Reading the mind in the eyes in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is characterized by vocalizations, jerks, and motor behaviors during REM sleep, often associated with REM-related dream content, which is considered a prodromal stage of α-synucleinopathy. The results of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) reflecting affective Theory of Mind (ToM) are inconsistent in α-synucleinopathy. The present study tried to investigate the RME in patients with iRBD. METHODS: A total of 35 patients with iRBD and 26 healthy controls were included in the study. All participants were administered the RME and the cognitive assessments according to a standard procedure. The patients with iRBD were further divided into two groups (high or low RME) according to the scores of the RME (> 21, or ≤ 20). RESULTS: The patients with iRBD had worse scores on cognitive tests compared with healthy controls involving global cognitive screening, memory, and visuospatial abilities (p < 0.05), but the scores of the RME were similar between the two groups (20.83 ± 3.38, 20.58 ± 3.43) (p ˃ 0.05). Patients with low RME had more obvious cognitive impairments than healthy controls. After applying Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, the low REM group only performed worse on the Sum of trials 1 to 5 and delayed recall of the RAVLT compared with the healthy control group (p < 0.001, = 0.002). The RME correlated with the scores of cognitive tests involving executive function, attention, memory, and visuospatial function. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in RME had a relationship with cognitive impairments, especially memory, in patients with iRBD.

Silencing of Tenascin-C Inhibited Inflammation and Apoptosis Via PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Cell Model.

OBJECTIVES: Tenascin-C (TNC) is upregulated in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and the deficiency of TNC could alleviate neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation after SAH. However, the specific mechanism of TNC regulating neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation after SAH is not well recognized. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PI3K/Akt/ NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of TNC on early brain injury after SAH. METHODS: Oxygen hemoglobin (OxyHb) was used to induce SAH models in PC12 cells, and classified into control, SAH, LY294002, SAH+TNC-siRNA and SAH+TNC-siRNA+LY groups. Western blotting was applied to examine the protein expression of TNC, Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, PI3K, p-Akt, and p-NF-κB. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to examine the TNC mRNA expression. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 and flow cytometry were used to examine cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. ELISA was applied to examine the content of interleukin 6, interleukin 1ß, and tumor necrosis factor α. We showed that the TNC protein was highly expressed in SAH cell model. RESULTS: OxyHb inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis and the expression of proapoptotic protein, and promoted proinflammatory cytokine secretion in PC12 cells, which were restored following TNC gene silencing. Moreover, OxyHb decreased the expression of PI3K and p-Akt and increased the expression of p-NF-κB p65 in PC12 cells, which were activated following TNC gene silencing. The LY294002 weakened the effect of TNC gene silencing. CONCLUSIONS: The TNC gene silencing relieved neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation by activating the PI3K/Akt/ NF-κB signaling pathway. TNC-induced neuroinflammation would be a new target to improve outcome after SAH.

The gesture imitation test in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease dementia.

Objectives: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common type of neurodegenerative dementia following Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD). This study investigated the diagnostic role of the gesture imitation test in detecting DLB and differentiating DLB from ADD. Methods: A total of 63 patients with DLB, 93 patients with ADD, and 88 healthy controls were included in this study. All participants were administered the gesture imitation test, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the clock drawing test (CDT), and other neuropsychological tests. Results: The patients with DLB performed worse than the healthy controls in the global scores and on every item of the gesture imitation test (p < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for the global scores was 0.889 (p < 0.001) in differentiating the DLB and control groups. Item 4 was a better discriminator, with a sensitivity of 79.37% and a specificity of 79.55%. The AUC for the global scores decreased to 0.593 and the difference was marginal (p = 0.079) in differentiating the DLB and ADD groups. The patients with DLB performed worse on Items 1 and 4 compared with the patients with ADD (p = 0.040, 0.004). The gesture imitation test was positively correlated with the scores of the MMSE (r = 0.355, p = 0.017), the MoCA (r = 0.382, p = 0.010), and the CDT (r = 0.407, p = 0.005) in patients with DLB. Conclusion: The gesture imitation test is an easy, rapid tool for detecting DLB and has a role in differentiating DLB from ADD, especially in Items 1 and 4.

The Effect of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease on the Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Objectives: Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is the most common vascular cause of dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate state between dementia and normal cognitive aging. The present study investigated the main imaging features of CSVD on different MCI subtypes in memory clinics. Methods: A total of 236 patients with MCI and 85 healthy controls were included. One hundred nine amnestic MCI-multiple domains (amMCI), 38 amnestic MCI-single domain (asMCI), 36 non-amnestic MCI-multiple domains (namMCI), and 53 non-amnestic MCI-single domain (nasMCI) patients were diagnosed. All participants were evaluated with the cognitive assessments and imaging features including white matter hyperintensity (WMH), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), and cerebral atrophy according to a standard procedure. Results: The patients with amMCI, namMCI, and nasMCI had more high-grade basal ganglia EPVS compared with healthy controls, while the percentages of high-grade basal ganglia EPVS in the patients with amMCI were also more than those in patients with asMCI, namMCI, and nasMCI. There were more high-grade centrum semiovale EPVS in patients with amMCI in comparison with all other groups. The patients with amMCI and namMCI had more percentages of severe deep and periventricular WMH and deep CMBs compared with healthy controls. All MCI groups had higher scores of the medial temporal lobe atrophy than healthy controls, whereas the scores of the amMCI group were also higher than those of the namMCI and nasMCI groups. Conclusions: There were varied neuroimaging features of CSVD including cerebral atrophy in different MCI groups, which meant that vascular mechanism contributed to the prodromal stage of dementia.

Validity and Reliability of the New Chinese Version of the Frontal Assessment Battery-Phonemic.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) is an important health problem in the world. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the validity and reliability of a new version of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) named the FAB-phonemic (FAB-P). METHODS: A total of 76 patients with ADD, 107 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 37 patients with non-amnestic MCI (naMCI), and 123 healthy controls were included in this study. All participants were evaluated with the FAB-P and the cognitive assessments according to a standard procedure. RESULTS: The global FAB-P scores in patients with ADD were lower than those of patients with aMCI, patients with naMCI, and healthy controls (p < 0.001). Patients with aMCI performed worse than healthy controls (p < 0.001). The interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the FAB-P were 0.997, 0.819, and 0.736, respectively. The test could distinguish the patients with mild ADD, aMCI, and naMCI from healthy controls with classification accuracy of 89.4%, 70.9%, and 61.6%, respectively. It could also discriminate between the patients with ADD and aMCI, between those with ADD and naMCI, and between those with aMCI and naMCI with classification accuracy of 73.8%, 83.9%, and 58.0%, respectively. The regression analysis revealed that the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Stroop Color Word Test Part C had the greatest contribution to FAB-P score variance. CONCLUSION: The FAB-P is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating frontal lobe function and can effectively discriminate ADD, aMCI, and naMCI.