Intake of Dietary Fibre and Its Sources Related to Adolescents' Age and Gender, but Not to Their Weight.

AIM: The aim of this observational study was to investigate the intake of dietary fibre and its sources among Polish adolescents according to prevalence of overweight after adjustment for age and gender. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 1,565 students, including 48% boys and 52% girls aged 13-18 with normal weight, overweight and obesity. Dietary information was reported using the Block Screening Questionnaire for Fruit/Vegetable/Fibre Intake. The nutritional status was assessed on the basis of body mass and height measurements. The statistical analysis used one-factor logistic regression, multiple linear regression, trend estimation and a comparison of mean values. RESULTS: Adolescents consuming white bread and rolls with a frequency ≥4 times/week had OR=0.74 (95% CI 0.56-0.97) for overweight and obesity compared to adolescents with less frequent consumption. For other fibre sources and overall dietary fibre no significant differences were noted in consumption frequency between adolescents with normal weight and overweight/obesity. Overall, boys were more often overweight and obese than girls. Girls had a higher intake of dietary fibre, fruit, fresh vegetables, dark bread and rolls, and lower intake of potatoes, beans and white bread and rolls than boys. Older age was associated with a decrease in the consumption of fruit juices, fruit, potatoes, white bread and rolls, and dietary fibre in girls and a decrease in fruit and fresh vegetable consumption in boys. CONCLUSION: The intake of dietary fibre was not associated with the prevalence of overweight. As to the fibre sources, only a higher consumption of white bread and rolls decreased the chance of the occurrence of adolescent overweight. The consumption of dietary fibre and its sources was related to the age and gender of adolescents.

[Vitamin and mineral supplement use and mortality among group of older people]. / Suplementacja diety witaminami i skladnikami mineralnymi a umieralnosc w grupie osób starszych.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of supplements was associated with all-cause mortality among older people. The study included 643 people aged 75-80 (305 men and 338 women) from Warsaw and Olsztyn regions. The basic information about respondents and about vitamin and/or mineral supplement intake were collected in 1999, while data about deaths from all-causes were collected in Warsaw region till the end of December 2003 and in Olsztyn region till to end of August 2004. The Cox Proportional Hazard Regression Models were used to assess the all-cause mortality risk among supplements users and nonusers. The risk of all-cause mortality was 113% (95%CI: 15 - 294%) higher among men who used vitamin A supplements compared to those who not used this nutrient as supplements, for vitamin E the risk was 89% (95%CI: 3 - 248%) higher, for vitamin B1 - 102% (95%CI: 9 - 271%), vitamin B2 - 99% (95%CI: 8 - 268%), vitamin PP - 103% (95%CI: 12 - 268%), vitamin B6 - 103% (95%CI: 10 - 273%), iron - 105% (95%CI: 2 - 308%) and for zinc -160% (95%CI: 30 - 414%) higher. Among smoking men who used vitamin B6, PP, iron and zinc supplements compared to those who were smokers and not used these supplements there were a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality i.e. 118% (95%CI: 7 - 344%) and 106% (95%CI: 2 - 317%), 150% (95%CI: 14 - 448%) and 164% (95%CI: 122 - 472%), respectively. No such relationships were observed in older women. Further investigations are needed to explain the associations between supplement use and smoking in relation to mortality risk.

Dairy-Related Dietary Patterns, Dietary Calcium, Body Weight and Composition: A Study of Obesity in Polish Mothers and Daughters, the MODAF Project.

The role of the family environment in regards to dairy products and dietary calcium in the context of obesity is not fully understood. The aim of the study was to investigate the association among dairy-related dietary patterns (DDPs), dietary calcium, body weight and composition in mothers and daughters. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey within the MODAF Project. A total sample of 712 pairs of mothers (<60 years) and daughters (12-21 years) was studied. This study included 691 pairs. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (ADOS-Ca) was used to collect dietary data. Waist circumference (WC), body fat, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI) were determined. Previously derived DDPs were used-three in mothers and three in daughters. In mothers, two of the DDPs were characterized by higher consumption of various dairy products with suboptimal calcium content (means: 703 or 796 mg/day) which decreased the chance of: z-WC > 1 standard deviation (SD), WC > 80 cm, body fat > 32%, WHtR > 0.5, BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m² or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² by 44-67% when compared to low-dairy low-calcium DDP (288 mg/day). In mothers per 100 mg/day of dietary calcium, the chance of z-WC > 1SD, WC > 80 cm, z-WHtR > 1SD, WHtR > 0.5 cm, BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m² or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² decreased by 5-9%. In correspondence analysis, a clear association was found between mothers' and daughters' low-dairy low-calcium DDPs and upper categories of z-WC (>1 SDs). This study reinforces evidence of the similarity between mothers and daughters in dairy-related dietary patterns and provides a new insight on the adverse relation between low-dairy low-calcium dietary patterns and obesity. It was found that diets containing various dairy products with suboptimal dietary calcium content may be recommended in obesity prevention.

