Low Carbon Loss from Long-Term Manure-Applied Soil during Abrupt Warming Is Realized through Soil and Microbiome Interplay.

Manure application is a global approach for enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. However, the response of SOC decomposition in manure-applied soil to abrupt warming, often occurring during diurnal temperature fluctuations, remains poorly understood. We examined the effects of long-term (23 years) continuous application of manure on SOC chemical composition, soil respiration, and microbial communities under temperature shifts (15 vs 25 °C) in the presence of plant residues. Compared to soil without fertilizer, manure application reduced SOC recalcitrance indexes (i.e., aliphaticity and aromaticity) by 17.45 and 21.77%, and also reduced temperature sensitivity (Q10) of native SOC decomposition, plant residue decomposition, and priming effect by 12.98, 15.98, and 52.83%, respectively. The relative abundances of warm-stimulated chemoheterotrophic bacteria and fungi were lower in the manure-applied soil, whereas those of chemoautotrophic Thaumarchaeota were higher. In addition, the microbial network of the manure-applied soil was more interconnected, with more negative connections with the warm-stimulated taxa than soils without fertilizer or with chemical fertilizer applied. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the reduced loss of SOC to abrupt warming by manure application arises from C chemistry modification, less warm-stimulated microorganisms, a more complex microbial community, and the higher CO2 intercepting capability by Thaumarchaeota.

High potential of stable carbon sequestration in phytoliths of China's grasslands.

Phytolith carbon (C) sequestration plays a key role in mitigating global climate change at a centennial to millennial time scale. However, previous estimates of phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) storage and potential in China's grasslands have large uncertainties mainly due to multiple data sources. This contributes to the uncertainty in predicting long-term C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems using Earth System Models. In this study, we carried out an intensive field investigation (79 sites, 237 soil profiles [0-100 cm], and 61 vegetation assessments) to quantify PhytOC storage in China's grasslands and to better explore the biogeographical patterns and influencing factors. Generally, PhytOC production flux and soil PhytOC density in both the Tibetan Plateau and the Inner Mongolian Plateau had a decreasing trend from the Northeast to the Southwest. The aboveground PhytOC production rate in China's grassland was 0.48 × 106 t CO2 a-1 , and the soil PhytOC storage was 383 × 106 t CO2 . About 45% of soil PhytOC was stored in the deep soil layers (50-100 cm), highlighting the importance of deep soil layers for C stock assessments. Importantly, the Tibetan Plateau had the greatest contribution (more than 70%) to the PhytOC storage in China's grasslands. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that altitude and soil texture significantly influenced the spatial distribution of soil PhytOC, explaining 78.1% of the total variation. Soil phytolith turnover time in China's grasslands was mainly controlled by climatic conditions, with the turnover time on the Tibetan Plateau being significantly longer than that on the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Our results offer more accurate estimates of the potential for phytolith C sequestration from ecological restoration projects in degraded grassland ecosystems. These estimates are essential to parameterizing and validating global C models.

Microbial composition and diversity are associated with plant performance: a case study on long-term fertilization effect on wheat growth in an Ultisol.

The association between microbial communities and plant growth in long-term fertilization system has not been fully studied. In the present study, impacts of long-term fertilization have been determined on the size and activity of soil microbial communities and wheat performance in a red soil (Ultisol) collected from Qiyang Experimental Station, China. For this, different microbial communities originating from long-term fertilized pig manure (M), mineral fertilizer (NPK), pig manure plus mineral fertilizer (MNPK), and no fertilizer (CK) were used as inocula for the Ultisol tested. Changes in total bacterial and fungal community composition and structures using Ion Torrent sequencing were determined. The results show that the biomass of wheat was significantly higher in both sterilized soil inoculated with NPK (SNPK) and sterilized soil inoculated with MNPK (SMNPK) treatments than in other treatments (P < 0.05). The activities of ß-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) and cellobiohydrolase (CBH) were significantly correlated with wheat biomass. Among the microbial communities, the largest Ascomycota phylum in soils was negatively correlated with ß-1,4-glucosidase (ßG) (P < 0.05). The phylum Basidiomycota was negatively correlated with plant biomass (PB) and tillers per plant (TI) (P < 0.05). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis shows that fungal community was strongly correlated with long-term fertilization strategy, while the bacterial community was strongly correlated with ß-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. According to the Mantel test, the growth of wheat was affected by fungal community. Taken together, microbial composition and diversity in soils could be a good player in predicting soil fertility and consequently plant growth.

