%, with a reduction in the majority (89%). Two (10%) patients died in the hospital due to refractory hypoxemia and multiple organ dysfunction. The incidence of COVID-19 among transplant patients was comparable to the general population in the State of Rio Grande do Sul with a peak in December 2020. CONCLUSION: Heart transplant recipients shown a high rate of COVID-19 infection in Southern Brazil, with typical symptom presentation in most cases. There was an elevated rate of hospitalization, supplementary oxygen support, and complications. In-hospital lethality among infected heart transplanted recipients was similar to previously reported data worldwide despite the high rates of infection in Latin America.
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AIMS: The clinical predictors and outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) have not been studied previously. This study assesses the impact of RRT on mortality in patients with CS and aims to identify clinical factors that contribute to the need of RRT. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients presenting with CS were included from a prospective registry of cardiac intensive care unit admissions at a single institution between 2014 and 2020. Of the 1030 patients admitted with CS, 123 (11.9%) received RRT. RRT was associated with higher 1-year mortality [adjusted hazard ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-2.14], and a higher in-hospital incidence of sepsis [risk ratio = 2.76, P < 0.001], and pneumonia (risk ratio = 2.9, P = 0.001). Those who received RRT were less likely to receive guideline-directed medical treatment at time of discharge, undergo heart transplantation (2.4% vs. 11.5%, P = 0.002) or receive a durable left ventricular assist device (0.0% vs. 11.6%, P < 0.001). Five variables at admission best predicted the need for RRT (age, lactate, haemoglobin, use of pre-admission loop diuretics, and admission estimated glomerular filtration rate) and were used to generate the CALL-K 9-point risk score, with better discrimination than creatinine alone (P = 0.008). The score was internally validated (area under the curve = 0.815, 95% CI 0.739-0.835) with good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.827). CONCLUSIONS: RRT is associated with worse outcomes, including a lower likelihood to receive advanced heart failure therapies in patients with CS. A risk score comprising five variables routinely collected at admission can accurately estimate the risk of needing RRT.
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Lesión Renal Aguda , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Corazón Auxiliar , Lesión Renal Aguda/epidemiología , Lesión Renal Aguda/etiología , Lesión Renal Aguda/terapia , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Corazón Auxiliar/efectos adversos , Humanos , Terapia de Reemplazo Renal/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Choque Cardiogénico/epidemiología , Choque Cardiogénico/etiología , Choque Cardiogénico/terapiaRESUMEN
AIMS: Treatment with mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has been proposed to mitigate mortality in cardiogenic shock (CS). However, there is a lack of data on MCS programs implementation and the effect of the learning curve on its outcomes in limited resources countries such as Brazil. METHODS: Prospective cohort of patients with CS admitted in four tertiary-care centers treated with Impella CP or veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). Clinical outcomes were peri-procedural complications, short-term mortality rate, and the centers' learning curve. The cohort was divided into two periods: from April 2017 to July 2018 (n = 24), and from August 2018 to December 2020 (n = 25). RESULTS: The study enrolled 49 patients [age 59 (43-63) years; 34 (70%) males]. The most common causes for CS were acute myocardial infarction in 22 (45%) and acute decompensation of chronic heart failure in 10 (20%). VA-ECMO was employed in 35 (71%) and Impella CP in 14 (29%) of patients. Overall complications occurred in 37 (76%) of patients, where major bleeding in 19 (38%) was the most common. The overall mortality rate was 61%, but it was lower in the second period (40%) in comparison to the first period (83%), p = 0.002. The learning curve analysis showed a decrease in the mortality rate after 40 consecutive cases. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a temporary MCS program for refractory CS in a limited resource country is feasible. The learning curve effect might have played a role on survival rate since high morbimortality has decreased within time reaching optimal results by the end of the study.
