RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: According to national studies, the use of illicit drugs is growing in Colombia. With this, the prevalence of substance use disorders and the set of health effects related to this practice also increases. Knowledge of the factors associated with the use of illicit drugs is necessary to guide the comprehensive care of the phenomenon. METHODS: This is a systematic review of reviews on factors associated with the consumption of illicit drugs with seven databases and evaluation of the quality of the manuscripts according to AMSTAR. RESULTS: Information was extracted from 38 reviews on individual factors associated with the use of illicit drugs. Demographic factors are associated with consumption through other factors. There is evidence of the association between mental and behavioural disorders and personality disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of consumption of illicit substances and disorders due to their use is affected by a set of personal factors including sociodemographic characteristics, mental health conditions, sexual behaviour, legal drug use, age of onset and risk perception.
Asunto(s)
Drogas Ilícitas , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/efectos adversos , Trastornos de la Personalidad , Prevalencia , Conducta Sexual , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for depression and anxiety screening in primary care patients in Colombia. METHODS: A criterion validity study was conducted with 243 adults that had completed the HADS and were later assessed using the MINI as a gold standard. Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega and factor structure were applied through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). ROC curve analysis and Youden's statistic were used to determine the cut-off point. RESULTS: Cronbach's α was reported to be 0.85 and 0.82 for McDonalds' ω. CFA supported a two-factor solution demonstrating satisfactory fit. Root mean square error of approximation = 0.04, Comparative Fix Index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.97. For HADS-A, the cut-off point was determined as 6 associated with a sensitivity of 0.76, a specificity of 0.72 and Youden's index of 0.50. The ABC was 0.81. For HADS-D, the cut-off point was determined as 4 associated with a sensitivity of 0.78, a specificity of 0.74 and Youden's index of 0.53. The ABC was 0.82. CONCLUSION: The HADS is a valid and reliable instrument for anxiety and depression screening in adult patients of primary healthcare services in Colombia.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad , Depresión , Adulto , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Colombia , Depresión/diagnóstico , Hospitales , Humanos , Atención Primaria de Salud , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The FCV-19S was the first instrument designed to assess the severity of fear related to COVID-19 and has already been validated in many languages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the homogeneity and construct validity of the 5-item version of the FCV19S, using an online questionnaire in 599 people. The participants' age ranged from 18 to 65 years. Age, gender, marital status, educational level, employment status, and socioeconomic status were analyzed. In the evaluation process we assessed interitem correlation, item rest-correlation, confirmatory factor analysis: Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, Comparative Fix Index, Tucker-Lewis Index; internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega), and the Rasch model was assessed for learning more about the psychometric properties of the scale, which allows a detailed knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of a scale. The FCV-5S has adequate psychometric indicators from the perspective of the Classical Theory of Items. The major limitations were using a self-reported measure and having a convenience sample not necessarily representative of the general population of Argentina.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The PHQ-2 is a screening test for major depressive disorder (MDD) derived from PHQ-9, which has shown to be useful in the detection of cases of clinical significance in previous studies. The psychometric properties of PHQ-2 in the Colombian population are unknown. METHODS: PHQ-2 were assessed in 243 patients in general medical consultations using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as the gold standard. Internal consistency, convergent validity and criterion validity were calculated by analyzing the Receptor Operating Characteristics (ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients were 0.71. Spearman's rho coefficients for correlations with PHQ-9 and HADS-D scores were 0.63 and 0.59 (p<0.01). AUC was 0.89. The optimal cut point was ≥2 with the following indicators: sensitivity 0.87 specificity 0.74; Youden index 0.60; PPV 0.47; NPV 0.95; (LR+) 3.24; (LR-) 0.18 (95% CI 0.09-0.37). Kappa coefficient between PHQ-2 and MINI for depression was .458 and 0.46 for HADS-D. LIMITATIONS: Since this study was done with people attending hospital, which could has implications for the prevalence of depression, affecting the validity indicators of the instrument. CONCLUSIONS: PHQ-2 show an acceptable test performance in the context of the study. However, the test could yield a considerable amount of false positives that would require specialized evaluation to establish a reliable diagnosis.