Denitrification potential under different fertilization regimes is closely coupled with changes in the denitrifying community in a black soil.

Preferable inorganic fertilization over the last decades has led to fertility degradation of black soil in Northeast China. However, how fertilization regimes impact denitrification and its related bacterial community in this soil type is still unclear. Here, taking advantage of a suit of molecular ecological tools in combination of assaying the potential denitrification (DP), we explored the variation of activity, community structure, and abundance of nirS and nirK denitrifiers under four different fertilization regimes, namely no fertilization control (N0M0), organic pig manure (N0M1), inorganic fertilization (N1M0), and combination of inorganic fertilizer and pig manure (N1M1). The results indicated that organic fertilization increased DP, but inorganic fertilization had no impacts. The increase of DP was mirrored by the shift of nirS denitrifiers' community structure but not by that of nirK denitrifiers'. Furthermore, the change of DP coincided with the variation of abundances of both denitrifiers. Shifts of community structure and abundance of nirS and nirK denitrifiers were correlated with the change of soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), organic matter (OM), C:P, total phosphorus (TP), and available phosphorus (Olsen P). Our results suggest that the change of DP under these four fertilization regimes was closely related to the shift of denitrifying bacteria communities resulting from the variation of properties in the black soil tested.

Deciphering the differences of bacterial communities between high- and low-productive wheat fields using high-throughput sequencing.

Microbial communities have been demonstrated to be essential for healthy and productive soil ecosystems. However, an understanding of the relationship between soil microbial community and soil productivity levels is remarkably limited. In this study, bulk soil (BS), rhizosphere soil (RS), and root (R) samples from the historical high-productive (H) and low-productive (L) soil types of wheat in Hebei province of China were collected and analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The study highlighted the richness, diversity, and structure of bacterial communities, along with the correlation networks among different bacterial genera. Significant differences in the bacterial community structure between samples of different soil types were observed. Compared with the low-productive soil type, the bacterial communities of samples from the high-productive soil type possessed high species richness, low species diversity, complex and stable networks, and a higher relative abundance of beneficial microbes, such as Pseudoxanthomonas, unclassified Vicinamibacteraceae, Lysobacter, Massilia, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus. Further analysis indicated that the differences were mainly driven by soil organic matter (SOM), available nitrogen (AN), and electrical conductivity (EC). Overall, the soil bacterial community is an important factor affecting soil health and crop production, which provides a theoretical basis for the targeted regulation of microbes in low-productivity soil types.

Soil texture is an easily overlooked factor affecting the temperature sensitivity of N2O emissions.

As a potent greenhouse gas, soil nitrous oxide (N2O) is strongly stimulated by rising temperature, triggering a positive feedback effect of global warming. However, its temperature sensitivity varies greatly among soils with different physical and chemical characteristics, while associated mechanisms remain unknown. Here we performed a meta-analysis of the effect of warming on N2O emission and found distinctions in the response of N2O to temperature increase in soils with different textures. Then, we conducted an incubation experiment on 11 arable soils with varying textures sampled across China. The results show that the temperature sensitivity of N2O emissions was lower as soil texture became more clayey and was consistent with the outcome of meta-analysis. Further analysis was conducted by classifying the soils into clay and loam subgroups. As shown in the clay soil subgroup, N2O emission was significantly correlated with both inorganic nitrogen contents and potential denitrification and nitrification activities. Correlation analysis and partial least square (PLS) path model revealed that temperature mediated N2O emission by regulating nosZ gene abundance indirectly. In loam soils, however, the indirect effect of temperature on N2O production was achieved mainly through nirS gene abundance. Additionally, soil DON content strongly correlated with N2O emission in both subgroups and affected N2O emissions by influencing the abundance of denitrifiers under warming conditions. Our findings suggest that (i) soil texture was an important factor affecting temperature sensitivity of N2O emission and (ii) variable efficacy of warming in soil N2O production might originate from the enriching DON and nitrate content and its different indirect effects on nirS- or nosZ-type denitrifiers.