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Corazón Auxiliar , Choque Cardiogénico , Brasil , Corazón Auxiliar/efectos adversos , Humanos , Curva de Aprendizaje , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Choque Cardiogénico/etiología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Several microRNAs (miRNA) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but studies differ regarding methods employed. In an attempt to understand their role in the disease, we performed a systematic review of studies assessing miRNAs and their association with HCM. METHODS: The literature search was based on The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy" and "MicroRNA" combined with other synonyms on Embase, Medline and LILACS databases in April 2020. The selected studies and data extraction were independently evaluated. Only human reports with a clear definition of HCM diagnosis were included. RESULTS: The search found 68 studies, 13 fulfilled the selection criteria, with a total of 329 patients. Eighty-seven miRNA were differentially expressed in HCM patients, being mir-21, mir-29a and mir-133 the most reported. The miRNA were mainly up-regulated, where mir-29a was up-regulated in 6 studies, followed by mir-133 in 4 and mir-21 in 3. The other miRNAs were mainly up-regulated. Blood samples were evaluated in the majority of patients (86%), but a greater number of miRNAs (79%) were assessed in myocardium. Six studies evaluating the phenotype correlation demonstrated that several miRNAs, mainly mir-1-3p, mir-19b, mir-21, mir-29a, mir-155, and mir-221, were related to either hypertrophy or fibrosis. Mir-29a showed a more consistent phenotypic correlation. CONCLUSION: Eighty-seven miRNAs were differentially expressed in HCM patients, the majority in up-regulation. Mir-21, mir-29a and mir-133 were the most reported. Correlation with left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis was evaluated in six studies for several miRNAs, nevertheless, mir-29a showed more consistent findings and seems to be a promising biomarker.
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Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica , MicroARNs , Biomarcadores , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/genética , Fibrosis , Humanos , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda , MicroARNs/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is based on different algorithms proposed by the 2011 ACCF/AHA and 2014 ESC guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the 2014 ESC model for SCD risk stratification and primary prevention ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillator) in HCM in comparison to the North American guideline. METHODS: An HCM cohort was evaluated and the ESC HCM-Risk SCD score was calculated. Agreement of ICD recommendations criteria between the two guidelines was analyzed with Kappa coefficient. P<0.05 was adopted for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: In 90 consecutive patients followed for 6±3 years, the mean calculated ESC risk score was 3.2±2.5%. The risk predictors that have mainly contributed to the score calculation in the low (1.88% [1.42-2.67]), intermediate (5.17% [4.89-5.70]) and high-risk (7.82% [7.06-9.19]) categories were: maximal left ventricular wall thickness (1.60% [1.25-2.02]; 3.20% [3.18-3.36]; 4.46% [4.07-5.09]), left atrial diameter (0.97% [0.83-1.21]; 1.86% [1.67-2.40]; 2.48% [2.21-3.51]) and age (-0.91% [0.8-1.13]; -1.90% [1.12-2.03]; -2.34% [1.49-2.73]). The European model decreased the ICD recommendations in 32 (36%) patients. Among the 43 (48%) individuals with class IIa recommendation under the 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline, 8 (18%) were downgraded to class IIb and 24 (56%) to class III. Low agreement was found between the two systems: Kappa=0.355 and p=0.0001. In 8 (9%) patients with SCD or appropriate shock, 4 (50%) met class IIa indication with the 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline, but none achieved this class of recommendation with the 2014 ESC model. CONCLUSION: Low agreement was found between the two strategies. The novel ESC model decreased the ICD recommendations, especially in those with class IIa recommendation, but left unprotected all patients with SCD or appropriate shock. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):197-204).
