Quality of Movement Is Associated With Cognitive Function in Physically Inactive Older Women.

The relationship between the quality of movement, considering different global and universal basic patterns of movement and cognition domains in older adults remain unclear. The current study explored this association in physically inactive older women. In total, 187 participants, aged 60-70 years (mean = 64.9, SD = 6.9 years), were recruited from a physical education program in a public university. The older adults performed the following tests: Functional Movement Screen, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Modified Baecke Questionnaire for the Older Adults. The regression analysis showed an association between age (ß = -0.11, 95% confidence interval, CI, [-0.10, 0.30], p = .03); visuospatial abilities (ß = 0.36, 95% CI [0.24, 1.23], p < .001); language (ß = 0.23, 95% CI [0.20, 1.08], p < .001); and orientation domains (ß = 0.13, 95% CI [0.11, 1.22], p = .016) of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Functional Movement Screen. The quality of movement was related to both age and cognitive performance, such as the visuospatial abilities, language, and orientation domains, in physically inactive older women.

Acute exercise reduces feeding by activating IL-6/Tubby axis in the mouse hypothalamus.

Background: Acute exercise contributes to decreased feeding through leptin and interleukin/Janus kinase 2/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (IL-6/JAK2/STAT3) signaling. Considering the pleiotropic use of substrates by JAK2 and that JAK2 can phosphorylate the Tubby protein (TUB) in CHO-IR cells, we speculated that acute exercise can activate the IL-6/JAK2/TUB pathway to decrease food intake. Aims: We investigated whether acute exercise induced tyrosine phosphorylation and the association of TUB and JAK2 in the hypothalamus and if IL-6 is involved in this response, whether acute exercise increases the IL-6/TUB axis to regulate feeding, and if leptin has an additive effect over this mechanism. Methods: We applied a combination of genetic, pharmacological, and molecular approaches. Key findings: The in vivo experiments showed that acute exercise increased the tyrosine phosphorylation and association of JAK2/TUB in the hypothalamus, which reduced feeding. This response was dependent on IL-6. Leptin had no additive effect on this mechanism. Significance: The results of this study suggest a novel hypothalamic pathway by which IL-6 released by exercise regulates feeding and reinforces the beneficial effects of exercise.

Effect of Flexibility Training Associated with Multicomponent Training on Posture and Quality of Movement in Physically Inactive Older Women: A Randomized Study.

BACKGROUND: Multicomponent training has considerable adherence among older populations, but there is a lack of literature on the benefits of this training on older people's posture. Literature also lacks stretching protocols that work the body in an integrated/unified way and respect the principle of individuality in exercise training. We evaluated the effect of a multicomponent training protocol combined or not with flexibility training in improving the posture and quality of movement in physically inactive older women, according to a score lower than 9.11 in the Modified Baecke Questionnaire for the Elderly (MBQE). METHODS: 142 participants were evaluated and randomized in three training groups: multicomponent training (MT = 52), multicomponent and flexibility training (MFT = 43), and a control group (CG = 47). We evaluated joint amplitude using goniometry, flexibility with sit and reach and hands behind the back tests, quality of movement with the functional movement screen, and posture using biophotogammetry. RESULTS: The MFT group had 15 parameters-flexibility and posture-with a very large effect size (ES > 1.30) and nine with average ES (0.50-0.79). MT presented two variables with large ES (0.80-1.25) and seven with average ES. CG presented three variables with high ES and five with average ES. Both interventions improved the quality of movement. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that 14 weeks of multicomponent and flexibility training in a group intervention can improve flexibility and posture levels in physically inactive older women.

High-intensity exercise training induces mitonuclear imbalance and activates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response in the skeletal muscle of aged mice.

The impairment of mitochondrial metabolism is a hallmark of aging. Mitonuclear imbalance and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) are two conserved mitochondrial mechanisms that play critical roles in ensuring mitochondrial proteostasis and function. Here, we combined bioinformatics, physiological, and molecular analyses to examine the role of mitonuclear imbalance and UPRmt in the skeletal muscle of aged rodents and humans. The analysis of transcripts from the skeletal muscle of aged humans (60-70 years old) revealed that individuals with higher levels of UPRmt-related genes displayed a consistent increase in several mitochondrial-related genes, including the OXPHOS-associated genes. Interestingly, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was effective in stimulating the mitonuclear imbalance and UPRmt in the skeletal muscle of aged mice. Furthermore, these results were accompanied by higher levels of several mitochondrial markers and improvements in physiological parameters and physical performance. These data indicate that the maintenance or stimulation of the mitonuclear imbalance and UPRmt in the skeletal muscle could ensure mitochondrial proteostasis during aging, revealing new insights into targeting mitochondrial metabolism by using physical exercise.