Metagenomics reveals the increased antibiotics resistome through prokaryote rather than virome after overuse of rare earth element compounds.

Rare earth elements (REE) are extensively exploited in the agricultural ecosystems due to their various beneficial roles on plant growth. However, the ecotoxicological effects and environmental risk of REE are poorly assessed. Here, we investigated the effects of lanthanum and cerium nitrate on soil prokaryote and viral metal resistance genes (MRGs) and antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) using a metagenomic-based approach. We found that relative abundances of prokaryote phyla Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi decreased with increasing of both REE compounds. In addition, low level REE nitrate (0.05 and 0.1 mmol kg-1 soil) inhibited the viral family Phycodanaviridae, Rudiviridae, Schitoviridae, whereas high level (0.16 and 0.32 mmol kg-1 soil) REE nitrate suppressed the viral family Herelleviridae, Iridoviridae, Podoviridae. ARGs were not significantly affected by low level of REE nitrate. However, high level of both REEs nitrate increased the abundances of dominant prokaryote genes resisting to most of the drug classes, such as aminoglycoside, elfamycin, fluoroquinolone, macrolide, rifamycin. Abundance of MRGs in prokaryote did not change consistently with REE nitrate compound type and input rate. MRGs were only partially detected in the virome in some of the treatments, while ARGs was not detected in virome. Together, we demonstrated that overuse of REE nitrate in agriculture would increase the risk of dissemination of ARGs through prokaryotes but not virus, although viral community was substantially shifted.

Investigating bacterial coupled assimilation of fertilizer­nitrogen and crop residue­carbon in upland soils by DNA-qSIP.

Microbial immobilization of fertilizer nitrogen (N) can effectively reduce N losses in soil. However, the effects of crop residue on microbial assimilation of fertilizer-N and the underlying microbial mechanisms in upland soils are unclear. We evaluated the influence of maize residue (13C) addition on the microbial assimilation of ammonium-N (15N) in DNA from fertilizer, and quantified the bacterial 13C or 15N assimilation by quantitative stable isotope probing (DNA-qSIP). We found that the straw addition did increase total microbial assimilation of ammonium from fertilizer during the 2-week incubation. However, bacterial taxa varied in their responses to straw addition: Bacteriodetes and Proteobacteria accounted for large fractions of ammonium assimilation and their N assimilations were increased, while N assimilations of Acidobacteria were decreased. We revealed that highly 13C-labeled taxa were the main contributors of N assimilation under straw addition. The straw primarily enhanced the contributions of bacterial taxa to ammonium assimilation through increasing the extent of N assimilation, or enhancing the abundance of the N-assimilating bacterial taxa. Overall, our study elucidated an interaction between microbial assimilation of fertilizer-N and straw-C, showing a close element coupling of the keystone functional microbial taxa in N immobilization driven by organic carbon.

Keystone microbial taxa drive the accelerated decompositions of cellulose and lignin by long-term resource enrichments.