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente , Colombia , Depresión , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico , Humanos , Tamizaje Masivo , Atención Primaria de Salud , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is one of the most widely used self-report instruments in primary care. There is no criterion validity of the PHQ-9 in Colombia. The objective was to validate the PHQ-9 as a screening tool in primary care. A cross-sectional, scale criterion validity study was performed using as reference criterion the mini neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) in male and female adult users of primary care centres. We calculated the internal consistency and convergent and criterion validity of the PHQ-9 by analysing the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC). We analysed 243 participants; 184 (75.7%) were female. The average age was 34.05 (median of 31 and SD = 12.47). Cronbach's α was 0.80 and McDonald's ω was 0.81. Spearman's Rho was 0.64 for HADS-D (P <0.010) and 0.70 for PHQ-2 (P <0.010). The AUC was 0.92 (95% CI 0.880-0.963). The optimal cut-off point of PHQ-9 was ≥7: sensitivity of 90.38 (95% CI: 81.41-99.36); specificity of 81.68 (95% CI: 75.93-87.42); PPV 57.32 (95% CI: 46.00-68.63); NPV 96.89 (95% CI: 93.90-99.88); Youden index 0.72 (95% CI: 0.62-0.82); LR+ 4.93 (95% CI: 3.61-6.74); LR- 0.12 (95% CI: 0.005-0.270). In sum, the Colombian version of PHQ-9 is a valid and reliable instrument for depression screening in primary care in Bucaramanga, with a cut-off point ≥7.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, the fear of infection increases and, with it, the stigma-discrimination, which makes it an additional problem of the epidemic. However, studies about stigma associated with coronavirus are scarce worldwide. AIMS: To determine the association between stigmatisation and fear of COVID-19 in the general population of Colombia. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 1,687 adults between 18 and 76 years old (M = 36.3; SD = 12.5), 41.1% health workers, filled out an online questionnaire on Stigma-Discrimination and the COVID-5 Fear Scale, adapted by the research team. RESULTS: The proportion of high fear of COVID-19 was 34.1%; When comparing the affirmative answers to the questionnaire on stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19, it was found that the difference was significantly higher in the general population compared to health workers in most of the questions evaluated, which indicates a high level of stigmatisation in that group. An association between high fear of COVID-19 and stigma was evidenced in 63.6% of the questions in the questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19 is frequent in the Colombian population and is associated with high levels of fear towards said disease, mainly people who are not health workers.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: According to national studies, the use of illicit drugs is growing in Colombia. With this, the prevalence of substance use disorders and the set of health effects related to this practice also increases. Knowledge of the factors associated with the use of illicit drugs is necessary to guide the comprehensive care of the phenomenon. METHODS: This is a systematic review of reviews on factors associated with the consumption of illicit drugs with seven databases and evaluation of the quality of the manuscripts according to AMSTAR. RESULTS: Information was extracted from 38 reviews on individual factors associated with the use of illicit drugs. Demographic factors are associated with consumption through other factors. There is evidence of the association between mental and behavioural disorders and personality disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of consumption of illicit substances and disorders due to their use is affected by a set of personal factors including sociodemographic characteristics, mental health conditions, sexual behaviour, legal drug use, age of onset and risk perception.
RESUMEN
Previous studies on the factorial structure of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) have yielded divergent results, and there is no consensus on which factorial structure provides a more adequate fit. In Colombia, no precise method to estimate the factorial structure of the PHQ-9 has been used. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factorial structure of the PHQ-9 as a depression screening tool in university students of Colombia from a model of two factors previously studied. The PHQ-9 was applied to 550 health science university students. A factorial confirmatory analysis was carried out using a structural equations model and invariance analysis. The model with one somatic factor and one non-somatic factor, achieved a better fit with invariance by gender. The PHQ-9 used as a depression screening tool used in university students in Cartagena revealed two factors, one somatic and one non-somatic with measurement invariance by gender.
