Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in assessing lymph node metastasis of esophageal cancer compared with PET.

BACKGROUND: Although diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) for detecting lymph node (LN) metastasis is reported to be a successful modality for primary malignant tumors, there are few studies relating to esophageal cancer. This study aimed to clarify the diagnostic performance of DWI for assessing LN metastasis compared with positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer (eSCC). METHODS: Seventy-six patients with histologically proven eSCC who underwent curative esophagectomy without neoadjuvant treatment were reviewed retrospectively. Harvested LNs were divided into 1229 node stations with 94 metastases. Diagnostic abilities and prognostic significance were compared. RESULTS: In a station-by-station evaluation, the sensitivity was higher in DWI than PET (67% vs. 32%, P < 0.001). DWI showed more than 80% sensitivity for middle- and large-sized cancer nests and large area of cancer nests. The DWI-N0 group had a better 5-year relapse-free survival rate than the DWI-N+ group (78.5% vs. 34.2%, P < 0.001), as did the PET-N0 group. DWI-N status was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio [HR], 2.642; P = 0.048), as was PET-N status (HR 2.481; P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: DWI, which depends on cancer cell volume followed by elevated intranodal density, is a non-invasive modality and showed higher sensitivity than PET. It has clinical impact in predicting postoperative survival for patients with eSCC alongside its diagnostic ability and has significant performance in clinical practice.

[Clinical evaluation of eribulin mesylate for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer].

BACKGROUND: Eribulin mesylate, a novel non-taxane inhibitor of microtubule dynamics, results in a significant improvement in the overall survival of heavily pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer(MBC). In the present study, we aimed to clarify the efficacy and safety of eribulin mesylate for the treatment of MBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined 18 patients with MBC who received eribulin mesylate in our hospital from October 2011 to May 2013. The patients were assessed for therapeutic response and adverse events with this treatment; in addition, these parameters were assessed in patients undergoing a combination treatment of eribulin mesylate and trastuzumab. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in this study was 68.7 years(range, 60-85 years). All patients exhibited metastases to lymph nodes and distant sites. The mean number of prior regimens was 4.4(range, 2-9). The mean number of cycles of eribulin mesylate treatment administered was 7.2(range, 2- 17). The objective response rate and clinical benefit rate(PR+long SD)were 33.3%(6/18)and 50.0%(9/18), respectively, and the median progression-free survival was 6 months. The Grade 3/4 adverse events occurring in the patients included neutropenia in 13 patients(72.2%), anemia in 1 patient(5.6%), anorexia in 1 patient(5.6%), stomatitis in 1 patient(5.6%), and peripheral neuropathy in 1 patient(5.6%). However, 3 elderly patients who received the combination treatment of trastuzumab and eribulin mesylate experienced no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: eribulin mesylate appears to demonstrate an acceptable tumor response in patients with MBC, and it can be safely administered to elderly patients if myelosuppression is carefully managed.

Primary esophageal adenocarcinoma arising from heterotopic gastric mucosa: report of a case.

Adenocarcinoma arising from heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) is exceedingly rare. This report presents the case of a 57-year-old male who presented with the chief complaint of dysphagia. Endoscopy and computed tomography revealed a locally advanced tumor of the cervical esophagus and swollen mediastinal lymph nodes. He underwent chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection. The resected tumor was a circumferentially scarred lesion located 1.5 cm from the proximal margin. The tumor was identified to be a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from HGM with invasion to the muscularis propria. Postoperative chemoradiotherapy was performed because positive surgical margins were observed in the resected tissue. The patient has remained alive for more than 4 years after surgery, without any evidence of recurrence.

[A case of far advanced-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma successfully treated with docetaxel].