FUNDAMENTO: A estratificação de risco para morte súbita (MS) na cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) baseia-se em algoritmos distintos propostos pela diretriz norte-americana, ACCF/AHA 2011 e europeia, ESC 2014. OBJETIVO: Analisar o modelo ESC 2014 na determinação do risco de MS e indicação de cardiodesfibrilador implantável (CDI) em prevenção primária na CMH por meio de confrontação com a normativa norte-americana. MÉTODOS: Foi avaliada uma coorte de pacientes com CMH, calculado o escore ESC HCM-Risk-SCD e analisada a concordância dos critérios de indicação de CDI entre as duas diretrizes pelo coeficiente de Kappa. O nível de significância adotado nas análises estatísticas foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: Em 90 pacientes consecutivos, seguidos por 6±3 anos, o escore calculado foi de 3,2±2,5%. Os preditores que mais contribuíram para o cálculo nas faixas de baixo (1,88% [1,42-2,67]), médio (5,17% [4,89-5,70]) e alto risco (7,82% [7,06-9,19]) foram espessura parietal máxima do ventrículo esquerdo (1,60% [1,25-2,02] ; 3,20% [3,18-3,36] ; 4,46% [4,07-5,09]), diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (0,97% [0,83-1,21]; 1,86% [1,67-2,40]; 2,48% [2,21-3,51]) e idade (-0,91% [0,8-1,13]; -1,90% [1,12-2,03]; -2,34% [1,49-2,73]). O modelo europeu reduziu as recomendações de CDI em 32 (36%) pacientes. Entre os 43 (48%) em classe IIa pela ACCF/AHA , 8 (18%) migraram para IIb e 24 (56%) para III. Baixa concordância foi identificada entre as duas sistematizações, Kappa = 0,355, p = 0,0001. Dos 8 (9%) pacientes com MS ou choque apropriado, 4 (50%) atingiram indicação IIa pela ACCF/AHA , mas nenhum pela ESC . CONCLUSÃO: Baixa concordância foi identificada entre as diretrizes analisadas. O novo modelo reduziu as indicações de CDI, notadamente em classe IIa, mas deixou desprotegida a totalidade de pacientes com MS ou choque apropriado. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):197-204).
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Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica , Desfibriladores Implantables , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/complicaciones , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/etiología , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/prevención & control , Humanos , Prevención Primaria , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Rationale: Evidence about long-term sequelae after hospitalization for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 is still scarce. Purpose: To evaluate changes in pulmonary, cardiac, and renal function and in quality of life after hospitalization for acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to COVID-19. Methods: This will be a multicenter case-control study of 220 participants. Eligible are patients who are hospitalized for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. In the control group, individuals with no history of hospitalization in the last 12 months or long-term symptoms of COVID-19 will be selected. All individuals will be subjected to pulmonary spirometry with a carbon monoxide diffusion test, chest tomography, cardiac and renal magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium, ergospirometry, serum and urinary creatinine, total protein, and urinary microalbuminuria, in addition to quality-of-life questionnaires. Patients will be evaluated 12 months after hospital discharge, and controls will be evaluated within 90 days of inclusion in the study. For all the statistical analyses, p < 0.05 is the threshold for significance. Results: The primary outcome of the study will be the pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide measured after 12 months. The other parameters of pulmonary, cardiac, and renal function and quality of life are secondary outcomes. Conclusion: This study aims to determine the long-term sequelae of pulmonary, cardiac, and renal function and the quality of life of patients hospitalized for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 in the Brazilian population.
RESUMO Fundamento: As evidências acerca das sequelas a longo prazo após internação por síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo por COVID-19 ainda são escassas. Objetivo: Avaliar alterações nas funções pulmonar, cardíaca e renal e na qualidade de vida após internação por síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo secundária à COVID-19. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo multicêntrico, caso-controle, incluindo 220 participantes. Os casos serão definidos como pacientes hospitalizados por síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo devido à COVID-19. No Grupo Controle, serão selecionados indivíduos sem histórico de hospitalização nos últimos 12 meses ou sintomas a longo prazo de COVID-19. Todos os indivíduos serão submetidos à espirometria pulmonar com teste de difusão pelo monóxido de carbono, tomografia de tórax, ressonância magnética cardíaca e renal com gadolínio, ergoespirometria, creatinina sérica e urinária, proteínas totais e microalbuminúria urinária, além de questionários de qualidade de vida. Os casos serão avaliados 12 meses após a alta hospitalar e os controles, 90 dias após a inclusão no estudo. Para todas as análises estatísticas, será assumido como significativo o valor p < 0,05. Resultados: O desfecho primário do estudo foi definido com a capacidade de difusão pulmonar aferida para o monóxido de carbono a partir de 12 meses. Os demais parâmetros das funções pulmonar, cardíacas e renal e da qualidade de vida foram definidos como desfechos secundários. Conclusão: Este estudo visa determinar as sequelas a longo prazo nas funções pulmonar, cardíaca e renal e na qualidade de vida de pacientes internados por síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo devido à COVID-19 na população brasileira.