Effects of ninety minutes per week of continuous aerobic exercise on blood pressure in hypertensive obese humans.

The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of continuous aerobic training (CAT) in hypertensive, obese people. Seven patients of average age (45.3±3.9 years), height (1.63±0.1 m), body weight (89.09±22.0 kg), and body mass index (33.44±8.6 kg/m2) were subjected to the training. CAT was performed in thrice-weekly nonconsecutive sessions (90 min per week) with intervals of 48 hr between each session. The training sessions entailed 30 min of walking at an intensity of 70%-80% of the maximum heart rate (MHR) on a treadmill over a period of eight weeks, giving a total of 24 sessions. Through correlation analyses, we found significant improvement in the systolic pressure (R=0.5675, P=0.0253) and diastolic pressure (R=0.7083, P=0.0088) when the last session was compared to the first session of training. We found no differences in the diastolic pressure and systolic pressure before, during and after 15 min of the protocol exercise. The program showed a large effect size (ES) for systolic pressure (ES=0.85) and a small ES for diastolic pressure (ES=0.33). We found no differences in the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) during and after the training of obese hypertensive humans, but we found a positively significant correlation between HR and BP in the last session and a large ES, suggesting that this protocol exercise might have significance effect in the long term.

iNOS promotes hypothalamic insulin resistance associated with deregulation of energy balance and obesity in rodents.

Inducible nitric oxide (iNOS)-mediated S-nitrosation of the metabolic signaling pathway has emerged as a post-translational modification that triggers insulin resistance in obesity and aging. However, the effects of S-nitrosation in controlling energy homeostasis are unknown. Thus, in the present study we aimed to evaluate the effects of S-nitrosation in insulin signaling pathway in the hypothalamus of rodents. Herein, we demonstrated that the intracerebroventricular infusion of the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) promoted hypothalamic insulin signaling resistance and replicated the food intake pattern of obese individuals. Indeed, obesity induced S-nitrosation of hypothalamic IR and Akt, whereas inhibition of iNOS or S-nitrosation of insulin signaling pathway protected against hypothalamic insulin resistance and normalized energy homeostasis. Overall, these findings indicated that S-nitrosation of insulin signaling pathway is required to sustain hypothalamic insulin resistance in obesity.

Effect of Combined Training on Muscle Co-Activation and Functional Capacity in Older Women: a Pilot Study / Efeito do Treinamento Combinado na Coativação Muscular e Capacidade Funcional em Mulheres Idosas: um Estudo Piloto

Aging is characterized by morphological and functional declines, including impairment in muscle performance and functional capacity. Herein, changes were investigated in strength promoted by combined training and its effects on muscle co-activation in older women. After tree-week adaptation period, thirteen healthy older women (60.2 ± 6.2 years) underwent a 12-week training program, three sessions a week, one hour per session, divided into 30 minutes of aerobic exercise on a treadmill or cycle ergometer and 30 minutes of strength training. Muscle strength tests and cardiopulmonary fitness assessment were performed before and after the intervention. The results herein showed improvements in strength, functional capacity, and lower limb muscle activation, but no differences in muscle co-activation. In conclusion, the data of this study suggest that 12weeks of combined training exercise may not be effective in inducing muscle co-activation but may help prevent or mitigate the decline in muscle performance and functional capacity in the older population. (AU)

O envelhecimento é caracterizado por declínios morfológicos e funcionais, incluindo prejuízo no desempenho muscular e capacidade funcional. Aqui, investigamos as mudanças na força promovidas pelo treinamento combinado e seus efeitos na coativação muscular em mulheres idosas. Após três semanas de adaptação, treze idosas saudáveis (60,2 ± 6,2 anos) realizaram um programa de treinamento por 12 semanas, três sessões semanais, uma hora por sessão, divididas em 30 minutos de exercício aeróbio em esteira ou cicloergômetro e 30 minutos de treinamento de força. Testes de força muscular e avaliação da aptidão cardiopulmonar foram realizados antes e após à intervenção. Nossos resultados mostraram melhorias na força, capacidade funcional e ativação muscular dos membros inferiores, mas nenhuma diferença na coativação muscular. Em conclusão, nossos dados sugerem que 12 semanas de exercícios de treinamento combinado podem não ser eficazes na indução da coativação muscular, mas podem ajudar a prevenir ou diminuir o declínio muscular e a melhora da capacidade funcional na população idosa. (AU)

Hypothalamic S1P/S1PR1 axis controls energy homeostasis in Middle-Aged Rodents: the reversal effects of physical exercise.

