Correction to: Isoliquiritigenin Provides Protection and Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Induced Injuries via the Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway After Traumatic Brain Injury.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The Fluorescence Immunoassays text written in Materials and Methods section and Fig. 1i, j is incorrect. In Fig. 1j, the images corresponding to Sham and TBI + ILG are incorrect. In Fig. 1i the figure caption "TBI + EDA" are incorrect. The corrected text and Fig. 1i, j are given below.

Isoliquiritigenin Provides Protection and Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Induced Injuries via the Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health and medical problem worldwide. Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of TBI. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an important factor in the cellular defense against oxidative stress, is activated following TBI. In this study, the protective effects of Isoliquiritigenin (ILG), a promising antioxidant stress drug, was evaluated as a protective agent against TBI. In a mouse model of controlled cortical impact Injury, we found that the ILG administration reduced the Garcia neuroscore, injury histopathology, brain water content, cerebral vascular permeability, the expression of cleaved caspase3, aquaporin-4, glial fibrillary acidic protein and the increased the expression of neurofilament light chain protein, indicating the protective effects against TBI in vivo. ILG treatment after TBI also restored the oxidative stress and promoted the Nrf2 protein transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. We then used Nrf2-/- mice to test the protective effect of Nrf2 during ILG treatment of TBI. Our findings indicated that Nrf2-/- mice had greater brain injury and oxidative stress than wild-type (WT) mice and ILG was less effective at inhibiting oxidative stress and repairing the brain injury than in the WT mice. In vitro studies in SY5Y cells under oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation stimulation yielded results that were consistent with those obtained in vivo showing that ILG promotes Nrf2 protein transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Nrf2 is an important protective factor against TBI-induced injuries, which indicates that the protective effects of ILG are mediated by inhibiting oxidative stress after TBI via a mechanism that involves the promotion of Nrf2 protein transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

[Progress in the effects of injury and regeneration of gustatory nerves on the taste functions in animals].

The sensor of the taste is the taste bud. The signals originated from the taste buds are transmitted to the central nervous system through the gustatory taste nerves. The chorda tympani nerve (innervating the taste buds of the anterior tongue) and glossopharyngeal nerve (innervating the taste buds of the posterior tongue) are the two primary gustatory nerves. The injuries of gustatory nerves cause their innervating taste buds atrophy, degenerate and disappear. The related taste function is also impaired. The impaired taste function can be restored after the gustatory nerves regeneration. The rat model of cross-regeneration of gustatory nerves is an important platform for research in the plasticity of the central nervous system. The animal behavioral responses and the electrophysiological properties of the gustatory nerves have changed a lot after the cross-regeneration of the gustatory nerves. The effects of the injury, regeneration and cross-regeneration of the gustatory nerves on the taste function in the animals will be discussed in this review. The prospective studies on the animal model of cross-regeneration of gustatory nerves are also discussed in this review. The study on the injury, regeneration and cross-regeneration of the gustatory nerves not only benefits the understanding of mechanism for neural plasticity in gustatory nervous system, but also will provide theoretical basis and new ideas for seeking methods and techniques to cure dysgeusia.

Effect of Silicon Source (Fly Ash, Silica Dust, Gangue) on the Preparation of Porous Mullite Ceramics from Aluminum Dross.

Aluminum dross (AD) is a waste product produced during aluminum processing and can be used to prepare mullite ceramic materials. However, the research on the preparation of mullite porous ceramics entirely from solid waste is still in the development stage. In this paper, porous mullite ceramics were successfully fabricated using a solid-phase sintering process with AD and different silicon sources (fly ash, silica dust, and gangue) as raw materials. The bulk density, apparent porosity, and compressive strength of the specimens were obtained, and the phase compositions and microstructures of the sintered specimens were measured using XRD and SEM, respectively. The average activation energy of the phase transition of fly ash, silica dust, and gangue as silicon sources were 984 kJ/mol, 1113 kJ/mol, and 741 kJ/mol, respectively. The microstructures of the mullite in the specimens were prisms, random aggregates, and needle-shaped, respectively. The formation of needle-shaped mullite combined with the substrate enhanced the mechanical strength of the porous mullite ceramics. The apparent porosity, density, and compressive strength of the specimens with gangue as the silicon source were 33.13%, 1.98 g/cm3, and 147.84 MPa, respectively, when sintered at 1300 °C for 2 h.