Asunto(s)
Depresión/diagnóstico , Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente/normas , Estudiantes/psicología , Adolescente , Colombia , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
An analytical observational study was conducted to investigate the association between knowledge of COVID-19 in the general population of Mexico and sociodemographic variables of interest. A total of 758 adults between 18 and 74 years old (M = 37.3 SD = 12.6), of which 88.9% had higher education and 33.2% were health care workers, participated in an online questionnaire assessing disease knowledge and the COVID-5 item Fear Scale, which was adapted by the research team. The proportion of individuals with high knowledge about COVID-19 was found to be 41.0%. Participants with higher education and healthcare professionals demonstrated higher knowledge scores in comparison to those with primary and secondary education, as well as non-healthcare professionals (PR=1.25, 95%CI 1.05-1.48). In conclusion, that people with higher education and healthcare workers exhibited better knowledge scores regarding the disease, while high knowledge about COVID-19 was only associated with being a health professional.
Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico con el objetivo de explorar la asociación entre el conocimiento que tiene la población general de México sobre COVID-19 y las variables sociodemográficas de interés. Un total de 758 adultos entre 18 y 74 años (M=37,3 DE=12,6), 88,9% con educación superior y 33,2% trabajadores de la salud, diligenciaron un cuestionario en línea sobre conocimientos la enfermedad y la Escala de Temor a COVID-5, adaptada por el equipo de investigación. La proporción de conocimientos altos sobre COVID-19 fue del 41,0%. Las personas con educación superior y los profesionales de la salud presentaron puntajes de conocimientos altos en comparación con los que tenían primaria y secundaria y con los que no pertenecían al gremio de la salud RP = 1,25 IC 95% (1,05 - 1,48). Se concluye que las personas con escolaridad superior y los profesionales de la salud tienen mejores puntajes de conocimientos sobre la enfermedad, mientras que el conocimiento alto sobre COVID-19 solo se asoció con ser profesional de la salud.
Foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico com o objetivo de explorar a associação entre o conhecimento que tem a população geral de México sobre COVID-19 e as variáveis sociodemográficas de interesse. Um total de 758 adultos entre 18 e 74 anos (M=37,3 DE=12,6), 88,9% com ensino superior e 33,2% trabalhadores da saúde, responderam um questionário on-line sobre conhecimentos a doença e a Escala de Temor a COVID-5, adaptada pela equipe de pesquisa. A proporção de conhecimentos altos sobre COVID-19 foi do 41,0%. As pessoas com educação superior e os profissionais da saúde apresentaram pontuação de conhecimentos altos em comparação com os que tinham ensino básico e ensino médio e com os que não pertenciam aos profissionais da saúde RP = 1,25 IC 95% (1,05 - 1,48). Concluise que as pessoas com educação superior e os profissionais da saúde têm melhor pontuação de conhecimentos sobre a doença, enquanto que o conhecimento alto sobre COVID-19 só se associou com ser professional da saúde.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN Introducción: El consumo de drogas ilícitas está creciendo en Colombia según los estudios nacionales. Con ello también incrementa la prevalencia de los trastornos por uso de sustancias y del conjunto de afectaciones a la salud relacionadas con esta práctica. El conocimiento de los factores asociados al consumo de drogas ilícitas es necesario para orientar la atención integral del fenómeno. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión sistemática de revisiones sobre factores asociados al consumo de drogas ilícitas con siete bases de datos y evaluación de la calidad de los manuscritos de acuerdo con AMSTAR. Resultados: Se extrajo información de 38 revisiones sobre factores individuales asociados al consumo de drogas ilícitas. Los factores demográficos se asocian con el consumo con mediación de otros factores. Hay evidencia de la asociación entre trastornos mentales y del comportamiento y los trastornos de personalidad. Conclusiones: La probabilidad de consumo de sustancias ilícitas y de trastornos por su uso, se ve afectada por un conjunto de factores personales que incluyen características socio-demográficas, condiciones de salud mental, comportamiento sexual, el consumo de drogas legales, la edad de inicio y la percepción de riesgo.