Lignin and cellulose are the most important component of crop straw entering arable soil. The decomposition of lignin and cellulose are related to carbon sequestration and soil fertility. The keystone microbes decomposing lignin and cellulose in cropland and their impact on agricultural management, however, remains largely unclear. In this study, we traced the carbon (C) from highly enriched 13C-labeled (atom% 13C = 99 %) lignin and cellulose to functional keystone microbes in soils of a 26-year fertilization field experiment with stable isotope probing (SIP). 13C-cellulose and 13C-lignin decomposition were significantly accelerated with the long-term application of fertilization, especially with the combination of organic and chemical fertilization (NPKM). The 13C was mainly assimilated by bacteria Acidobacteria (i.e. GP1, GP3, GP6), Proteobacteria (i.e. unidentified gamaproteobactiera, Bradyrhizobium), and fungi Ascomycota (i.e. Talaromyces and Fusarium, etc.). The keystone bacteria taxa decomposing cellulose and lignin were large overlapped, but substantially shaped by fertilization. For instance, GP3 was the dominant bacterium that decomposed both cellulose and lignin in no fertilizer control (CK), while GP1 and GP6 were the ones in chemical fertilization (NPK) and NPKM, respectively. The decomposition rates of cellulose in different fertilizations were majorly predicted by soil total phosphorus (TP), functional fungi abundance, total nitrogen (TN), whereas functional bacterial and fungal abundance, TP, and community structure of functional fungi manipulated the decomposing rate of lignin. Together, we demonstrate that keystone functional microbes decomposing cellulose and lignin were largely concurring and significantly altered by long-term resources enrichment, which drives the similar patterns of decomposition rates of these two substrates along the resource enrichment gradient.

Decomposition of Microbial Necromass Is Divergent at the Individual Taxonomic Level in Soil.

The turnover of microbial biomass plays an important part in providing a significant source of carbon (C) to soil organic C. However, whether the decomposition of microbial necromass (non-living microbial biomass) in the soil varies at the individual taxa level remains largely unknown. To fill up these gaps, we compared the necromass decomposition of bacterial and archaeal taxa by separating live microbial biomass with 18O-stable isotope probing from dead microbial biomass in soil. Our results showed that most of the microbial necromass at the operational taxonomic unit level (88.51%), which mainly belong to Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria, decomposed significantly after 30 days. In addition, there were great variations in necromass decomposition within each phylum, such as the decomposition of operational taxonomic units in Proteobacteria that ranged from 51% (Beijerinckia) to 92% (Nitrosospira). More importantly, the necromass decomposition was not related to the chemical composition of the cell wall but might positively correlate with the guanine-cytosine content of DNA and negatively correlated with genome size. This study provided a new insight that the decomposition of microbial necromass in soil was divergent at the individual taxonomic level and could not be fully explained by previously proposed mechanisms.

Supplying silicon alters microbial community and reduces soil cadmium bioavailability to promote health wheat growth and yield.

Soil amendments of black bone (BB), biochar (BC), silicon fertilizer (SI), and leaf fertilizer (LF) play vital roles in decreasing cadmium (Cd) availability, thereby supporting healthy plant growth and food security in agroecosystems. However, the effect of their additions on soil microbial community and the resulting soil Cd bioavailability, plant Cd uptake and health growth are still unknown. Therefore, in this study, BB, BC, SI, and LF were selected to evaluate Cd amelioration in wheat grown in Cd-contaminated soils. The results showed that relative to the control, all amendments significantly decreased both soil Cd bioavailability and its uptake in plant tissues, promoting healthy wheat growth and yield. This induced-decrease effect in seeds was the most obvious, wherein the effect was the highest in SI (52.54%), followed by LF (43.31%), and lowest in BC (35.24%) and BB (31.98%). Moreover, the induced decrease in soil Cd bioavailability was the highest in SI (29.56%), followed by BC (28.85%), lowest in LF (17.55%), and BB (15.30%). The significant effect in SI likely resulted from a significant increase in both the soil bioavailable Si and microbial community (Acidobacteria and Thaumarchaeota), which significantly decreased soil Cd bioavailability towards plant roots. In particular, a co-occurrence network analysis indicated that soil microbes played a substantial role in wheat yield under Si amendment. Therefore, supplying Si alters the soil microbial community, positively and significantly interacting with soil bioavailable Si and decreasing Cd bioavailability in soils, thereby sustaining healthy crop development and food quality.

Phytolith-Occluded Carbon Storages in Forest Litter Layers in Southern China: Implications for Evaluation of Long-Term Forest Carbon Budget.

Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) can be preserved in soils or sediments for thousands of years and might be a promising potential mechanism for long-term terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration. As the principal pathway for the return of organic matters to soils, the forest litter layers make a considerable contribution to terrestrial C sequestration. Although previous studies have estimated the phytolith production fluxes in the above-ground vegetations of various terrestrial ecosystems, the storages of phytoliths and PhytOC in litter layers have not been thoroughly investigated, especially in forest ecosystems. Using analytical data of silica, phytoliths, return fluxes and storages of forest litter, this study estimated the phytolith and PhytOC storages in litter layers in different forest types in southern China. The results indicated that the total phytolith storage in forest litter layers in southern China was 24.34 ± 8.72 Tg. Among the different forest types, the phytolith storage in bamboo forest litter layers (15.40 ± 3.40 Tg) was much higher than that in other forests. At the same time, the total PhytOC storage reached up to 2.68 ± 0.96 Tg CO2 in forest litter layers in southern China, of which approximately 60% was contributed by bamboo forest litter layers. Based on the current litter turnover time of different forest types in southern China, a total of 1.01 ± 0.32 Tg of PhytOC per year would be released into soil profiles as a stable C pool during litter decomposition, which would make an important contribution to the global terrestrial long-term biogeochemical C sink. Therefore, the important role of PhytOC storage in forest litter layers should be taken into account in evaluating long-term forest C budgets.

Warming deferentially altered multidimensional soil legacy induced by past land use history.

The legacy effects of previous land use and climate history may affect current soil function. However, the manner in which these legacy effects of land use are modulated by the subsequent climate remains unclear. For this reason, we investigated how the legacies of soil multiple functions left by conversion of grassland to agricultural management were mediated by climate warming with a reciprocal transplant approach. The overall legacy was further separated into the contributions by changes in the abiotic properties of the soil (abiotic process) and microbial community (biotic process). We here hypothesized that warming may mediate the legacy effects of previous land use, mainly by changing biotic processes. Results indicated that warming significantly influenced the total legacies of soil respiration and three exoenzyme activities representing recalcitrant carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling, but did not affect the total legacy of ß-1,4-glucosidase activity, which is involved in labile carbon cycling. The relative contributions of abiotic and biotic processes to the warming effects on the total legacy depended on the type of soil function. The effects of warming on land use change legacies were derived from altered bacterial community structure. The results of the present study suggest that climate conditions could interact with land use legacy to determine the ecosystem functions in a process-specific way.

In situ stabilization of heavy metals in multiple-metal contaminated paddy soil using different steel slag-based silicon fertilizer.

Steel slag has been widely used as amendment and silicon fertilizer to alleviate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of particle size, composition, and application rate of slag on metal immobilization in acidic soil, metals uptake by rice and rice growth. The results indicated that application of slag increased soil pH, plant-available silicon concentrations in soil, and decreased the bioavailability of metals compared with control treatment, whereas pulverous slag (S1) was more effective than granular slag (S2 and S3). The acid-extractable fraction of Cd in the spiked soil was significantly decreased with application of S1 at rates of 1 and 3 %, acid-extractable fractions of Cu and Zn were decreased when treated at 3 %. Use of S1 at both rates resulted in significantly lower Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations in rice tissues than in controls by 82.6-92.9, 88.4-95.6, and 67.4-81.4 %, respectively. However, use of pulverous slag at 1 % significantly promotes rice growth, restricted rice growth when treated at 3 %. Thus, the results explained that reduced particle size and suitable application rate of slag could be beneficial to rice growth and metals stabilization.

The role of silicon in enhancing resistance to bacterial blight of hydroponic- and soil-cultured rice.

Here we report for the first time that bacterial blight of rice can be alleviated by silicon (Si) added. In both inoculated and uninoculated plants, shoot dry weight was significantly higher in the +Si plants than in the -Si plants. A soil-cultured trial showed that disease severity was 24.3% lower in the Si-amended plants than in the non-Si-amended plants. Plants that were switched from -Si to +Si nutrient solution and simultaneously inoculated with Xoo also exhibited the same high resistance to bacterial blight as the plants that were treated continuously with Si, with control efficiencies of 52.8 and 62.9%, respectively. Moreover, total concentrations of soluble phenolics and lignin in rice leaves were significantly higher in the +Si plants than in the -Si plants. Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities in rice leaves were observed to be higher in the +Si plants than in the -Si plants. The expression levels of Os03g0109600, Prla, Rcht2 and Lox2osPil, were also higher in +Si plants than in -Si plants post-inoculation during the experimental time. Addition of Si resulted in increased Pal transcription, and inhibited CatA and Os03g0126000 expression in the earlier and later stages of bacterial inoculation, respectively.