[Esthetic restoration for anterior teeth with the hot pressed porcelain laminate veneers].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the esthetic effect of anterior porcelain veneers fabricated with the heat pressed glass ceramic. METHODS: Thirty-two patients, who wanted to receive a aesthetic restorative treatment for 206 anterior teeth were selected. Among them, 20 were for dental fluorosis, 8 were for light tetracycline stained teeth, the other 4 were labial enamel hypoplasia or obvious crack on the surface of enamel. According to the color of adjacent teeth,skin and lips, heat pressed IPS e.max ingots of different color were chosen to mold the restorations. Afterwards, special straining technique was conducted on the marginal ridge and incisor ridge of the veneers after carefully trimmed in the mouth. Restorations were them bonded with Variolink II resin cement. After 7 years of follow-up, a modified USPHS criterion was used to evaluate the esthetic effect. RESULTS: The translucency of veneers was superior. Marginal integrity of the veneers was perfect and it docked well with the marginal terminate line of the abutment. There was no edge coloring after the veneers were used for 7 years, and the veneers produce an excellent chameleon effect by absorbing the color of adjacent teeth and gums, at the same time, veneers could produce a feature of surface morphology of natural enamel after careful carve. In the long-term clinical observation, 5 of the 206 veneers were fractured or fell off. CONCLUSIONS: This porcelain laminate veneers fabricated from the heat pressed IPS e.max Press ingots include the following advantages, such as simple operating procedure, high mechanical strength, very little dental tissue was ground off and nice aesthetic effect. Ultra-thin veneers are especially suitable for aesthetic practice to dental fluorosis, light tetracycline and natural worn teeth.

[Effect of veneering technologies on color and translucency of Y2O3 stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals all-ceramic restorations].

OBJECTIVE: To compare color parameters and transmittance of Y2O3 stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) all-ceramic restorations using different veneering technologies. METHODS: Fifteen disc specimens with 10 mm in diameter and (0.50 +/- 0.01) mm in thickness were fabricated of IPS e. max ZirCAD core material, and ZL1 IPS e. max ZirLiner was layered in 0.10 mm thickness. The specimens were divided into three groups randomly (n=5 per group). Group ZP was veneered 0.60 mm by heat-pressing; group ZC was veneered 0.60 mm by layering; group ZPC was veneered 0.30 mm by heat-pressing and then 0.30 mm by layering. Color parameters L*, a*, b* and transmittance of zirconia specimens were measured before and after veneering with ShadeEye NCC dental chromameter and spectrophotometer. Color saturation C* ab and color difference deltaE were calculated in the following formulae: C* ab = [(a*)2 + (b*)2](1/2), deltaE = [(deltaL*)2 + (deltaa*)2 + (deltab*)2](1/2) One-way analysis of variance and Turkey's multiple comparison test were used to analyze data (alpha = 0.05) by SPSS 10.0 statistic software. Color parameters of A2 shade tabs were measured, and color differences between each group and tab were calculated. RESULTS: As to ZP,ZPC,ZC groups, the value of a* increased (-1.35 +/- 0.07, -0.64 +/- 0.06, -0.36 +/- 0.05) (P < 0.05), the value of b* decreased (27.01 +/- 0.07, 25.48 +/- 0.11, 23.28 +/- 0.25) (P < 0.05), and the value of C* ab decreased (27.04 +/- 0.08, 25.49 +/- 0.11, 23.28 +/- 0.25) (P < 0.05). L* and transmittance were maximum in ZP group (87.53 +/- 0.48, 1.64 +/- 0.03) and minimum in ZPC group (82.14 +/- 0.18, 1.47 +/- 0.01) (P < 0.05). Compared with standard A2 shade tab, the color difference of ZC group was minimum (delta = 1.04), and the color difference of ZP group was maximum (deltaE = 4.86). CONCLUSIONS: Y-TZP all-ceramic restoration veneered by heat-pressing was the most transparent and lightest; while veneered by both heat-pressing and layering, the restoration was worst in translucency and the least light. The color of zirconia all-ceramic restoration veneered by layering was the most similar to standard shade tab, and the color difference was minimum.

[Esthetics restoration after rapid orthodontic extrusion of subgingivally fractured incisor: a case report].

A case of a patient with subgingivally fractured incisor was presented. Two weeks after root canal therapy, the subgingival fragment was restored with fiber post, resin core and temporary crown. Gingivoplasty was performed around. after the subgingival fragment had been elevated in the axial direction by means of edgewise fixed appliance. Stabilized and held for 6 months, the incisor was restored with all ceramic crown. Optimal esthetic was achieved when restoration was performed after rapid orthodontic extrusion which had lifted up the fracture line above the level of the gingival line within 14 days. At 6-month follow-up, the periodontal tissues were normal and neither luxation nor relapse was noted.