Development of dendritic cell loaded MAGE-A2 long peptide; a potential target for tumor-specific T cell-mediated prostate cancer immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men worldwide. Immunotherapy is an emerging treatment modality for cancers that harnesses the immune system's ability to eliminate tumor cells. In particular, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, have demonstrated promise in eliciting a tumor-specific immune response. In this study, we investigated the potential of using DCs loaded with the MAGE-A2 long peptide to activate T cell cytotoxicity toward PCa cell lines. METHODS: Here, we generated DCs from monocytes and thoroughly characterized their phenotypic and functional properties. Then, DCs were pulsed with MAGE-A2 long peptide (LP) as an antigen source, and monitored for their transition from immature to mature DCs by assessing the expression levels of several costimulatory and maturation molecules like CD14, HLA-DR, CD40, CD11c, CD80, CD83, CD86, and CCR7. Furthermore, the ability of MAGE-A2 -LP pulsed DCs to stimulate T cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) setting and induction of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in coculture with autologous T cells were examined. Finally, CTLs were evaluated for their capacity to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and kill PCa cell lines (PC3 and LNCaP). RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the antigen-pulsed DCs exhibited a strong ability to stimulate the expansion of T cells. Moreover, the induced CTLs displayed substantial cytotoxicity against the target cells and exhibited increased IFN-γ production during activation compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this innovative approach proved efficacious in targeting PCa cell lines, showcasing its potential as a foundation for the development and improved PCa cancer immunotherapy.

The prospect of targeting T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 in renal cell carcinoma immunotherapy.

Despite the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), it remains one of the most deadly urological cancers. At present, using immune checkpoint inhibition and their combination with antiangiogenic therapy is the standard of care in patients with advanced RCC. Unfortunately, a considerable part of tumour-bearing hosts does not benefit from this type of treatment. However, our knowledge about the detailed role of mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) in the RCC cells is little, and further studies are required in this field, but its significant expression in the RCC microenvironment makes this receptor a promising target for designing new monoclonal antibodies alone or in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors for RCC immunotherapy.

Reduced cytoplasmic expression of MAGE-A2 predicts tumor aggressiveness and survival: an immunohistochemical analysis.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma antigen gene A2 (MAGE-A2) is one of the most cancer-testis antigens overexpressed in various types of cancers. Silencing the MAGE-A2 expression inhibited the proliferation of prostate cancer (PCa) cells and increased the chemosensitivity. However, the expression pattern of MAGE-A2 in PCa tissue samples and its prognostic and therapeutic values for PCa patients is still unclear. METHODS: In this study, for the first time, the staining pattern and clinical significance of MAGE-A2 were evaluated in 166 paraffin-embedded prostate tissues, including 148 cases of PCa and 18 cases of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HPIN), by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: The simultaneous expression of both nuclear and cytoplasmic patterns of MAGE-A2 with different staining intensities was observed among studied cases. Increased expression of MAGE-A2 was significantly found in PCa tissues compared to HPIN cases (P < 0.0001). Among PCa samples, the strong staining intensity of nuclear expression was predominantly observed in comparison with cytoplasmic expression in PCa tissues (P < 0.0001). A significant and inverse correlation was found between the cytoplasmic expression of MAGE-A2 and increased Gleason score (P = 0.002). Increased cytoplasmic expression of MAGE-A2 was associated with longer biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCR-FS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients (P = 0.002, P = 0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, Gleason score and cytoplasmic expression of MAGE-A2 were independent predictors of the BCR-FS (P = 0.014; P = 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, cytoplasmic expression of MAGE-A2 was inversely proportional to the malignant grade and duration of recurrence of the disease in patients with PCa.

Potential Antiviral Immune Response Against COVID-19: Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV.

Virus and host innate immune system interaction plays a significant role in forming the outcome of viral diseases. Host innate immunity initially recognizes the viral invasion and induces a rapid inflammatory response, and this recognition activates signaling cascades that trigger the release of antiviral mediators. This chapter aims to explore the mechanisms by which newly emerged coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) activates the host immune system. Since SARS-CoV-2 shares similarities with SARS-CoV that caused the epidemic of SARS in 2003, the pathogenesis of both viruses could be at least very similar. For this, this chapter provides a synthesis of literature concerning antiviral immunity in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. It includes the presentation of epitopes linked to SARS-CoV-2 as well as the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to cause proteolytic activation and interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via molecular mimicry. This chapter characterizes various mechanisms that this virus may engage in escaping the host immunity, ended by a discussion of humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.

