RESUMEN
The salt-inducible kinases (SIK) 1-3 are key regulators of pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokine responses during innate immune activation. The lack of highly SIK-family or SIK isoform-selective inhibitors suitable for repeat, oral dosing has limited the study of the optimal SIK isoform selectivity profile for suppressing inflammation in vivo. To overcome this challenge, we devised a structure-based design strategy for developing potent SIK inhibitors that are highly selective against other kinases by engaging two differentiating features of the SIK catalytic site. This effort resulted in SIK1/2-selective probes that inhibit key intracellular proximal signaling events including reducing phosphorylation of the SIK substrate cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) regulated transcription coactivator 3 (CRTC3) as detected with an internally generated phospho-Ser329-CRTC3-specific antibody. These inhibitors also suppress production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while inducing anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 in activated human and murine myeloid cells and in mice following a lipopolysaccharide challenge. Oral dosing of these compounds ameliorates disease in a murine colitis model. These findings define an approach to generate highly selective SIK1/2 inhibitors and establish that targeting these isoforms may be a useful strategy to suppress pathological inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Ratones , Humanos , Animales , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Citocinas , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Isoformas de Proteínas , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Inmunidad Innata , Factores de TranscripciónRESUMEN
A series of mechanism-based heteroaryl urea fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors with fused bicyclic diamine cores is described. In contrast to compounds built around a piperazine core, most of the fused bicyclic diamine bearing analogs prepared exhibited greater potency against rFAAH than the human enzyme. Several compounds equipotent against both species were identified and profiled in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Diaminas/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Urea/farmacología , Amidohidrolasas/metabolismo , Animales , Diaminas/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Ratas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Urea/análogos & derivados , Urea/químicaRESUMEN
The SAR of brain penetration for a series of heteroaryl piperazinyl- and piperadinyl-urea fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors is described. Brain/plasma (B/P) ratios ranging from >4:1 to as low as 0.02:1 were obtained through relatively simple structural changes to various regions of the heteroaryl urea scaffold. It was not possible to predict the degree of central nervous system (CNS) penetration from the volumes of distribution (Vd) obtained from pharmacokinetic (PK) experiments as very high Vds did not correlate with high B/P ratios. Similarly, calculated topological polar surface areas (TPSAs) did not consistently correlate with the degree of brain penetration. The lowest B/P ratios were observed for those compounds that were significantly ionized at physiological pH. However, as this class of compounds inhibits the FAAH enzyme through covalent modification, low B/P ratios did not preclude effective central target engagement.
Asunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Urea/farmacología , Amidohidrolasas/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Urea/análogos & derivados , Urea/químicaRESUMEN
A series of 1-aryl-2-(((6-aryl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)ethanols have been found to be competitive inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). One member of this class, JNJ-40413269, was found to have excellent pharmacokinetic properties, demonstrated robust central target engagement, and was efficacious in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
Asunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Amino Alcoholes/química , Analgésicos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Pirimidinas/química , Amidohidrolasas/metabolismo , Amino Alcoholes/farmacocinética , Amino Alcoholes/uso terapéutico , Analgésicos/farmacocinética , Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Dominio Catalítico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Semivida , Humanos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Unión Proteica , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
A series of mechanism based heteroaryl urea fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors with spirocyclic diamine cores is described. A potent member of this class, (37), was found to inhibit FAAH centrally, elevate the brain levels of three fatty acid ethanolamides [FAAs: anandamide (AEA), oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA)], and was moderately efficacious in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
Asunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Azetidinas/química , Azetidinas/farmacología , Diaminas/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/síntesis química , Compuestos de Espiro/síntesis química , Urea/análogos & derivados , Administración Oral , Animales , Azetidinas/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/enzimología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ciclización , Diaminas/química , Diaminas/farmacología , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Ratas , Compuestos de Espiro/química , Compuestos de Espiro/farmacología , Urea/química , Urea/farmacocinética , Urea/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The characterization of cryptic pockets has been elusive, despite substantial efforts. Computational modeling approaches, such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, can provide atomic-level details of binding site motions and binding pathways. However, the time scale that MD can achieve at a reasonable cost often limits its application for cryptic pocket identification. Enhanced sampling techniques can improve the efficiency of MD simulations by focused sampling of important regions of the protein, but prior knowledge of the simulated system is required to define the appropriate coordinates. In the case of a novel, unknown cryptic pocket, such information is not available, limiting the application of enhanced sampling techniques for cryptic pocket identification. In this work, we explore the ability of SiteMap and Site Finder, widely used commercial packages for pocket identification, to detect focus points on the protein and further apply other advanced computational methods. The information gained from this analysis enables the use of computational modeling, including enhanced MD sampling techniques, to explore potential cryptic binding pockets suggested by SiteMap and Site Finder. Here, we examined SiteMap and Site Finder results on 136 known cryptic pockets from a combination of the PocketMiner dataset (a recently curated set of cryptic pockets), the Cryptosite Set (a classic set of cryptic pockets), and Natural killer group 2D (NKG2D, a protein target where a cryptic pocket is confirmed). Our findings demonstrate the application of existing, well-studied tools in efficiently mapping potential regions harboring cryptic pockets.