A 65-year-old man with dysphagia and hoarseness was admitted to our hospital. The upper gastrointestinal examinations revealed a tumor in the lower esophagus while the biopsy specimens revealed squamous cell carcinoma. The clinical diagnosis was esophageal cancer(Lt, type 2, cT3N4M0, cStage IVa). The patient underwent neoadjuvant-chemotherapy(5-fluorouracil/cisplatin). After one course, computed tomography(CT)showed rapid growth of the tumor and lymph nodes, resulting in a progressive disease. It was considered unresectable because of the direct invasion of the No. 1 lymph node to the liver. Then, three courses of docetaxel were administered as second-line chemotherapy, and CT revealed the markedly reduced size of the tumor and lymph nodes, resulting in a partial response. The tumor was now thought to be resectable. Subtotal esophagectomy could be performed and the postoperative course was uneventful. Histopathological findings showed no evidence of malignancy at the primary tumor(grade 3), although there were residual atypical keratinocytes in some lymph nodes. The patient is doing well without any signs of recurrence 21 months after the surgery.

[Evaluation of false-negative lymph nodes diagnosed by fludeoxy glucose-positron emission tomography in cases of metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma].

We have encountered many cases wherein the metastatic nest of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma occupied only a small space in the lymph nodes because of which computed tomography( CT) and fludeoxy glucose( FDG)-positron emission tomography( PET) could not detect the lymph node metastasis satisfactorily. The false-negative lymph nodes that were not detected by FDG-PET before surgery were smaller in diameter, rate of occupation, and area of occupation than the true-positive lymph nodes. The smallest area of the cancer nest in the true-positive group was 7.5 mm2, and therefore, it was reasonable to consider a 5-mm diameter area as the criteria for correct diagnosis by FDG-PET. Most of the false-negative lymph nodes with a large area of carcinoma were attached to the primary tumor; therefore, they could not be precisely identified. The detection of false-negative lymph nodes by FDG-PET was not precise because of increases in the quantity of stroma-like cells in poorly differentiated carcinomas and in fibrosis caused by neoadjuvant therapy in the lymph nodes.

The number of pathologic lymph nodes involved is still a significant prognostic factor even after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The correlation between the number of pathologic metastatic LNs in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) and surgical outcome has rarely been reported. We evaluated the correlation between the number of pathologic metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) and the surgical outcome in ESCC after NACRT. METHODS: Eighty-eight patients with ESCC who underwent NACRT followed by surgery were evaluated. The clinical response of NACRT was evaluated and surgical specimens of the primary tumor and resected LNs were analyzed clinicopathologically. RESULTS: Fewer pathologic metastatic LNs was associated with better survival. According to the number of metastatic LNs, the difference in the median survival was the largest between the groups when patients were divided into those with 2 and 3 metastatic LNs (χ(2) : 13.694, P < 0.001). With regard to clinical factors, the initial N status prior to treatment had the most significant impact on survival by a univariate analysis (P = 0.064), and the number of pathologic metastatic LNs was a risk factor for poor survival, with a hazard ratio of 5.128 (95% C.I.: 1.438-18.285, P = 0.012) by a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Of the various factors, the number of pathologic metastatic LNs was the strongest indicator to predict the patients' survival.