ABSTRACT Introduction: According to national studies, the use of illicit drugs is growing in Colombia. With this, the prevalence of substance use disorders and the set of health effects related to this practice also increases. Knowledge of the factors associated with the use of illicit drugs is necessary to guide the comprehensive care of the phenomenon. Illicit drugs Methods: This is a systematic review of reviews on factors associated with the consumption of illicit drugs with seven databases and evaluation of the quality of the manuscripts according to AMSTAR. Results: Information was extracted from 38 reviews on individual factors associated with the use of illicit drugs. Demographic factors are associated with consumption through other factors. There is evidence of the association between mental and behavioural disorders and personality disorders. Conclusions: The likelihood of consumption of illicit substances and disorders due to their use is affected by a set of personal factors including sociodemographic characteristics, mental health conditions, sexual behaviour, legal drug use, age of onset and risk perception.
RESUMEN
Resumen El consumo de drogas ilícitas constituye un asunto de relevancia social y de salud pública. Los modelos ecológicos enriquecen la explicación de las variaciones en el consumo de sustancias ilícitas, al facilitar la inclusión de los factores individuales y del contexto en el que las personas se desenvuelven. Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo identificar los conceptos sobre modelos ecológicos utilizados en la investigación sobre el consumo de drogas, cuáles son los niveles de determinación previstos y cuáles factores asociados al consumo de drogas de índole personal, familiary del contexto social amplio. A partir de 22 manuscritos incluidos en la fase final de la revisión se identificó una decena de denominaciones para los modelos ecológicos, así como niveles de determinación personal, familiar y del contexto social. Se perfilan los modelos ecológicos como estructuras conceptuales flexibles, dinámicas y con posibilidades de sustentar políticas públicas integrales con mejores resultados.
Abstract The consumption of illicit drugs is a matter of social relevance and public health. Ecological models enrich the explanation of variations in the consumption of illicit substances, by facilitating the inclusion of individual factors and the context in which people develop. This rapid review aims to identify the concepts of ecological models used in research on drug use, what are the levels of determination expected and what factors associated with the consumption of drugs of a personal, family and social nature. A dozen denominations were identified for the ecological models, from of 22 manuscripts included in the final phase of the review, as well as levels of personal, family and social context determination. Ecological models are outlined as flexible, dynamic conceptual structures with the potential to sustain comprehensive public policies with better results.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN El Cuestionario de salud del paciente-9 (PHQ-9) es uno de los instrumentos de autoinforme más utilizado en Atención Primaria (AP). No existe validez de criterio del PHQ-9 en Colombia. El objetivo fue realizar la validez de criterio del PHQ-9 como instrumento de cribado en AP. Se realizó un estudio trasversal de validez de criterio de una escala usando como criterio de referencia la minientrevista neuropsiquiátrica (MINI) en usuarios adultos de centros de AP de ambos sexos. Se calcularon la consistencia interna y la validez convergente y de criterio del PHQ-9 mediante el análisis de las características operativas del receptor (COR) y el área bajo la curva (ABC). Participaron 243 pacientes, 184 (75,7%) fueron de sexo femenino. El promedio de edad fue 34,05 (mediana 31 y DE = 12,47). El α de Cronbach fue 0,80 y ω de McDonald, 0,81. La rho de Spearman fue 0,64 para HADS-D (p < 0,010) y 0,70 para PHQ-2 (p < 0,010). El ABC fue 0,92 (IC del 95%, 0,880-0,963). El punto de corte óptimo del PHQ-9 fue ≥ 7: sensibilidad de 90,38 (IC del 95%: 81,41-99,36); especificidad de 81,68 (IC del 95%: 75,93-87,42); el VPP 57,32 (IC del 95%: 46,00-68,63); el VPN 96,89 (IC del 95%: 93,90-99,88); índice de Youden 0,72 (IC del 95%: 0,62-0,82; LR+ 4,93 (IC del 95%: 3,61-6,74); LR- 0,12 (IC del 95%: 0,005-0,270). En conclusión, la versión colombiana del PHQ-9 es un instrumento válido y confiable para el cribado de depresión en AP de Bucaramanga, con un punto de corte ≥ 7.