Recently, we demonstrated that the hypothalamic S1PR1/STAT3 axis plays a critical role in the control of food consumption and energy expenditure in rodents. Here, we found that reduction of hypothalamic S1PR1 expression occurs in an age-dependent manner, and was associated with defective thermogenic signaling and weight gain. To address the physiological relevance of these findings, we investigated the effects of chronic and acute exercise on the hypothalamic S1PR1/STAT3 axis. Chronic exercise increased S1PR1 expression and STAT3 phosphorylation in the hypothalamus, restoring the anorexigenic and thermogenic signals in middle-aged mice. Acutely, exercise increased sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of young rats, whereas the administration of CSF from exercised young rats into the hypothalamus of middle-aged rats at rest was sufficient to reduce the food intake. Finally, the intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of S1PR1 activators, including the bioactive lipid molecule S1P, and pharmacological S1PR1 activator, SEW2871, induced a potent STAT3 phosphorylation and anorexigenic response in middle-aged rats. Overall, these results suggest that hypothalamic S1PR1 is important for the maintenance of energy balance and provide new insights into the mechanism by which exercise controls the anorexigenic and thermogenic signals in the central nervous system during the aging process.

Effect of game format on the intensity of soccer training / Efeito do formato dos jogos sobre a intensidade do treinamento de futebol / Efecto del formato de los juegos sobre la intensidad del entrenamiento de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: During training in games, it is essential to know how to correctly manipulate the formats of the games (size of field and number of players). Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different game formats on the kinematic variables of training in soccer players. Methods: For this purpose, eleven U-20 soccer players participated in three games formats, Gr+3vs3+Gr, Gr+6vs6+Gr and Gr+10vs10+Gr in two conditions (experimental and conceptual). Through videogametry, it was possible to determine the range of speeds covered by the players during the games and to correlate with the ventilatory threshold (VT) evaluation individually to establish four different intensity zones (low intensity, moderate intensity, moderate/high intensity or high intensity). Results: It was verified that in the experimental games, when increasing the size of the field there were significant increases in the intensity of the game. In the conceptual games, there were only significant increases of the field Gr+10vs10+Gr for the games Gr+6vs6+Gr and Gr+3vs3+Gr. Conclusion: It is concluded that the format of the games has a significant effect on the movement of players. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.

RESUMO Introdução: Durante os treinamentos em jogos, é fundamental saber manipular corretamente os formatos dos jogos (dimensão do campo e número de jogadores). Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de três diferentes formatos de jogo sobre as variáveis cinemáticas do treino em jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Para tanto, onze jogadores de futebol da categoria sub 20 participaram de três formatos de jogos Gr+3vs3+Gr, Gr+6vs6+Gr e Gr+10vs10+Gr em duas condições (experimental e conceitual). Por meio da videogametria, foi possível conhecer as faixas de velocidades que os atletas percorreram durante os jogos e ao correlacionar com a avaliação de limiar ventilatório (LV), estabelecer individualmente quatro diferentes zonas de intensidade (baixa intensidade, intensidade moderada, moderada/alta ou alta intensidade). Resultados: Constatou-se que nos jogos experimentais, ao aumentar a dimensão do campo ocorreram aumentos significativos da intensidade do jogo. Nos jogos conceituais, houve apenas aumentos significativos do campo Gr+10vs10+Gr para os jogos Gr+6vs6+Gr e Gr+3vs3+Gr. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o formato dos jogos tem efeito significativo sobre a movimentação dos jogadores. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle.

RESUMEN Introducción: Durante los entrenamientos en juegos, es fundamental saber manejar correctamente los formatos de los juegos (tamaño del campo y el número de jugadores). Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia de tres diferentes formatos de juego sobre las variables cinemáticas del entrenamiento en jugadores de fútbol. Métodos: Para ello, once jugadores de fútbol de la categoría sub 20 participaron en tres formatos de juegos Gr+3vs3+Gr, Gr+6vs6+Gr y Gr+10vs10 + Gr en dos condiciones (experimental y conceptual). A través de videogametria, fue posible conocer las bandas de velocidad que los atletas recorrieron durante los partidos y al correlacionarlas con la evaluación del umbral de ventilatorio (UV), establecer de forma individual cuatro diferentes zonas de intensidad (baja intensidad, intensidad moderada, moderada/alta o alta intensidad). Se encontró que en los juegos experimentales, al aumentar la dimensión del campo ocurrieron aumentos sustanciales de la intensidad del juego. En los juegos conceptuales, solo hubo aumentos significativos del campo Gr+10vs10+Gr en relación a los juegos Gr+6vs6+Gr y Gr+3vs3+Gr. Conclusión: Se concluye que el formato de los juegos tiene un efecto significativo sobre el movimiento de los jugadores. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de caso-control.