A phase 1/11 study of second-line chemotherapy with fractionated docetaxel and nedaplatin for 5-FU/cisplatin-resistant esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There are few second-line regimens available for esophageal cancer. The use of fractionated docetaxel and nedaplatin as second-line chemotherapy was examined in this study. METHODOLOGY: Eligibility criteria were follows: histologically-proven squamous cell carcinoma, surgically unresectable disease, failure to respond to chemotherapy with 5-FU and cisplatin and no more than 2 prior chemotherapy regimens. A total of 12 patients were enrolled in this study. To reduce toxicities, fractionated docetaxel (50 mg/m² in day 1 and 8) and nedaplatin (50 mg/m² in day 8) were administered as second-line chemotherapy. RESULTS: Stable disease (SD) was observed in 4 cases (33%) and the disease control rate was 33%. Regarding toxicities, leukopenia was the most frequently observed (8 cases, 67%); however, there were no cases of grade 4 nonhematological toxicity. The 1-year overall survival was 26.7% and the median survival time was 7.8 months (95% CI=3.328-12.272 months). The 1-year progression-free survival was 0% and the median progression-free time was 2.0 months (95% CI=1.319-2.681). CONCLUSIONS: Combination chemotherapy using fractionated docetaxel and nedaplatin is safe and effective and appears to be a feasible regimen to use as second-line chemotherapy for FP-resistant advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Impact of preoperative dental plaque culture for predicting postoperative pneumonia in esophageal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In esophageal cancer patients, postoperative pneumonia frequently occurs. In the oral cavity, dental plaque is a major reservoir of bacteria, and it is possible that oral bacteria are aspirated into the upper respiratory tract after esophagectomy. We evaluated the interaction between preoperative dental plaque and postoperative pneumonia in patients undergoing esophagectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy were investigated. Preoperatively, dental plaque was collected and the bacterial flora investigated. If postoperative pneumonia occurred, the sputum was harvested and the pathogens were evaluated. RESULT: Postoperative pneumonia was observed in 14 patients (35.9%): 5 (71.4%) of 7 patients in the pathogen-positive group and 9 (28.1%) of 32 patients in the pathogen-negative group. In 2 (40.0%) of 5 patients with postoperative pneumonia, who had pathogenic bacteria in the preoperative dental plaque, the same pathogenic bacteria were also identified in the postoperative sputum. CONCLUSION: Pathogens in preoperative dental plaque are risk factors for postoperative pneumonia following thoracotomy in patients with thoracic esophageal cancer.

Assessment for diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer using endoscopic ultrasound elastography.

BACKGROUND: We performed endoscopic ultrasound real-time tissue elastography to more accurately diagnose lymph node metastasis of esophageal cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of EUS elastography to distinguish benign from malignant lymph nodes in esophageal cancer patients. METHODS: The present study had two steps. As the first step (study 1), we developed diagnostic criteria for metastatic lymph nodes using elastography and verified the validity of the criteria. Three hundred and twenty-two lymph nodes from 35 patients treated by surgical resection were included in the study. As the second step (study 2), we preoperatively examined the lymph nodes of esophageal cancer patients with EUS elastography and compared its diagnostic performance with that of the conventional B-mode EUS images. A total of 115 lymph nodes from 31 patients were included. RESULTS: In study 1, lymph nodes were considered malignant if 50 % or more of the node appeared blue, or if the peripheral part of the lesion was blue and the central part was red/yellow/green. The sensitivity and specificity of the elastography were 79.7 and 97.6 % with an accuracy of 93.8 %, which was significantly higher than the values for conventional B-mode imaging. In study 2, the sensitivity and specificity of the EUS elastography were 91.2 and 94.5 % with an accuracy of 93.9 %, which was also significantly higher than the values for conventional B-mode EUS imaging. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that EUS elastography is useful for diagnosing lymph node metastasis of esophageal cancer.

A 3-step gradual dilation method: a new safe technique of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for obstructive esophageal cancer.

Although percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the preferred method to provide enteral nutrition for a longer time period, in obstructive esophageal cancer, we cannot safely perform endoscopic access to the stomach even with the ultrathin endoscope. We experienced 1 fatal case due to esophageal perforation caused by balloon dilation, and hence, we developed a safer method. We treated 4 patients with obstructive esophageal cancer using a 3-step gradual dilation method with nasogastric tubes (from 8 to 16 Fr). After about 2 weeks of initial dilation, we could safely perform endoscopic access to the stomach with the ultrathin endoscope and PEG placement using the introducer technique. The 3-step gradual dilation method is a safe and easy procedure for endoscopic access to the stomach. It can be used to provide enteral access as a palliative treatment for patients with obstructive esophageal cancer that is not suitable for conventional PEG placement.