The role of nutritional interventions in prostate cancer: A review.

The high prevalence rate in conjunction with the long latency period made prostate cancer (PCa) an attractive and reasonable candidate for preventive measures. So far, several dietary and nutritional interventions have been implemented and studied with the aim of preventing the development or delaying the progression of PCa. Calorie restriction accompanied by weight loss has been shown to be associated with decreased likelihood of aggressive PCa. Supplements have played a major role in nutritional interventions. While genistein and lycopene seemed promising as preventive agents, minerals such as zinc and selenium were shown to be devoid of protective effects. The role of vitamins has been widely studied, with special emphasis on vitamins with antioxidant properties. Data related to Vitamin A and Vitamin C were rather controversial and positive effects were of insignificant magnitude. Vitamin E was associated with a decreased risk of PCa in high-risk groups like smokers. However, when it comes to Vitamin D, the serum levels might affect the risk of PCa. While deficiency of this vitamin was associated with increased risk, high serum levels imposed the risk of aggressive disease. Despite the seemingly promising effects of dietary measures on PCa, no firm recommendation could be made due to the limitations of the studies and evidence. However, the majority of these advices could be followed by the patients with the intent of living a healthy lifestyle.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune dysregulation and autoimmunity.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) constitute a large group of rare disorders that affect the function of the immune system. A specific group of PIDs entitled "diseases of immune dysregulation" are developed due to mutation in the genes which have critical roles in the regulation of immune responses and immunological tolerance. This group of PID patients develop autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as a result of their impaired immunity, therefore they could be considered as a model for analyzing the link between immune dysregulation and autoimmunity. In this article, our aim is to describe the function of the mutated gene, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the immune dysregulation and review the literature in regard with the reported autoimmune disorders in the main types of immunodysregulatory diseases including genetic defects of regulatory T cells, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndromes, autoimmunity without lymphoproliferation, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, immune dysregulation with colitis, and type 1 interferonopathies.

Impaired monocyte-derived dendritic cell phenotype in prostate cancer patients: A phenotypic comparison with healthy donors.

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in immunity. Research on monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) cancer vaccines is in progress despite limited success in clinical trials. This study focuses on Mo-DCs generated from prostate cancer (PCA) patients, comparing them with DCs from healthy donors (HD-DCs). METHODS: Mo-DCs were isolated from PCA patient samples, and their phenotype was compared to HD-DCs. Key parameters included monocyte count, CD14 expression, and the levels of maturation markers (HLA-DR, CD80, CD86) were assessed. RESULTS: PCA samples exhibited a significantly lower monocyte count and reduced CD14 expression compared to healthy samples (p ⟨ 0.0001). Additionally, PCA-DCs expressed significantly lower levels of maturation markers, including HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86, when compared to HD-DCs (p = 0.123, p = 0.884, and p = 0.309, respectively). CONCLUSION: The limited success of DC vaccines could be attributed to impaired phenotypic characteristics. These observations suggest that suboptimal characteristics of Mo-DCs generated from cancer patient blood samples might contribute to the limited success of DC vaccines. Consequently, this study underscores the need for alternative strategies to enhance the features of Mo-DCs for more effective cancer immunotherapies.

Renal synovial sarcoma: Considerations for radical nephrectomy- a case report and literature review.

Synovial sarcoma, a rare soft tissue malignancy typically arising from synovial tissue, primarily manifests in the extremities but it may uncommonly present in other locations such as kidneys. Primary renal synovial sarcoma is an uncommon sarcoma with high mortality and recurrence rates. Here, we present a teenage boy with primary renal synovial sarcoma who was referred to our institution.

Typhoid and Non-Typhoid Salmonellosis Related Mortality in Iran, National Data from the Ministry of Health.

