Cannabis Use Is Associated with Prevalent Angina in Individuals with Diabetes.

Introduction: Observational studies have reported associations between cannabis use and coronary heart disease. Since diabetes is a coronary heart disease equivalent, we hypothesized that cannabis use would be associated with prevalent angina among individuals with diabetes. Methods: This analysis included 1314 participants with diabetes (age 47.4±9.0 years, 49.5% male, 28.3% Caucasians) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey years 2011-2018. Cannabis use was self-reported. Prevalent angina was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between prevalent angina and cannabis use. Results: Approximately 3.3% (n=43) of participants had prevalent angina and 45.7% (n=601) were ever cannabis users. After adjustment, ever cannabis users did not have significantly increased odds of prevalent angina compared with never users (odds ratio: 3.29, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.88-12.22, p=0.08). However, those who had used cannabis at least once per month for at least 1 year had greater than fivefold increased odds of prevalent angina (odds ratio: 5.73, 95% CI: 1.26-26.04, p=0.03). Current cannabis users had greater than fivefold increased odds of prevalent angina (odds ratio: 5.35, 95% CI: 1.26-22.70, p=0.03), with a dose-response increase based on level of use. Effect modification was present among those with history of cocaine use (interaction p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Among individuals with diabetes, cannabis use is associated with prevalent angina with apparent dose response. This finding supports emerging evidence that cannabis may have negative cardiovascular (CV) health effects, and an individualized CV risk assessment should be pursued among those with diabetes.

Associations of empirical dietary inflammatory index with heart failure in adults from the United States.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence has shown associations between cardiovascular disease and a proinflammatory diet. We hypothesized that a proinflammatory diet, assessed using the Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDII), is associated with increased risk of prevalent heart failure (HF). METHODS: This analysis included 13,687 participants (44.8 ± 19.4 years; 45.7% male, 67.8% whites) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. EDII score was calculated from the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Prevalent HF was determined by physician-diagnosed self-report. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between EDII score and prevalent HF across tertiles (reference group first tertile) and per 1-unit standard deviation (1-SD) increase. RESULTS: About 1.4% (n = 190) of the participants reported a history of HF. Each 1-SD increase in EDII score (0.276) conferred 25% increased odds of prevalent HF (OR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.07-1.46); p value = 0.006). Odds of HF increased as EDII tertile increased, indicating a dose-response relationship (OR (95% CI) for 2nd and 3rd tertiles compared to 1st tertile: 1.42 (0.99-2.04), 1.68 (1.15-2.46), respectively). These results were consistent in subgroups of the participants stratified by demographics and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Proinflammatory dietary patterns are associated with an increased risk of HF. The risk of HF could potentially be reduced by avoiding proinflammatory dietary patterns.

Periodontal disease is associated with elevated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease (PD) has been linked to a range of cardiometabolic disorders. However, the association between PD and composite cardiovascular risk has not been studied. We hypothesized that PD would be associated with an elevated atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk (ASCVD) score. METHODS: This analysis included 12,402 participants (age 42.7 ± 18.6 years, 46.8% male, 69.6% Caucasian) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants with a history of myocardial infarction or stroke were excluded. PD was defined as moderate (≥4mm attachment loss or ≥5 mm pocket depth in ≥2 mesial sites) or severe (≥6 mm attachment loss in ≥2 mesial sites and ≥5 mm pocket depth in ≥1 mesial site). ASCVD scores were classified categorically: low (<5.0%), borderline (5.0-7.4%), intermediate (7.5-19.9%), and high (≥20.0%). Linear and multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the association between PD and ASCVD score. RESULTS: Approximately 12.1% (n = 1499) of participants had PD. Moderate periodontitis was associated with a greater than five-fold increased odds of high-risk ASCVD score [OR (95% CI): 5.40 (4.63-6.31), p-value <0.001]. Severe periodontitis was associated with a greater than seven-fold increased odds of high-risk ASCVD score [OR (95% CI): 7.15 (5.14-9.96), p-value <0.001]. Composite periodontitis (moderate or severe) was associated with a 7.0% increase in ASCVD score [ß (95% CI): 7.01 (6.53-7.50)] when modeled linearly. CONCLUSIONS: PD is associated with elevated ASCVD score. Patients with PD should be counseled regarding their elevated cardiovascular risk and risk reduction strategies should be implemented with an emphasis on routine dental care.