Asunto(s)
Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Sitios de Unión , Proteínas/químicaRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D3SC04478E.].
RESUMEN
Neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorders and schizophrenia are often associated with disruptions to the normal 24 h sleep wake cycle. Casein kinase 1 (CK1δ) is an integral part of the molecular machinery that regulates circadian rhythms. Starting from a cluster of bicyclic pyrazoles identified from a virtual screening effort, we utilized structure-based drug design to identify and reinforce a unique "hinge-flip" binding mode that provides a high degree of selectivity for CK1δ versus the kinome. Pharmacokinetics, brain exposure, and target engagement as measured by ex vivo autoradiography are described for advanced analogs.
RESUMEN
We report the modular preparation of dihydro-1,2,5-thiodiazole dioxide heterocycles starting from methyl ketones and primary amines. This one-pot, three-component coupling employs 2,3-dimethylimidazole-1-sulfonyl azide triflate as a coupling reagent and oxidant. The transformation is scalable and various ketones and amines can be used, yielding thiodiazole dioxide products in up to 89% yield. In addition, 15N- and 13C-labeling studies suggest a mechanism involving a 1,2-nitrogen migration. Together with the mechanistic studies, DFT calculations provide insight into the reaction pathway and set the stage for further exploration of the mechanistic nuances of reactions that use sulfamoyl azides. In combination with the demonstrated modularity of the approach reported herein, the derivatization of the thiodiazole dioxide products highlights the potential of this methodology to rapidly access diverse chemical structures.
RESUMEN
The structure-activity relationships for a series of heteroaryl urea inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are described. Members of this class of inhibitors have been shown to inactivate FAAH by covalent modification of an active site serine with subsequent release of an aromatic amine from the urea electrophile. Systematic Ames II testing guided the optimization of urea substituents by defining the structure-mutagenicity relationships for the released aromatic amine metabolites. Potent FAAH inhibitors were identified having heteroaryl amine leaving groups that were non-mutagenic in the Ames II assay.
Asunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Aminas/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/metabolismo , Mutágenos/metabolismo , Mutágenos/farmacología , Urea/farmacología , Amidohidrolasas/metabolismo , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Ratas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Urea/análogos & derivados , Urea/químicaRESUMEN
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a Tec family kinase that plays an essential role in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling as well as Fcγ receptor signaling in leukocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of BTK has been shown to be effective in treating hematological malignancies and is hypothesized to provide an effective strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. We report the discovery and preclinical properties of JNJ-64264681 (13), a covalent, irreversible BTK inhibitor with potent whole blood activity and exceptional kinome selectivity. JNJ-64264681 demonstrated excellent oral efficacy in both cancer and autoimmune models with sustained in vivo target coverage amenable to once daily dosing and has advanced into human clinical studies to investigate safety and pharmacokinetics.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Reumatoide , Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico , Humanos , Agammaglobulinemia Tirosina Quinasa , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/tratamiento farmacológico , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
A series of small molecules based on a chemotype identified from our compound collection were synthesized and tested for binding affinity (IC(50)) at the human Neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor (NPY Y(2)). Six of the 23 analogs tested possessed an NPY Y(2) IC(50) ≤ 15 nM. One member of this series, JNJ 31020028, is a selective, high affinity, receptor antagonist existing as a racemic mixture. As such a synthetic route to the desired enantiomer was designed starting from commercially available (S)-(+)-mandelic acid.
Asunto(s)
Benzamidas/farmacología , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Piperazinas/farmacología , Receptores de Neuropéptido Y/antagonistas & inhibidores , Benzamidas/síntesis química , Benzamidas/química , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Peso Molecular , Piperazinas/síntesis química , Piperazinas/química , Receptores de Neuropéptido Y/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
We present a novel approach for enhancing the diversity of a chemical library rooted on the theory of the wisdom of crowds. Our approach was motivated by a desire to tap into the collective experience of our global medicinal chemistry community and involved four basic steps: (1) Candidate compounds for acquisition were screened using various structural and property filters in order to eliminate clearly nondrug-like matter. (2) The remaining compounds were clustered together with our in-house collection using a novel fingerprint-based clustering algorithm that emphasizes common substructures and works with millions of molecules. (3) Clusters populated exclusively by external compounds were identified as "diversity holes," and representative members of these clusters were presented to our global medicinal chemistry community, who were asked to specify which ones they liked, disliked, or were indifferent to using a simple point-and-click interface. (4) The resulting votes were used to rank the clusters from most to least desirable, and to prioritize which ones should be targeted for acquisition. Analysis of the voting results reveals interesting voter behaviors and distinct preferences for certain molecular property ranges that are fully consistent with lead-like profiles established through systematic analysis of large historical databases.
