Heritabilities, proportions of heritabilities explained by GWAS findings, and implications of cross-phenotype effects on PR interval.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements are a powerful tool for evaluating cardiac function and are widely used for the diagnosis and prediction of a variety of conditions, including myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified a large number of genes related to ECG parameter variability, specifically for the QT, QRS, and PR intervals. The aims of this study were to establish the heritability of ECG traits, including indices of left ventricular hypertrophy, and to directly assess the proportion of those heritabilities explained by GWAS variants. These analyses were conducted in a large, Dutch family-based cohort study, the Erasmus Rucphen Family study using variance component methods implemented in the SOLAR (Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines) software package. Heritability estimates ranged from 34% for QRS and Cornell voltage product to 49% for 12-lead sum. Trait-specific GWAS findings for each trait explained a fraction of their heritability (17% for QRS, 4% for QT, 2% for PR, 3% for Sokolow-Lyon index, and 4% for 12-lead sum). The inclusion of all ECG-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms explained an additional 6% of the heritability of PR. In conclusion, this study shows that, although GWAS explain a portion of ECG trait variability, a large amount of heritability remains to be explained. In addition, larger GWAS for PR are likely to detect loci already identified, particularly those observed for QRS and 12-lead sum.

Targeting Neuroplasticity, Cardiovascular, and Cognitive-Associated Genomic Variants in Familial Alzheimer's Disease.

The identification of novel genetic variants contributing to the widespread in the age of onset (AOO) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) could aid in the prognosis and/or development of new therapeutic strategies focused on early interventions. We recruited 78 individuals with AD from the Paisa genetic isolate in Antioquia, Colombia. These individuals belong to the world largest multigenerational and extended pedigree segregating AD as a consequence of a dominant fully penetrant mutation in the PSEN1 gene and exhibit an AOO ranging from the early 1930s to the late 1970s. To shed light on the genetic underpinning that could explain the large spread of the age of onset (AOO) of AD, 64 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with neuroanatomical, cardiovascular, and cognitive measures in AD were genotyped. Standard quality control and filtering procedures were applied, and single- and multi-locus linear mixed-effects models were used to identify AOO-associated SNPs. A full two-locus interaction model was fitted to define how identified SNPs interact to modulate AOO. We identified two key epistatic interactions between the APOE*E2 allele and SNPs ASTN2-rs7852878 and SNTG1-rs16914781 that delay AOO by up to ~ 8 years (95% CI 3.2-12.7, P = 1.83 × 10-3) and ~ 7.6 years (95% CI 3.3-11.8, P = 8.69 × 10-4), respectively, and validated our previous finding indicating that APOE*E2 delays AOO of AD in PSEN1 E280 mutation carriers. This new evidence involving APOE*E2 as an AOO delayer could be used for developing precision medicine approaches and predictive genomics models to potentially determine AOO in individuals genetically predisposed to AD.

Identification of clinically relevant phenotypes in patients with Ebstein anomaly.

BACKGROUND: Ebstein anomaly (EA) is a heterogeneous congenital heart defect (CHD), frequently accompanied by diverse cardiac and extracardiac comorbidities, resulting in a wide range of clinical outcomes. HYPOTHESIS: Phenotypic characterization of EA patients has the potential to identify variables that influence prognosis and subgroups with distinct contributing factors. METHODS: A comprehensive cross-sectional phenotypic characterization of 147 EA patients from one of the main referral institutions for CHD in Colombia was carried out. The most prevalent comorbidities and distinct subgroups within the patient cohort were identified through cluster analysis. RESULTS: The most prevalent cardiac comorbidities identified were atrial septal defect (61%), Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW; 27%), and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (25%). Cluster analysis showed that patients can be classified into 2 distinct subgroups with defined phenotypes that determine disease severity and survival. Patients in cluster 1 represented a particularly homogeneous subgroup with a milder spectrum of disease, including only patients with WPW and/or supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Cluster 2 included patients with more diverse cardiovascular comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents one of the largest phenotypic characterizations of EA patients reported. The data show that EA is a heterogeneous disease, very frequently associated with cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidities. Patients with WPW and SVT represent a homogeneous subgroup that presents with a less severe spectrum of disease and better survival when adequately managed. This should be considered when searching for genetic causes of EA and in the clinical setting.

A combined linkage, microarray and exome analysis suggests MAP3K11 as a candidate gene for left ventricular hypertrophy.

BACKGROUND: Electrocardiographic measures of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are used as predictors of cardiovascular risk. We combined linkage and association analyses to discover novel rare genetic variants involved in three such measures and two principal components derived from them. METHODS: The study was conducted among participants from the Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (ERF), a Dutch family-based sample from the southwestern Netherlands. Variance components linkage analyses were performed using Merlin. Regions of interest (LOD > 1.9) were fine-mapped using microarray and exome sequence data. RESULTS: We observed one significant LOD score for the second principal component on chromosome 15 (LOD score = 3.01) and 12 suggestive LOD scores. Several loci contained variants identified in GWAS for these traits; however, these did not explain the linkage peaks, nor did other common variants. Exome sequence data identified two associated variants after multiple testing corrections were applied. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find common SNPs explaining these linkage signals. Exome sequencing uncovered a relatively rare variant in MAPK3K11 on chromosome 11 (MAF = 0.01) that helped account for the suggestive linkage peak observed for the first principal component. Conditional analysis revealed a drop in LOD from 2.01 to 0.88 for MAP3K11, suggesting that this variant may partially explain the linkage signal at this chromosomal location. MAP3K11 is related to the JNK pathway and is a pro-apoptotic kinase that plays an important role in the induction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in various pathologies, including LVH.