The potential for carbon bio-sequestration in China's paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) as impacted by slag-based silicate fertilizer.

Rice is a typical silicon-accumulating plant. Silicon (Si), deposited as phytoliths during plant growth, has been shown to occlude organic carbon, which may prove to have significant effects on the biogeochemical sequestration of atmospheric CO2. This study evaluated the effects of silicate fertilization on plant Si uptake and carbon bio-sequestration in field trials on China's paddy soils. The results showed (1) Increased Si concentrations in rice straw with increasing application rates of silicate fertilizer; (2) Strong positive correlations between phytolith contents and straw SiO2 contents and between phytolith contents and phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) contents in rice straw; (3) Positive correlations between the phytolith production flux and either the above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) or the PhytOC production rates; (4) Increased plant PhytOC storage with increasing application rates of silicate fertilizer. The average above-ground PhytOC production rates during China's rice production are estimated at 0.94 × 10(6) tonnes CO2 yr(-1) without silicate fertilizer additions. However, the potential exists to increase PhytOC levels to 1.16-2.17 × 10(6) tonnes CO2 yr(-1) with silicate fertilizer additions. Therefore, providing silicate fertilizer during rice production may serve as an effective tool in improving atmospheric CO2 sequestration in global rice production areas.

[Effects of different long-term fertilization on the activities of enzymes related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles in a red soil].

Using a microplate fluorimetric assay method, five fertilization treatments, i.e. no-fertilizer control (CK) , sole application of nitrogen (N), balanced application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer (NPK), application of pig manure (M), and combination of pig manure with balanced chemical fertilizer (MNPK) were selected to investigate the effects of different long-term fertilization regimes on the activity of five enzymes (ß-1, 4-glucosidase, ßG; cellobiohydrolase, CBH; ß-1, 4-xylosidase, ßX; ß-1, 4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, NAG; acid phosphatase, AP) in a red soil sampled from Qiyang, Hunnan Province. The results showed that compared with CK treatment, N treatment had no impact on ßG, ßX, CBH, and NAG activities but reduced AP activity, while NPK, M and MNPK treatments increased the activities of all the five enzymes. Correlation analysis indicated that all the five enzyme activities were positively correlated with the content of nitrate (r=0.465-0.733) , the content of available phosphorus (r=0.612-0.947) , soil respiration (r=0.781-0.949) and crop yield (r=0.735-0.960), while ßG, CBH and AP were positively correlated with pH (r= 0.707-0.809), only AP was significantly correlated with dissolvable organic carbon (r = -0.480). These results suggested that the activities of the measured enzymes could be used as indicators of red soil fertility under different fertilization regimes, but the five enzymes tested provided limited information on the degree of acidification induced by application of mineral nitrogen.

Effects of slag-based silicon fertilizer on rice growth and brown-spot resistance.

It is well documented that slag-based silicon fertilizers have beneficial effects on the growth and disease resistance of rice. However, their effects vary greatly with sources of slag and are closely related to availability of silicon (Si) in these materials. To date, few researches have been done to compare the differences in plant performance and disease resistance between different slag-based silicon fertilizers applied at the same rate of plant-available Si. In the present study both steel and iron slags were chosen to investigate their effects on rice growth and disease resistance under greenhouse conditions. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the effects of slags on ultrastructural changes in leaves of rice naturally infected by Bipolaris oryaze, the causal agent of brown spot. The results showed that both slag-based Si fertilizers tested significantly increased rice growth and yield, but decreased brown spot incidence, with steel slag showing a stronger effect than iron slag. The results of SEM analysis showed that application of slags led to more pronounced cell silicification in rice leaves, more silica cells, and more pronounced and larger papilla as well. The results of TEM analysis showed that mesophyll cells of slag-untreated rice leaf were disorganized, with colonization of the fungus (Bipolaris oryzae), including chloroplast degradation and cell wall alterations. The application of slag maintained mesophyll cells relatively intact and increased the thickness of silicon layer. It can be concluded that applying slag-based fertilizer to Si-deficient paddy soil is necessary for improving both rice productivity and brown spot resistance. The immobile silicon deposited in host cell walls and papillae sites is the first physical barrier for fungal penetration, while the soluble Si in the cytoplasm enhances physiological or induced resistance to fungal colonization.