Background: Despite the declining trend, salmonellosis is still an important preventable cause of death in Iran and the world, especially in certain age and occupational subgroups, and the need for preventive measures, especially raising awareness of at-risk groups, is necessary. Methods: Data were obtained from the Ministry of Health covering the years 2013 to 2019. The data were then stratified by year, season, month, and province of death as well as sex, age group, belonging to rural vs. urban communities and cause of death and were then analyzed using SPSS to report differences in age, sex, seasonal patterns, and spatial distribution. Results: Non-typhoid salmonellosis (NTS) and typhoid were recorded as the cause of 800 and 32 deaths, respectively, with the highest number in 2015 and 2013. Septicemia was the cause of 87.3% of deaths due to NTS, whereas typhoid was the cause of 62.5% of its respective cases. The highest percentage of death related to both occurred in spring (P<0.001). NTS mortality rates were higher in the 70-80 and 80-90 age groups, while typhoid mortality was greatest in the under 10 yr age group. NTS mortality was higher in urban while typhoid mortality was higher in rural areas (P<0.001). Most deaths occurred in Ardabil, Sistan and Baluchistan and Khorasan Razavi provinces and Sistan and Baluchistan, West Azerbaijan and Khorasan Razavi related to NTS and typhoid, respectively. Conclusion: Salmonella remains a preventable cause of death, especially among the elderly and children, the data gathered in this study provides important information for priority setting in specific subpopulations and food safety policy.

A rare case report of muscular metastasis of prostate cancer.

Skeletal muscle metastasis of prostate cancer is a very rare phenomenon that has only been described in limited case reports. In this study, we present a case of neuroendocrine prostate cancer with muscle metastasis, a histological subtype associated with a grim prognosis. This case illustrates the potential efficacy of urgent surgical resection of the metastatic muscle mass, followed by adjuvant radiation therapy, as a suitable management strategy for this condition. However, a comprehensive understanding of the biological characteristics of neuroendocrine prostate cancer is imperative in our fight against this lethal form of the disease and in the prevention of metastatic spread.

A case report of a self-inserted foreign body in the urethra/bladder causing urinary calculus formation, and a review of the literature.

Several self-inserted foreign bodies have been reported in the lower genitourinary system. We report a 27-year-old man with suprapubic severe pain, purulent discharge from the urethra, and dribbling. He had a history of psychotic disorders and inserting an ink chamber of a pen into the urethra. Imaging showed hydronephrosis and a large urinary stone in the bladder with no sign of foreign body. During open cystotomy, we found that bladder stone was attached to a plastic tube that was extended into the patient's urethra. In such cases, timely surgery to prevent urinary retention and psychological support are required.

STAT3 signaling in prostate cancer progression and therapy resistance: An oncogenic pathway with diverse functions.

The categorization of cancers demonstrates that prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and it causes high death annually. Prostate cancer patients are diagnosed mainly via biomarkers such as PSA test and patients show poor prognosis. Prostate cancer cells rapidly diffuse into different parts of body and their metastasis is also a reason for death. Current therapies for prostate cancer patients include chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy as well as targeted therapy. The progression of prostate cancer cells is regulated by different factors that STAT3 signaling is among them. Growth factors and cytokines such as IL-6 can induce STAT3 signaling and it shows carcinogenic impact. Activation of STAT3 signaling occurs in prostate cancer and it promotes malignant behavior of tumor cells. Induction of STAT3 signaling increases glycolysis and proliferation of prostate cancer cells and prevents apoptosis. Furthermore, STAT3 signaling induces EMT mechanism in increasing cancer metastasis. Activation of STAT3 signaling stimulates drug resistance and the limitation of current works is lack of experiment related to role of STAT3 signaling in radio-resistance in prostate tumor. Calcitriol, capsazepine and ß-elemonic are among the compounds capable of targeting STAT3 signaling and its inhibition in prostate cancer therapy. In addition to natural products, small molecules targeting STAT3 signaling have been developed in prostate cancer therapy.

Co-expression of cancer-testis antigens of MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11 is associated with tumor aggressiveness in patients with bladder cancer.

Melanoma antigen gene (MAGE)-A6 and MAGE-A11 are two of the most cancer-testis antigens overexpressed in various types of cancers. However, the clinical and prognosis value of MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11 co-expression in the pathophysiology of the bladder is unknown. Three studies were selected from GEO databases in order to introduce the common genes that are involved in bladder cancer. Then immunohistochemical analysis for staining pattern and clinicopathological significance of suggested markers, MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11, were performed in 199 and 213 paraffin-embedded bladder cancer with long adjacent normal tissues, respectively. A significant and positive correlation was found between both nuclear and cytoplasmic expressions of MAGE-A6 as well as expression of cytoplasmic MAGE-A11 with histological grade, PT stage, lamina propria invasion, and LP/ muscularis (L/M) involvement (all of the p-values in terms of H-score were < 0.0001). Additionally, significant differences were found between both nuclear and cytoplasmic MAGE-A6/MAGE-A11 phenotypes with tumor size (P = 0.007, P = 0.043, respectively), different histological grades, PT stage, LP involvement, and L/M involvement (all of the p-values for both phenotypes were < 0.0001). The current study added the value of these novel markers to the bladder cancer clinical settlement that might be considered as an admirable target for immunotherapy.