A case report of pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM) caused by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

A 67-year-old male was referred to our hospital after being diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma of the middle thoracic esophagus. The clinical stage was T1b(sm)N4M1 cStage IVb, so he was admitted to our hospital for systemic chemotherapy. He had sustained fever and a dry cough. Chest computed tomography showed the presence of irregular shadows, and unidentified respiratory insufficiency had progressed. A transbronchial lung biopsy revealed a pulmonary artery tumor embolus of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. He developed DIC and died of respiratory failure on the 19th hospital day. The postmortem autopsy detected pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy accompanied by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

A case of small-cell esophageal cancer with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis safely treated with cisplatin and etoposide.

A 54-year-old male undergoing hemodialysis was admitted to our hospital because of difficulty in swallowing. Esophagography and esophageal endoscopy revealed an irregular ulcerated lesion in the cervical esophagus. It was diagnosed as a small-cell esophageal cancer from the biopsy sample. Computed tomography showed a tumor infiltrating the trachea and a few lymph node metastases in the cervix, upper mediastinum, and abdomen. The patient was started on chemotherapy with cisplatin (CDDP) and etoposide (VP-16), which had been reported to be effective for small-cell lung cancer. The patient was treated with CDDP (80 mg/m(2)) on day 1 and VP-16 (100 mg/m(2)) on days 1, 3, and 5, every 4 weeks. On the days of chemotherapy, hemodialysis was started as soon as possible after completion of administration of the agents. No severe side effects were observed. After 4 courses of therapy, the patient achieved a partial response.

Pre-operative dental brushing can reduce the risk of postoperative pneumonia in esophageal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The presence of pathogens in dental plaque is a risk factor associated with postoperative pneumonia in esophageal cancer patients. The effectiveness of pre-operative dental brushing to decrease the risk of postoperative pneumonia in esophageal cancer patients was evaluated prospectively. METHODS: A total of 86 thoracic esophageal cancer patients who underwent an esophagectomy were investigated. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the control group (41 patients) and the pre-operative dental brushing group (45 patients). The patients in the brushing group were assigned to brush their teeth 5 times a day. After the operation, the frequency of postoperative pneumonia and need for tracheostomy for pulmonary treatment was calculated. RESULTS: Postoperative pneumonia was decreased markedly from 32% to 9% (P = .013), and the frequency of postoperative pneumonia requiring tracheostomy decreased from 12% to 0% in the dental brushing group, respectively. Limiting the patients who had positive pathogenic bacteria in their dental plaque on their admission, the frequency of postoperative pneumonia was decreased from 71% (5 of 7 patients) in the control group to 17% (2 of 12 patients) in the dental brushing group (P = .045). CONCLUSION: Frequent pre-operative dental brushing is performed easily and seems to prevent postoperative pneumonia in esophageal cancer patients.

Clinical and pathologic evaluation of the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in advanced esophageal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Chemoradiation therapy (CRT) has the strongest antitumor effect against local tumors of esophageal cancer; however, no standard strategy has yet been established to achieve a clinical complete response (CR) after CRT. The aim of this study was to clarify when a decision can be made to perform further treatment for a clinical CR. METHODS: We evaluated 78 patients that underwent an esophagectomy after neoadjuvant CRT in our department between 1998 and 2007. The study investigated the clinical and pathologic results of neoadjuvant CRT. RESULTS: Of the 78 cases, 19 (24.3%) were a pathologic CR (Grade 3). Pathologic CR could be estimated in only 3 of 8 clinical CR cases (37.5%). On the other hand, 12 (20.7%) of the 58 clinical partial response (PR) cases achieved pathologic CR. Likewise, 4 cases (36.4%) achieved pathologic CR among the clinical no change/progressive disease (NC/PD) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical evaluation for CRT does not reflect the pathologic effectiveness and, even if clinical CR was achieved, viable cancer cells were still present at the primary site in the majority of the population.