2-{N-[(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetyl]-N-methylamino}-3-pyrrolidinepropanamide analogs as potential antagonists of Urotensin II receptor.

THE PURPOSE OF THE ARTICLE: To identify novel small molecule antagonists of Urotensin II receptor with acceptable pharmacological profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies on 2-{N-[(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetyl]-N-methylamino}-3-pyrrolidinepropanamide series were conducted and shortlisted compounds were synthesized and evaluated in in vitro cell-based assays. Human and mouse Urotensin II receptor overexpressing CHO cells were used for calcium release and radioligand binding assays. Initial molecules in this series had solubility and inter-species variability issue in the calcium release assay. We, therefore, conducted SAR to overcome these 2 issues and molecules with accepted in vitro profile were evaluated further in mouse pressor response model to generate the in vivo proof of concept for UII receptor antagonization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We report herewith identification of 2-{N-[(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetyl]-N-methylamino}-3-pyrrolidinepropanamides series to obtain novel small molecule antagonists of Urotensin II receptor with acceptable pharmacological profile.

Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis: Detection of mycobacterial CFP-10 and HspX proteins by gold nanoparticle-PCR amplified immunoassay.

Attempts were made to improve the efficacy of PCR amplified immunoassay (I-PCR) for diagnosing abdominal TB cases by utilizing the gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based I-PCR, where AuNPs were functionalized with detection antibodies/oligonucleotides that exhibited 84.3% sensitivity and 95.1% specificity. This assay would improve the ongoing algorithms used in abdominal TB diagnosis.

Sulfur-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor 3-thienylalanine-ornithyl-proline activates endothelial function and expression of genes involved in Renin-Angiotensin system.

Experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanism of action of a 7-day oral administration of the sulfur-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor 3-thienylalanine-ornithyl-proline (TOP; 10 mg/kg/d) on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress compared with that of captopril (control; 40 mg/kg/d) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The differential expression of messenger RNA by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and protein by Western blot analysis was assessed for the markers nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, p22phox, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and AT1 receptor. Furthermore, TOP-induced vascular relaxation was also investigated using rat aortic rings in an organ bath. TOP significantly downregulated both messenger RNA and protein expressions of p22phox and AT1 receptor; the latter facilitates vasoconstriction through angiotensin II. In addition, TOP upregulated endothelial NO synthase, thus enhancing the production of NO. Vascular studies revealed that TOP caused endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. In conclusion, unlike the free sulfur in captopril, the thiophene ring in TOP may act as a better scavenger of free radicals. Therefore, TOP exerted more significant antihypertensive effects than captopril, not only through angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition but also through more effective antioxidation, because the inherent thiophene moiety resulted in the enhanced production of NO.

"Association of Leptin with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

BACKGROUND: Serum leptin has been considered as an important measurable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), although its evidence for use in clinical practice is limited. We aim to synthesize the available evidence on the clinical use of serum leptin values in PCOS by doing a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a meta-analysis to determine the pooled effect size of the association of leptin levels in patients with PCOS. METHODS: We searched electronic databases, i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Medline from inception to September 2020, keeping filters for human studies and published in the English language. We used the random-effects model if heterogeneity between the studies was > 50%; otherwise, a fixed-effect model was applied to determine the standardized mean difference with 95% CI for comparison of leptin level between cases and controls. All the statistical analyses were completed using software STATA version 13. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included a total of 35 studies involving 2015 cases and 1767 controls that suggested statistically significantly higher leptin levels in the women with PCOS as compared to controls (SMD, 1.76, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.23, P < 0.001). In the stratified analysis when only high methodological quality studies were included, we did not observe a statistically significant difference in the leptin level between PCOS and controls (SMD 0.68, 95% CI -0.09 to 1.46). Analysis restricted to low methodological quality studies observed statistically significant high leptin levels in PCOS women as compared to controls (SMD 2.24, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.83). CONCLUSION: The available evidence suggests that elevated leptin levels may be associated with risk of PCOS as compared to controls; however, failure to observe the similar association in high methodological quality studies demands further well-designed adequately powered studies to validate the findings.

Identification of novel Urotensin-II receptor antagonists with potent inhibition of U-II induced pressor response in mice.

Urotensin II (U-II) has been found to be one of the most potent vasoconstrictor (Ames et al., 1999; Bohm et al., 2002) reported till date. U-II exerts its response via activation of a G-protein coupled receptor, Urotensin II receptor(UT). Binding of U-II to UT leads to an instant increase in the inositol phosphate turnover and intracellular Ca2+. Such an instant Ca2+ release and potent vasoconstriction exerted by U-II is expected to have an important role in the progression of cardiac diseases. We have previously shown that UT antagonist DS37001789 prevents U-II induced blood pressure elevation in mice (Nishi et al., 2019) in a dose dependent manner, with potent efficacy at 30 and 100 mg/kg. Further to this, we have also shown that DS37001789 ameliorates mortality in pressure-overload mice with heart failure (Nishi et al., 2020). We therefore conducted an extensive structure-activity relationship studies to identify molecules with superior efficacy. In the present manuscript, we report the identification of two potent, non-peptide small molecule antagonists of Urotensin II receptor (UT), RCI-0879 and RCI-0298 which blocked the action of U-II, both in vitro and in vivo. These molecules were found to be very potent in in vitro Ca2+ and radioligand binding assays using human and mouse UT over-expressing CHO cells. RCI-0879 and RCI-0298 also exhibited superior efficacy in in vivo mouse pressor response model using C57BL/6 mice, compared to our initial molecules (Nishi et al., 2019) and demonstrated ED50 values of 3.2 mg/kg and 6.8 mg/kg respectively. Our findings reported herewith, further strengthen our concept and belief in UT antagonization as a potential therapeutic approach for the management of chronic heart failure.