Molecular Characteristics of Bladder Tumor: Increased Gene Expression of MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11 with Decreased MicroRNA-34a and MicroRNA-125b.

Bladder cancer is recognized as one of the top ten most common cancers worldwide. Activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and dysregulation of androgen signaling pathways are three major pathophysiological causes in the development of bladder tumors. Discovering potential biomarkers is required for the management and immunotherapy of bladder cancer. Melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE)-A6 and MAGE-A11 are two cancer-testis antigens that are potential coregulators of androgen receptors. MicroRNAs, especially miR-34a and miR-125b are two important tumor suppressors that play a critical role in regulating different signaling pathways and inhibiting tumor development. Twenty-nine surgical tissue biopsies were collected from patients with no preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy (26 males and, 3 females, mean age±SD: 62.4±13.3 years). Seventeen adjacent uninvolved tissues with no abnormalities upon histological examination were considered normal controls (14 males and, 3 females, mean age±SD: 64.2±7.4 years) . Quantitative PCR was performed to evaluate the gene expression level of MAGE-A6, MAGE-A11, miR-34a, and miR-125b in bladder cancer biopsies. MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11 expressions were significantly increased in bladder tumors compared with normal tissues. However, the expression levels of miR-34a and miR-125b were significantly downregulated in bladder tumor tissues. Interestingly, the expression level of all these genes was significantly associated with tumor grade, pathological stage (pT), and muscular invasion. MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11 can be considered potential markers for the diagnosis and immunotherapy of bladder tumors. Furthermore, the modulation of miR-34a and miR-125b gene expression in association with increased MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11 genes could open a new horizon in the improvement of bladder cancer.

The effect of Melatonin on Improving the benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Urinary Symptoms, a Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: to investigate the effect of melatonin along with tamsulosin in improving BPH urinary symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 108 men with BPH symptoms, age of ≥ 50 years, and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥ 8 entered into the parallel group randomized, double-blind clinical trial with balanced randomization. The treatment group received of 3mg melatonin plus 0.4mg tamsulosin and the control group received placebo plus 0.4mg tamsulosin. Patients and physicians were concealed by sealed and opaque envelopes. Symptoms were assessed at baseline and 1 month after treatment. Finally all scores at the initial and end of the study were compared and analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: This study showed that adding melatonin to the classic treatment of BPH patients with tamsulosin could significantly reduce the likelihood of nocturia by 2.39 times (95% CI: 1.07-5.32, OR = 2.39, p = 0.033) and could also reduce the frequency of urination by 2.59 times (95% CI: 1.15-5.84, OR = 2.59, p = 0.021). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in IPSS, intermittency, incomplete emptying, straining, urgency, and weak stream. CONCLUSION: Melatonin plus tamsulosin treatment is associated with a significant improvement of nocturia and frequency in patients with benign proststic hyperplasia. However, it is necessary to do more studies.