Asunto(s)
Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/química , Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Análisis por Conglomerados , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
Drug discovery building blocks available commercially or within an internal inventory cover a diverse range of chemical space and yet describe only a tiny fraction of all chemically feasible reagents. Vendors will eagerly provide tools to search the former; there is no straightforward method of mining the latter. We describe a procedure and use case in assembling chemical structures not available for purchase but that could likely be synthesized in one robust chemical transformation starting from readily available building blocks. Accessing this vast virtual chemical space dramatically increases our curated collection of reagents available for medicinal chemistry exploration and novel hit generation, almost tripling the number of those with 10 or fewer atoms.
RESUMEN
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in the activation of B cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts. Given the key role of these cell types in the pathology of autoimmune disorders, BTK inhibitors have the potential to improve treatment outcomes in multiple diseases. Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of a novel potent and selective covalent 4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-1-thia-3,5,8-triazaacenaphthylene-2-carboxamide BTK inhibitor chemotype. Compound 27 irreversibly inhibits BTK by targeting a noncatalytic cysteine residue (Cys481) for covalent bond formation. Compound 27 is characterized by selectivity for BTK, potent in vivo BTK occupancy that is sustained after it is cleared from systemic circulation, and dose-dependent efficacy at reducing joint inflammation in a rat collagen-induced arthritis model.
RESUMEN
To identify Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors that selectively target gastrointestinal tissues with limited systemic exposures, a class of imidazopyrrolopyridines with a range of physical properties was prepared and evaluated. We identified compounds with low intrinsic permeability and determined a correlation between permeability and physicochemical properties, clogP and tPSA, for a subset of compounds. This low intrinsic permeability translated into compounds displaying high colonic exposure and low systemic exposure after oral dosing at 25 mg/kg in mouse. In a mouse PK/PD model, oral dosing of lead compound 2 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of pSTAT phosphorylation in colonic explants post-oral dose but low systemic exposure and no measurable systemic pharmacodynamic activity. We thus demonstrate the utility of JAK inhibitors with low intrinsic permeability as a feasible approach to develop gut-restricted, pharmacologically active molecules with a potential advantage over systemically available compounds that are limited by systemic on-target adverse events.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacocinética , Piridinas/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Administración Oral , Animales , Perros , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Femenino , Humanos , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/metabolismo , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/química , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Permeabilidad , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Piridinas/administración & dosificación , Piridinas/químicaRESUMEN
This report discloses the discovery and characterization of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines as selective negative modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptors (AMPARs) associated with transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein γ-8. Imidazopyrazine 5 was initially identified as a promising γ-8 selective high-throughput screening hit, and subsequent structure-activity relationship optimization yielded subnanomolar, brain penetrant leads. Replacement of the imidazopyrazine core with an isosteric pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold improved microsomal stability and efflux liabilities to provide 26, JNJ-61432059. Following oral administration, 26 exhibited time- and dose-dependent AMPAR/γ-8 receptor occupancy in mouse hippocampus, which resulted in robust seizure protection in corneal kindling and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) anticonvulsant models.
RESUMEN
Efforts to improve the properties of the well studied ketooxazole FAAH inhibitor OL-135 resulted in the discovery of a novel propylpiperidine series of FAAH inhibitors that has a modular design and superior properties to OL-135. The efficacy of one of these compounds was demonstrated in a rat spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain in rats.
Asunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Oxazoles/farmacología , Dimensión del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor/enzimología , Nervios Espinales/efectos de los fármacos , Amidohidrolasas/metabolismo , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Humanos , Oxazoles/síntesis química , Oxazoles/química , Piridinas/farmacología , Ratas , Nervios Espinales/lesiones , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
A series of thiadiazolopiperazinyl aryl urea fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors is described. The molecules were found to inhibit the enzyme by acting as mechanism-based substrates, forming a covalent bond with Ser241. SAR and PK properties are presented.
Asunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piperazinas/farmacología , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Urea/análogos & derivados , Urea/farmacología , Amidohidrolasas/deficiencia , Amidohidrolasas/genética , Animales , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Piperazinas/química , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Tiadiazoles/química , Tiadiazoles/farmacocinética , Urea/química , Urea/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Since a goal of most drug discovery projects in either academia or industry is to design molecules that selectively bind to the desired protein, determination of protein-ligand binding free energies is of utmost importance in computer aided drug design. With the help of significant improvements in computer power, enhanced sampling techniques and accuracy of force fields, FEP (free energy perturbation) is becoming an important tool to estimate binding free energies in many drug discovery projects both retrospectively and prospectively. We have evaluated the ability of Schrödinger's FEP+ to predict relative binding free energies of a congeneric series of noncovalent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors using an in-house crystal structure. This study shows that although an impressively accurate correlation can be obtained with experimental IC50s considering small perturbations on the deeper side of the pocket, the same was not observed with small perturbations on the relatively more open-ended and solvent-accessible side of the pocket. To understand these observations, we thoroughly investigated several key factors including the sampling of asymmetrically substituted rings, different perturbation maps, impact of simultaneous perturbations at two different ends of the ligand, and selecting the perturbations in a "chemically sensible" way.