Pharmacology of a novel, orally active PDE4 inhibitor.

BACKGROUND: Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in inflammatory cells and airway smooth muscle is critical to the modulation of inflammatory response generation. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), an enzyme that catalyzes cAMP degradation, is therefore being actively explored as a molecular target for the treatment of airway inflammation, particularly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The field has undergone major advances in optimizing generation of compounds with a safe therapeutic margin; however, most PDE4 inhibitors tested so far have unacceptable side effects, particularly nausea and vomiting. METHODS: We evaluated NIS-62949 in a wide range of in vitro and ex vivo cell-based assays to ascertain its anti-inflammatory potential. The compound was evaluated in murine models of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and pulmonary neutrophilia. Parameters of airway inflammation, airway hyperreactivity and bronchoconstriction were evaluated in a guinea pig model of antigen-induced allergy. In order to assess the emetic potential, the compound was evaluated biochemically for binding to high-affinity rolipram-binding site. Subsequently, the compound was tested in a surrogate model for emesis, and the results obtained were correlated directly to tests conducted in a Beagle dog model. RESULTS: NIS-62949 is a potent, highly selective PDE4 inhibitor. The compound demonstrated potent ability to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. The in vitro profile of NIS-62949 prompted further evaluation of the compound in vivo and the compound was found to be comparable to roflumilast in several experimental models of pulmonary inflammation. Importantly, NIS-62949 displayed a safer profile compared to roflumilast. CONCLUSIONS: Our results report the development of a promising, novel PDE4 inhibitor, NIS-62949, with a wider therapeutic window as compared to second-generation PDE4 inhibitors such as roflumilast.

Effects of a novel ACE inhibitor, 3-(3-thienyl)-l-alanyl-ornithyl-proline, on endothelial vasodilation and hepatotoxicity in l-NAME-induced hypertensive rats.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a widespread biological mediator involved in many physiological and pathological processes, eg, in the regulation of vascular tone and hypertension. Chronic inhibition of NO synthase by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) hydrochloride results in the development of hypertension accompanied by an increase in vascular responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli. Recently, we developed a novel sulfur-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: 3-(3-thienyl)-l-alanyl-ornithyl-proline (TOP). Our previous studies indicated a superior nature of the molecule as an antihypertensive agent in spontaneously hypertensive rats (showing the involvement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) in comparison to captopril. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of TOP on NO pathway in l-NAME-induced hypertensive rats, and captopril was included as the standard treatment group. Treatment with both TOP (20 mg/kg) and captopril (40 mg/kg) prevented the development of hypertension in l-NAME model, but TOP showed better restoration of NO and normal levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme. In addition, in vitro vasorelaxation assay showed an improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in both the cases. Further, the biochemical (malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase) and the histopathological effects of TOP on rat liver tissues revealed a protective nature of TOP in comparison to captopril in the l-NAME model. In conclusion, TOP at 50% lesser dose than captopril was found to be better in the l-NAME model.

Intracellular cAMP assay and Eu-GTP-γS binding studies of chimeric opioid peptide YFa.

In our previous studies chimeric peptide of Met-enkephalin and FMRFa, YGGFMKKKFMRFamide (YFa), demonstrated concentration dependent κ- and µ-opioid receptor mediated antinociception without tolerance development. To gain further insight of the observed behavior of YFa, the present study was undertaken. The effect of chimeric peptide on forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation under acute and chronic treatment and stimulation of Eu-GTP-γS binding in CHO cells stably expressing κ- and µ-opioid receptors was assessed. YFa showed concentration dependent inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP in both hKOR and hMOR-CHO cells; however, the inhibition at 1nM was significantly higher in hKOR cells and comparable to DynA (1-13) than that shown at 20nM in hMOR cells. Chronic treatment of YFa, similar to DynA (1-13), did not show significant change in forskolin-stimulated cAMP level in both hKOR and hMOR cells. However, chronic treatment of morphine and DAMGO showed an increase in forskolin-stimulated cAMP level in hMOR-CHO cells indicating superactivation of adenylyl cyclase. Eu-GTP-γS binding studies of YFa showed a concentration dependent adherent binding with κ- and µ-opioid receptors; however, the latter demonstrated significant binding at higher concentration. Thus the study indicates the chimeric opioid peptide YFa as a potent κ- receptor specific antinociceptive moiety, showing no tolerance and hence may serve as a lead in understanding the mechanism of tolerance development, antinociception and its modulation.