Cannabis use is associated with prevalent coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis is associated with risk of acute coronary syndrome in observational studies. However, its association with prevalent coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. We hypothesized that cannabis use is associated with prevalent CAD. METHODS: This analysis included 12,543 participants (age 39.3 ± 11.6 years, 48.8% male, 35.3% Caucasians) from The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cannabis use was self-reported. Prevalent CAD was defined by physician diagnosis. The association between cannabis use and CAD was tested for using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: About 53.1% (n = 6,650) of participants were ever cannabis users and 1.1% (n = 137) had prevalent CAD. Ever (versus never) cannabis users had 90% increased odds of CAD [OR (95% CI): 1.90 (1.24 - 2.93), p = 0.003]. Those who had used cannabis at least once per month for at least one year had 68% increased odds of CAD [OR (95% CI): 1.68 (1.02-2.77), p = 0.04]. Current cannabis users had near 98% increased odds of CAD [OR (95% CI): 1.98 (1.11 - 3.54), p = 0.02]. Similar results were seen with heavy cannabis users [OR (95% CI): 1.99 (1.02 - 3.89), p = 0.045]. These results were consistent in subgroups stratified by race, gender, hypertension, obesity, COPD, hyperlipidemia, tobacco smoking status, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis use is associated with prevalent CAD. This finding emphasizes the potential harmful effects of cannabis use on cardiovascular health and highlights the need for further research as it becomes more accepted at both a national and global level.

Relation of Cannabis Use to Elevated Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score.

We hypothesized that cannabis use is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This could explain the reported link between cannabis and cardiovascular events including stroke and myocardial infarction. This analysis included 7,159 participants (age 37.8 ± 12.4 years, 48.6% men, and 61.5% Caucasian) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey years 2011 to 2018. Cannabis use was defined by self-report. Participants with a history of stroke or myocardial infarction were excluded. Composite CVD risk was assessed using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk (ASCVD) score. Participants were classified based on their ASCVD risk levels as low (<5.0%), borderline (5.0% to 7.4%), intermediate (7.5% to 19.9%), and high (≥20.0%). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between cannabis use and ASCVD risk category using low-risk ASCVD category as the reference level. About 63.9% (n = 4,573) of participants had ever used cannabis. Ever cannabis use was associated with 60% increased odds of high-risk ASCVD score (odds ratio [OR] 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60 [1.04 to 2.45], p = 0.03). We also observed a dose-response relation between increased use of cannabis and a higher risk of ASCVD. Those reporting ≥2 uses per month had 79% increased odds of high-risk ASCVD score (OR [95% CI] 1.79 [1.10 to 2.92], p = 0.02) and those reporting ≥1 use per day had 87% increased odds of high-risk ASCVD score (OR [95% CI] 1.87 [1.16 to 3.01], p <0.001]. In conclusion, cannabis use is associated with elevated CVD risk. Individuals using cannabis should be screened for CVD risk, and appropriate risk reduction strategies should be implemented.

Association between Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population.

Purpose-: This study aimed to examine the association between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Methods: Participants with natural teeth in one jaw from the Third United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) were included in this analysis. Participants with moderate (> 4mm attachment loss in ≥ 2 mesial sites or 5mm pocket depth in ≥ 2 mesial sites) or severe (> 6mm attachment loss in ≥ 2 mesial sites and > 5mm pocket depth in ≥ 1 mesial site) periodontitis were classified as having periodontal disease. The rest of the participants were considered without periodontal disease. Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting glucose ≥ 126mg/dL, hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5% or the use of antihyperglycemic medications. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus in all study population and subgroups stratified by demographics and comorbidities. Results: This analysis included 13,000 participants [mean age 43.8 ± 19.1 years, 47.5% male, 30% whites]. About 12.7% (n = 1,656) of the study population had periodontitis, and 9.2% (n = 1,200) had diabetes. In a multivariable-adjusted model, presence (vs. absence) of periodontitis was associated with 66% increased odds of diabetes (OR (95% CI):1.66 (1.43-1.94); p < 0.001). Compared to those without periodontitis, the odds of diabetes among those with severe periodontitis was much higher (OR (95% CI): 2.31(1.72-3.11); p < 0.001) than in those with moderate periodontitis (OR (95% CI): 1.54(1.30-1.82); p < 0.001). Conclusions: Periodontitis is associated with prevalent diabetes in a dose-response fashion, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between those two diseases. Patients with periodontal disease should be counseled regarding their elevated risk of diabetes. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01010-6.

Exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with increased left ventricular mass.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic hypertension is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. Recent evidence suggests that secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with chronic hypertension, so we sought to examine the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and electrocardiographic left ventricular (LV) mass among non-smokers. METHODS: This analysis included 4982 non-smoker participants from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES-III). Non-smoking was defined by self-report and serum cotinine ≤10 ng/mL, a biomarker for tobacco exposure. SHS exposure was defined as serum cotinine level ≥1 ng/mL. LV mass was estimated using an electrocardiographic model developed and applied in NHANES-III then validated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the cross-sectional association between SHS exposure (vs no exposure) with estimated LV mass index. In similar models, we also examined the associations of LV mass index across quartiles of serum cotinine (reference group, 1st quartile) and in subgroups stratified by age, race, sex, hypertension, and obesity. RESULTS: About 9.8% (n=489) of the participants were exposed to SHS. Exposure to SHS was associated with an estimated 2.9 g/m2 increase in LV mass index, with a dose-response relationship between higher serum cotinine and LV mass index. These results were consistent in men and women, Whites and non-Whites, elderly and non-elderly, and those with and without hypertension. Significant effect modification was present among obese individuals with an estimated 4.8 g/m2 increase in LV mass index (interaction p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In a racially diverse sample of non-smokers, SHS is associated with increased LV mass with a dose-response relationship between level of exposure and LV mass. Effect modification was present among obese individuals. These findings underscore the harmful effect of passive smoking on the cardiovascular system and highlight the need for more restrictions on smoking in public areas, especially in countries or regions with less-stringent public health policies.

Cannabis Use and Electrocardiographic Myocardial Injury.

Multiple observational studies have demonstrated an association with cannabis use and acute myocardial infarction, especially among young adults. However, little is known about the connection with subclinical or electrocardiographic myocardial injury. We hypothesized that cannabis use would be associated with an increased risk of myocardial injury as defined by the cardiac infarction and/or injury score (CIIS). This analysis included 3,634 (age 48.0 ± 5.9 years, 47.1% male, 68.7% Caucasians) participants from the Third National Health and Examination Survey. Cannabis use was defined by self-report. Those with history of cardiovascular disease were excluded. Myocardial injury was defined as electrocardiographic CIIS ≥ 10. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between cannabis use and myocardial injury. The consistency of this association was tested among subgroups stratified by race, gender, tobacco smoking status, and comorbidities. About 26.0% (n = 900) of participants were ever-cannabis users and 15.5% (n = 538) had myocardial injury. In a model adjusted for potential confounders, ever-cannabis users had 43% increased odds of myocardial injury compared to never users (Odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.43 (1.14, 1.80); p = 0.002). This association was stronger among participants with a history of hypertension versus those without (Odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.83 (1.36, 2.47) vs 1.17 (0.83, 1.64), respectively; interaction p value 0.04). Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of myocardial injury among those without cardiovascular disease with effect modification by co-existent hypertension. These novel findings underscore the harmful effects of cannabis use on cardiovascular health and also merit a personalized risk assessment when counseling patients with hypertension on its use.

A near miss: subclinical saddle pulmonary embolism diagnosed by handheld ultrasound.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by occlusive disease of the pulmonary vasculature. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) of right ventricular strain patterns have high specificity and low sensitivity for diagnosis. Here, we describe a patient with a saddle PE and low pre-test probability who was diagnosed primarily by handheld POCUS. CASE REPORT: An 80-year old female was admitted to the intensive care unit with hypotension and lactic acidosis. She also had mild leukocytosis and troponinemia. No other clinical or metabolic abnormalities were present. After transfer to the floor, handheld POCUS demonstrated D-sign and McConnell's sign. Computed tomography angiography showed a saddle PE involving both main pulmonary arteries. The patient was immediately initiated on anticoagulation without further complications. CONCLUSION: Handheld POCUS is inexpensive, carries a low risk of harm and is an invaluable extension of the physical exam when interpreted in the appropriate context.

Association between secondhand smoke exposure and hypertension: nearly as large as smoking.

: Active smoking is a widely accepted risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is recognized as a major public health problem. Passive smoking, also known as secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE), is thought to have similar cardiovascular consequences and the risk has been postulated to be equivalent to that of active smoking. A major component of this risk involves the connection with chronic hypertension. There are several population-based observational studies investigating the relationship between SHSE and chronic hypertension, all of which demonstrate a positive association. Given that SHSE appears to be a risk factor for chronic hypertension, SHSE should also be a risk factor for hypertensive end-organ disease. Many studies have sought to investigate this relationship, but this has yet to be fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on the current evidence regarding the association between SHSE and hypertension as well as exploration of the links between SHSE and hypertensive end-organ damage.

A plasma cell-based pericardial effusion leading to tamponade in a patient with multiple myeloma - a case report and review of the literature.

A rare case of extramedullary multiple myeloma causing cardiac tamponade secondary to a plasma cell-based pericardial effusion is described. A systematic search using PubMed (National Library of Medicine) was used to identify a further 27 cases dating back to 1970. Case characteristics, treatment strategies, and survival time following tamponade are discussed. Linear regression demonstrated a weak but statistically significant correlation between survival time following tamponade and treatment with systemic chemotherapy and steroids (ß=16.8 weeks, P=.009). However, this manifestation of extramedullary multiple myeloma still conveys a dismal prognosis with a median survival following tamponade of only 6 weeks based on our review.