ABSTRACT The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is one of the most widely used self-report instruments in primary care. There is no criterion validity of the PHQ-9 in Colombia. The objective was to validate the PHQ-9 as a screening tool in primary care. A cross-sectional, scale criterion validity study was performed using as reference criterion the mini neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) in male and female adult users of primary care centres. We calculated the internal consistency and convergent and criterion validity of the PHQ-9 by analysing the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC). We analysed 243 participants; 184 (75.7%) were female. The average age was 34.05 (median of 31 and SD = 12.47). Cronbach's α was 0.80 and McDonald's ω was 0.81. Spearman's Rho was 0.64 for HADS-D (P <0.010) and 0.70 for PHQ-2 (P <0.010). The AUC was 0.92 (95% CI 0.880-0.963). The optimal cut-off point of PHQ-9 was ≥7: sensitivity of 90.38 (95% CI: 81.41-99.36); specificity of 81.68 (95% CI: 75.93-87.42); PPV 57.32 (95% CI: 46.00-68.63); NPV 96.89 (95% CI: 93.90-99.88); Youden index 0.72 (95% CI: 0.62-0.82); LR+ 4.93 (95% CI: 3.61-6.74); LR- 0.12 (95% CI: 0.005-0.270). In sum, the Colombian version of PHQ-9 is a valid and reliable instrument for depression screening in primary care in Bucaramanga, with a cut-off point ≥ 7.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente , Tamizaje Masivo , Curva ROC , Depresión , AutoinformeRESUMEN
Resumen Si bien es común ver en la práctica clínica deficiencias en la motivación en usuarios de marihuana, no ha sido firmemente establecida la existencia de un posible síndrome amotivacional asociado con el consumo de esta droga, entre otras razones por la concurrencia de factores como la depresión que pueden llevar a generalizar inadecuadamente la situación de algunos usuarios de la sustancia. Esta investigación se orientó a obtener evidencia acerca de la existencia de deficiencias en la motivación en consumidores de marihuana. Se construyó una batería de preguntas a partir de una revisión y una consulta a expertos, que fue aplicada a una muestra de 1455 participantes, junto con otros instrumentos seleccionados para excluir del análisis a los participantes con depresión, síntomas prefrontales, trastornos por uso de alcohol, apatía y aplanamiento afectivo, que pudieran confundir los resultados. Se aplicaron métodos estadísticos y psicométricos basados en el modelo de Rasch, para establecer qué comportamientos serían más característicos de una deficiencia motivacional en consumidores habituales de marihuana. Se estimó que un 54.9 % de los participantes tendría un trastorno grave por uso de marihuana, un 54.0 %, síntomas de aplanamiento afectivo y un 60.9 % serían usuarios de marihuana con altos niveles de tetrahidrocannabinol (THC). La media de cigarrillos de marihuana consumidos al mes sería de 44.5. Mediante el modelo de Rasch se estableció que con el conjunto de preguntas construido era posible identificar una dimensión o factor coincidente con una deficiencia motivacional. Se encontró evidencia que sugiere la existencia de apatía emocional; retraimiento social; descuido de la imagen personal y enlentecimiento motor.