Detección de portadoras de distrofia muscular de Duchenne en familias colombianas mediante anßlisis de microsatélites / Carrier detection of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Colombian families by microsatellite analysis

Introducción: Las distrofias musculares de Duchenne y Becker son enfermedades recesivas ligadas al cromosoma X; la identificación de portadoras se puede hacer por métodos directos cuando se ha identificado la mutación, o por indirectos como el anßlisis de haplotipos. Objetivo: Se busca establecer mediante analisis de STRs y construcción de haplotipos el estado de portadora o no portadora en 37 familias con afectados por DMD/DMB. Metodología: Se estudiaron 174 personas mediante el anßlisis de 10 STRs intra y extragénicos del gen de la distrofina y la construcción de haplotipos para la identificación del ligado a la mutación. Resultados: Con la metodología mencionada se logró determinar el estado de portadora en 89.2% de las mujeres participantes, de las cuales 65.7% eran portadoras y 23.5% no portadoras. Conclusiones: El anßlisis indirecto mediante construcción de haplotipos permitió establecer el estado de portadora en una gran proporción de la población analizada de mujeres y permitió brindar un adecuado asesoramiento genético.

Introduction: The muscular dystrophies of Duchenne and Becker are X-linked recessive neuromuscular disorders; the carrier testing protocols include mutation detection or linkage analysis. Objective: The aim of this investigation was to use the segregation analysis of STR loci to determine the carrier status in 37 families with DMD/DMB. Methods: From 37 families 174 individuals were studied through segregation of 10 intra and extragenic short tandem repeats (STR) in the members of the family. Results: The carrier status of 89.2% women of the tested group could be assigned by linkage analysis, 65.7% carriers and 23.5% non-carriers. Conclusions: Linkage analysis was proven to be a powerful tool for the carrier detection in DMD/BMD and should be taken into account in genetic counselling practice.

Hemofilia: diagnóstico molecular y alternativas de tratamiento / Hemophilia: molecular diagnosis and alternatives of treatment

La hemofilia es una enfermedad recesiva ligada al cromosoma X que generalmente padecen los hombres. El diagnóstico genético preimplantación (DGP), el diagnóstico prenatal y el diagnóstico molecular de las mutaciones que causan hemofilia, se realizan en investigaciones aisladas con el fin de hacer prevención primaria, asesorar a las portadoras y a sus familias, lo que ha permitido traer al mundo niños libres de esta enfermedad y también mejorar la calidad de vida de los afectados. Los esperanzadores procedimientos en terapia génica (TG) han mostrado gran efectividad, se pretende con ella la producción normal de la proteína que está ausente o alterada en los afectados, pero en el momento los ensayos que se llevan a cabo en seres humanos están detenidos. Aquí se muestran otras terapias alternas que aunque están en fase de investigación, permitirían obtener una producción de proteína a largo término y que se han desarrollado gracias al entendimiento de la naturaleza molecular de los factores de la coagulación.

The haemophilia is a recessive disease tied to the X chromosome that generally men suffer. The genetic preimplantation diagnosis (GPD), the prenatal diagnosis and the molecular diagnosis of the mutations that cause haemophilia, are realized in isolated investigations (researches) in order to do primary prevention, provide advise to the carriers of the disease and their families, which has allowed to bring to the world children free of this disease and also to improve the quality of life of the affected ones. The hopeful procedures in gene therapy (GT) have shown great effectiveness. The intention is to achieve the normal production of the protein which is absent or it is altered in the affected ones, but at the moment the tests carried out in human beings are stopped. Here are other alternate therapies that although are in phase of investigation, would allow to obtain a production of protein to long term and which have been developed thanks to the understanding of the molecular nature of the coagulation factors.

Distrofia muscular de Duchenne y Becker. Una visión molecular / Duchenne and Becker's muscle dystrophy. A molecular vision

La distrofia muscular de Duchenne y Becker es la miopatía más común en ni ños y es causada por la ausencia de la proteína distrofina. Los afectados presentan signos de la enfermedad a edades tempranas de la vida, pierden la habilidad para caminar al comienzo de la segunda década y usualmente, fallecen alrededor de los 20 años de edad. El islamiento del gen defectuoso ha llevado a un mejor entendimiento del proceso de la enfermedad y ha permitido el diagnóstico preciso en los afectados, la posibilidad de asesoramiento genético y diagnóstico prenatal, así como la aplicación de nuevas terapéuticas basadas en el conocimiento de la patogénesis de la enfermedad. El propósito de esta revisión es presentar el progreso hecho en estas áreas, refiriéndonos particularmente a la fisiopatología y al diagnóstico molecular de la enfermedad en Colombia.