Influence of ß-D-mannuronic Acid, as a New Member of Non-steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs Family, on the Expression Pattern of Chemokines and their Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Based on the encouraging results of phase III clinical trial of ß-Dmannuronic acid (M2000) (as a new anti-inflammatory drug) in patients with RA, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of this drug on the expression of chemokines and their receptors in PBMCs of RA patients. METHODS: PBMCs of RA patients and healthy controls were separated and the patients' cells were treated with low, moderate and high doses (5, 25 and 50 µg/mL) of M2000 and optimum dose (1 µg/mL) of diclofenac, as a control in RPMI-1640 medium. Real-time PCR was used for evaluating the mRNA expression of CXCR3, CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5 and CCL2/MCP-1. Cell surface expression of CCR2 was investigated using flow cytometry. RESULTS: CCR5 mRNA expression reduced significantly, after treatment of the patients' cells with all three doses of M2000 and optimum dose of diclofenac. CXCR3 mRNA expression was downregulated significantly followed by the treatment of these cells with moderate and high doses of M2000 and optimum dose of diclofenac. CXCR4 mRNA expression declined significantly after the treatment of these cells with moderate and high doses of M2000. CCL2 mRNA expression significantly reduced only followed by the treatment of these cells with a high dose of M2000, whereas, mRNA and cell surface expressions of CCR2 diminished significantly followed by the treatment of these cells with a high dose of M2000 and optimum dose of diclofenac. CONCLUSION: According to our results, M2000 through the down-regulation of chemokines and their receptors may restrict the infiltration of immune cells into the synovium.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of renal parenchyma: Case report and review of literature.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of renal parenchyma is very rare and until now only a few cases have been reported. We report a unique SCC case in terms of aggressive nature and metastatic pattern. Renal rubber consistency and pasty keratin secretions were important findings in our patient. The patient underwent radical nephrectomy and lymphadenectomy and received 4 cycles of chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine. Eight month later, she succumbed the disease after developing ovary metastasis and not responding to chemotherapy. Also, our study showed that SCC may be present in pyelonephritic kidneys without a specific radiologic finding.

Supplementation with vitamin D and insulin homeostasis in healthy overweight and obese adults: A randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Hypovitaminosis D which is a frequent problem in overweight and obese individuals, seems to interfere with cells responsible for control of glycemic status. Therefore, the current research intended to study the impact of supplementation with vitamin D on insulin homeostasis among healthy obese and overweight individuals. METHODS: The current study was conducted among obese or overweight individuals who had hypovitaminosis D. After separation of participants into two groups, one group received vitamin D pearls (50,000 IU/weekly) for eight weeks, whereas another group received a placebo over the same period. Next, the level of vitamin D, fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 for Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR), Function of ß-cell (HOMA2-ß), and Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA2-S) and lipid profile of participants were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 67.2% of the participants were female. No considerable difference was observed concerning biochemical parameters among the study groups at baseline. After eight weeks, the mean (SD) level of vitamin D was significantly lower in the placebo group than those in the vitamin D group. (38.6 ± 8.1 vs. 14.9 ± 6.4; P < 0.001). The patients who received vitamin D had significant lower levels of FBS (P < 0.001), fasting insulin (P < 0.001), HOMA2-IR (P < 0.001), and HOMA2-ß (P = 0.03), than the placebo group. The HOMA2-S was significantly enhanced in vitamin D group, while it reduced in another group (P < 0.001). However, no considerable decrease was found in triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein or low-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with vitamin D improved sensitivity to insulin and pancreatic function of ß cells of healthy overweight and obese adults.

The Potential of T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-Domain Containing-3 (Tim-3) in Designing Novel Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer.

Targeting inhibitory receptors on T cells in the tumor sites can promote effective anti-tumor immunity in bladder cancer. Unfortunately, the main dilemma is that a large number of patients remain refractory to CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 blockade therapies. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells and innate immune cells. Both in vivo and in vitro data from patients with advanced cancers support the role of Tim-3 inhibition in satisfactory anti-tumor immunity. In bladder cancer, the expression level of Tim-3 significantly increases with advanced pathological grade and T stage. Therefore, rationality implies that designing novel monoclonal antibodies reactive with Tim-3 alone or in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors may indicate a favorable response in bladder cancer. Here, we aimed to investigate the possibility of targeting Tim-3 as a novel anti-cancer treatment for bladder cancer.

Diagnostic Approach to the Patients with Suspected Primary Immunodeficiency.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a group of more than 350 disorders affecting distinct components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this review, the classic and advanced stepwise approach towards the diagnosis of PIDs are simplified and explained in detail. RESULTS: Susceptibility to recurrent infections is the main hallmark of almost all PIDs. However, noninfectious complications attributable to immune dysregulation presenting with lymphoproliferative and/or autoimmune disorders are not uncommon. Moreover, PIDs could be associated with misleading presentations including allergic manifestations, enteropathies, and malignancies. CONCLUSION: Timely diagnosis is the most essential element in improving outcome and reducing the morbidity and mortality in PIDs. This wouldn't be possible unless the physicians keep the diagnosis of PID in mind and be sufficiently aware of the approach to these patients.