Abstract It is common to find marijuana users with alterations in motivation, in clinical practice. Several studies have found evidence about a possible amotivational syndrome in marijuana users, both from the analysis of behavior and from the neurological examination. However, the existence of such a syndrome associated with the use of marijuana has not been firmly established, among other reasons, due to the concurrence of factors such as depression and the use of other drugs that may lead to inadequate generalization of the situation of some consumers of the substance and due to methodological difficulties in research aimed at establishing whether or not there is a decrease in the general motivation associated with the use of marijuana. Likewise, the decrease in motivation could be the result of the disorder by substances rather than by the consumption of marijuana. Due to the growing use of marijuana in the world, the study of its consequences is of the greatest importance, for the design of better treatments for people with substance use disorders. The aim of this study was to obtain evidence about the existence or not of deficiencies in the motivation of marijuana users. In addition, we sought to establish which are the characteristic behaviors that show this possible reduction of motivation. A battery of questions was constructed from a systematic literature review in PubMed, Lilacs, MedLine, Cochrane library, Embase, Science Direct and Bibliomed, using as terms "amotivational syndrome", "amotivation cannabis", "amotivation marijuana", "comorbidity cannabis", "comorbidity marijuaba", "mental disorders and cannabis", "cannabis and mental consequences", "amotivation and drug use". Likewise, an expert consultation was done about behaviors that were indicative of a reduction in the motivation of marijuana users. From the review and consultation of experts, a set of 70 possible behaviors expressed in questions about probable deficiencies in motivation was extracted. These questions, along with other instruments selected to exclude from the analysis participants with depression, prefrontal symptoms, alcohol use disorders, apathy and affective flattening, which could confuse the results, were presented to a sample of 1455 participants. The Rasch model was applied to establish whether it was possible to identify a measurable and consistent dimension that corresponded to a deficiency in motivation, and to discern which behaviors would be most characteristic of a possible motivational deficiency in habitual marijuana users. In addition, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out to identify possible groupings of the characteristic symptoms of a reduction in motivation. Our Results and conclusions show that it was estimated that 54.9 % of the participants would have a serious disorder due to the use of marijuana; 54.0 % presented symptoms of affective flattening, and 60.9 % would be marijuana users with high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The average number of cigarettes consumed per month would be 44.5. Using the Rasch model it was established that, with the constructed set of questions, it was possible to identify a dimension or factor coinciding with a motivational deficiency. Using the exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the characteristic behaviors could be grouped into four possible subdimensions: emotional apathy; social withdrawal; neglect of personal image and motor slowdown.
RESUMEN
Se aplicó una encuesta a 9.276 estudiantes de ambos sexos en nueve ciudades de Colombia. Se estudiaron temas como prevalencias de consumo, edad de inicio, tipo de alcohol y cantidades ingeridas; sitios y facilidad de adquisición; presencia de adultos; consumo en el colegio, y actitudes frente a las restricciones legales, entre otros. También se realizó un análisis de correspondencias múltiples que agrupó a los encuestados en tres categorías de consumo: bajo, medio y alto. Se encontraron perfiles con diferencias importantes entre los tres grupos: los de bajo consumo son los más jóvenes, no toman bebidas fuertes, no han estado en fiestas con alcohol, nunca toman en el colegio ni durante varios días seguidos; los de consumo medio tienen alrededor de 16 años, toman lo que les den, se detienen cuando se sienten 'prendidos', han ido a fiestas con alcohol y aceptan las prohibiciones; los de alto consumo tienen más de 16 años, cuando toman se emborrachan, tienden a tomar todas las semanas, han tomado en el colegio y antes de entrar a él por las mañanas, se han metido en problemas por tomar y rechazan las restricciones a los menores de edad.
A survey was applied to 9.276 male and female students in nine cities of Colombia. It was aimed at studying issues such as the prevalence of consumption, age of onset, type and quantity of alcohol ingested, sites and ease of acquisition, presence of adults, consumption at school and attitudes toward legal restrictions, among others. Also, an analysis of multiple correspondence was carried out which grouped the students around three categories of alcohol consumption: low, intermediate and high. The analysis produced identifiable profiles, quite different for the three categories: in the 'low consumption' group were the youngest, who don't drink strong beverages, do not attend parties where alcohol is offered to minors and never have drunk at school or during several days; the 'intermediate' group gathered those around 16 years of age, who drink whatever is offered to them, stop drinking when feeling 'high', attend parties where alcohol is offered to minors and accept legal restrictions as something positive; in the 'high consumption' group are those over 16 years of age, who generally get drunk when they drink, have taken alcohol while in school and before arriving there in the morning, have been in trouble because of alcohol and reject legal restrictions on minors.