Dietary patterns and breast or lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis of 2 case-control studies in north-eastern Poland.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer in women and lung cancer in men are the most prevalent cancers in Poland and worldwide. Evidence of the impact of food groups and nutrients on the risk of breast and lung cancer is limited and lacking conclusions. Studies on food consumption and breast or lung cancer are limited. OBJECTIVES: Assessment of the association between dietary patterns and the prevalence of breast and lung cancers in adult Poles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved a pooled analysis of 2 case-control studies on 320 subjects aged 50-70 years from north-eastern Poland (160 women, 160 men). Breast cancer cases in 80 women and lung cancer cases in 80 men were diagnosed. The food consumption frequency for 21 selected foods was collected using the Questionnaire of Eating Behaviors (QEB). Principal component analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were used. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Three dietary patterns (DPs) were identified: 'Prudent', 'Processed & fast food', and 'Traditional Polish'. In the pooled analysis for both cancers, the ORs were from 0.35 (95% CI: 0.20-0.61; p < 0.05 with adjustment for age) to 0.48 (95% CI: 0.26-0.88; p < 0.05 with adjustment for age, socioeconomic status index, physical activity, smoking, and abuse of alcohol) in the upper tertile of the 'Prudent' DP in comparison to the absence of cancers (OR = 1.00). The ORs of both cancers were 1.83 (95% CI: 1.06-3.16; p < 0.05 with adjustment for age) in the upper tertile of the 'Processed & fast food' DP. The ORs of both cancers for the 'Traditional Polish' DP were insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: In the pooled analysis, a strong inverse relation was found between the 'Prudent' dietary pattern, characterized by higher frequency of dairy, fruit, vegetables, wholemeal bread, fish and juices consumption, and breast or lung cancer prevalence, irrespective of age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol abuse, and type of cancer in Polish adults from north-eastern Poland.

Dairy products, dietary calcium and bone health: possibility of prevention of osteoporosis in women: the Polish experience.

The objective of the study was to analyze the consumption of dairy products and dietary calcium by women in the context of bone mineral density and to assess opportunities to prevent osteoporosis in a dietary manner. The study was carried out with 712 Polish women. In 170 women aged 32 to 59 bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. The data on the consumption of dairy products and dietary calcium and some other osteoporosis risk factors was collected from 712 women. The average calcium intake from a diet was 507 mg/day. Only 2% of the women met Polish calcium intake recommendations. During adulthood, dairy product consumption or dietary calcium intake did not differ significantly between women with low BMD (below -1 SD) and women with regular BMD (≥-1 SD) (47.4 vs. 44.3 servings/week and 459 vs. 510 mg/day, respectively, p > 0.05). The odds ratios adjusted for age, menstruation and BMI in women with upper BMD tercile in comparison to the reference group (bottom tercile) was 2.73 (95% CI: 1.14, 6.55; p < 0.05) for the daily consumption of dairy products during the pre-school period and 2.40 (95% CI: 1.01, 5.70; p < 0.05) for the daily consumption of dairy products during the school period. Two clusters of women were established. In the S1 cluster, low BMD (below -1 SD) was associated with older age (≥ 50 years), lack of menstrual cycle. In the S2 cluster, regular BMD (≥-1 SD) was related to younger aged women (<50 years), presence of menstrual cycle, consumption of higher level of dairy products (≥28 servings/week) during adulthood and daily intake of dairy products during childhood and adolescence. The results indicate that good bone health to the larg e extent depended upon the combined impact of dietary factors and some non-modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis such as age and the presence of menstruation. Consumption of dairy products in childhood and adolescence may improve bone mineral density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis in adult women.

Comparison of a full food-frequency questionnaire with the three-day unweighted food records in young Polish adult women: implications for dietary assessment.

The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the food record (FR) are among the most common methods used in dietary research. It is important to know that is it possible to use both methods simultaneously in dietary assessment and prepare a single, comprehensive interpretation. The aim of this study was to compare the energy and nutritional value of diets, determined by the FFQ and by the three-day food records of young women. The study involved 84 female students aged 21-26 years (mean of 22.2 ± 0.8 years). Completing the FFQ was preceded by obtaining unweighted food records covering three consecutive days. Energy and nutritional value of diets was assessed for both methods (FFQ-crude, FR-crude). Data obtained for FFQ-crude were adjusted with beta-coefficient equaling 0.5915 (FFQ-adjusted) and regression analysis (FFQ-regressive). The FFQ-adjusted was calculated as FR-crude/FFQ-crude ratio of mean daily energy intake. FFQ-regressive was calculated for energy and each nutrient separately using regression equation, including FFQ-crude and FR-crude as covariates. For FR-crude and FFQ-crude the energy value of diets was standardized to 2000 kcal (FR-standardized, FFQ-standardized). Methods of statistical comparison included a dependent samples t-test, a chi-square test, and the Bland-Altman method. The mean energy intake in FFQ-crude was significantly higher than FR-crude (2740.5 kcal vs. 1621.0 kcal, respectively). For FR-standardized and FFQ-standardized, significance differences were found in the mean intake of 18 out of 31 nutrients, for FR-crude and FFQ-adjusted in 13 out of 31 nutrients and FR-crude and FFQ-regressive in 11 out of 31 nutrients. The Bland-Altman method showed an overestimation of energy and nutrient intake by FFQ-crude in comparison to FR-crude, e.g., total protein was overestimated by 34.7 g/day (95% Confidence Interval, CI: -29.6, 99.0 g/day) and fat by 48.6 g/day (95% CI: -36.4, 133.6 g/day). After regressive transformation of FFQ, the absolute difference between FFQ-regressive and FR-crude equaled 0.0 g/day and 95% CI were much better (e.g., for total protein 95% CI: -32.7, 32.7 g/day, for fat 95% CI: -49.6, 49.6 g/day). In conclusion, differences in nutritional value of diets resulted from overestimating energy intake by the FFQ in comparison to the three-day unweighted food records. Adjustment of energy and nutrient intake applied for the FFQ using various methods, particularly regression equations, significantly improved the agreement between results obtained by both methods and dietary assessment. To obtain the most accurate results in future studies using this FFQ, energy and nutrient intake should be adjusted by the regression equations presented in this paper.