Aplicou-se um inquérito a 9.276 estudantes do sexo masculino e feminino em nove cidades da Colômbia. Examinaram-se temas como prevalência do consumo, idade de início, tipo de álcool e quantidades de ingeridas, sites e acessibilidade para adquiri-lo, presença de adultos, consumo na escola e atitudes às restrições legais, entre outros aspetos. Também realizamos uma análise de correspondência múltipla que agrupou aos respondentes em três categorias de consumo: baixo, médio e alto. Entre os três grupos se acharam perfis com diferenças importantes: os de baixo consumo são os mais jovens, não tomam bebidas fortes, não foram em festas com álcool, nunca bebem na escola ou por vários dias; os de consumo médio estão cerca dos 16 anos, tomam o que lhes dão, eles param quando estão 'aturdidos', têm ido a festas com álcool, e aceitam as proibições; os de alto consumo têm mais de 16 anos, tomam até embriagar-se, tendem a tomar todas as semanas, têm bebido na escola e antes de entrar de manhã, têm estado em problemas por beber e rejeitar as restrições sobre os menores.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Distribuciones Estadísticas , Adolescente , Consumo de Alcohol en MenoresRESUMEN
El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una discusión acerca de problemas prácticos y teóricos, relacionados con la evaluación de impacto de políticas, planes y programas sociales y de salud pública. La evaluación de impacto es un campo interdisciplinar de conocimiento, pero con características muy particulares y una importante cantidad de adelanto en el conocimiento en las últimas décadas. Los países latinoamericanos invierten grandes montos para evaluar sus intervenciones sociales, siguiendo las directrices de los organismos multilaterales de financiación. Este documento propone una discusión sobre asuntos conceptuales y prácticos que los equipos encargados de hacer evaluaciones de impacto deben abordar, con base en la experiencia más reciente en Colombia y América Latina.
Asunto(s)
Salud Pública , ColombiaRESUMEN
Este trabajo se basa en la experiencia piloto de salud mental que se realiza en Tunjuelito (Centm de Salud Mental Comunitaria San Benito) y pretende determinar las condiciones teórico-metodológicas para un diagnóstico de salud mental en Santa Fe de Bogotá., su busca Establecer una metodología para describir el estado de salud mental y explora,· las variables asociadas a los indicadores propuestos mediante estrategias cuantitativas y cualitativas. Mediante el trabajo interdisciplinario de expertos se obtuvieron tanto las definiciones teórico-metodológicas como los resultados finales. La estrategia metodológica general para la obtención de instrumentos cuantitativos y cualitativos, los resultados fueron el producto final es un análisis del marco teórico, el diseño de la muestra por grupos de localidades que conforman regionales en Bogotá y una metodología que combina técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas. Se llego a las siguientes conclusiones, la construcción interdisciplinaria empleando diferentes metodologías mejora la posibilidad de recoger información fiable sobre condiciones de salud mental. La definición de salud mental debe incluir aspectos positivos y no sólo prevalencia de enfermedades. El diseño muestra! por grupos de localidades para estudios de prevalencia aporta al proceso de regionalización del sector salud.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Salud Mental , Diagnóstico , Especialización , Enfermedad , Prevalencia , Estrategias de SaludRESUMEN
DROGAS ILICITAS: El comportamiento descrito de la prevalencia de vida y de la prevalencia anual de drogas ilícitas en la población de estudio hace pensar que el consumo de sustancias ilegales tiene tendencia a aumentar en la población general y que los mayores índices encontrados entre los estudiantes de carreras técnicas y tecnológicas se corresponden con lo descrito en la literatura sobre índices de consumo mayor en población universitaria. ALCOHOL: El consumo de alcohol entre la población estudiada fué mayor que el reportado en población general por otros estudios, lo cual es consistente con lo informado en la literatura sobre el incremento del consumo de alcohol con el nivel educativo. CIGARRILLO: La prevalencia de vida y el índice de consumo actual de cigarrillo fueron similares a los reportados por otros estudios en población general y en estudiantes desde 1992, lo cual podría indicar que el consumo de esta sustancia permanece estable o tiende a disminuír. MARIHUANA: El consumo fué el de mayor aporte al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales en la población de estudio. COCAINA: La prevalencia de vida de consumo de cocaína en la población de estudio es mayor que lo reportado para población general por otras investigaciones. BASUCO: El consumo muestra un porcentaje 2,5 veces menor que el de la cocaína en la población estudiada. También son menores los porcentajes de consumo en el último año, mes y semana...(TRUNCADO A 1500 K)