The effect of Silicon on photosynthesis and expression of its relevant genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under high-zinc stress.

The main objectives of this study were to elucidate the roles of silicon (Si) in alleviating the effects of 2 mM zinc (high Zn) stress on photosynthesis and its related gene expression levels in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown hydroponically with high-Zn stress. The results showed that photosynthetic parameters, including net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, chlorophyll concentration and the chlorophyll fluorescence, were decreased in rice exposed to high-Zn treatment. The leaf chloroplast structure was disordered under high-Zn stress, including uneven swelling, disintegrated and missing thylakoid membranes, and decreased starch granule size and number, which, however, were all counteracted by the addition of 1.5 mM Si. Furthermore, the expression levels of Os08g02630 (PsbY), Os05g48630 (PsaH), Os07g37030 (PetC), Os03g57120 (PetH), Os09g26810 and Os04g38410 decreased in Si-deprived plants under high-Zn stress. Nevertheless, the addition of 1.5 mM Si increased the expression levels of these genes in plants under high-Zn stress at 72 h, and the expression levels were higher in Si-treated plants than in Si-deprived plants. Therefore, we conclude that Si alleviates the Zn-induced damage to photosynthesis in rice. The decline of photosynthesis in Zn-stressed rice was attributed to stomatal limitation, and Si activated and regulated some photosynthesis-related genes in response to high-Zn stress, consequently increasing photosynthesis.

[Influences of long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the composition and abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers in black soil].

The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of long-term organic and inorganic fertilizations on the composition and abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers in black soil. Soil samples were collected from 4 treatments (i. e. no fertilizer treatment, CK; organic manure treatment, OM; chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK) and combination of organic and chemical fertilizers treatment (MNPK)) in Gongzhuling Long-term Fertilization Experiment Station. Composition and abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers were analyzed with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), respectively. Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) and soil properties were also measured. Application of organic fertilizers (OM and MNPK) significantly increased the DEAs of black soil, with the DEAs in OM and MNPK being 5.92 and 6.03 times higher than that in CK treatment, respectively, whereas there was no significant difference between NPK and CK. OM and MNPK treatments increased the abundances of nirS-type denitrifiers by 2.73 and 3.83 times relative to that of CK treatment, respectively. The abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers in NPK treatment was not significantly different from that of CK. The T-RFLP analysis of nirS genes showed significant differences in community composition between organic and inorganic treatments, with the emergence of a 79 bp T-RF, a significant decrease in relative abundance of the 84 bp T-RF and a loss of the 99 bp T-RF in all organic treatments. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the airS-type denitrifiers in the black soil were mainly composed of alpha, beta and gamma-Proteobacteria. The 79 bp-type denitrifiers inhabiting exclusively in organic treatments (OM and MNPK) were affiliated to Pseudomonadaceae in gamma-Proteobacteria and Burkholderiales in beta-Proteobacteria. The 84 bp-types were related to Burkholderiales and Rhodocyclales. Correlation analysis indicated that pH, concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrate (NO3(-) -N) and ammonia (NH4(+) -N) were significantly related to abundances of nirS-denitrifers (r = 0.724-0.922, P < 0.05) and the DEA (r = 0.453-0.938, P < 0.01). In addition, the DEAs were linearly and positively correlated with the abundances of nirS-type denitrifers (r = 0.85, P < 0.01). Redundancy analysis showed that except moisture, pH and concentrations of TP, TP, TOC, NH4(+) -N and NO3(-) -N were significantly correlated with the community structure of nirS-type denirifiers (r = 0.440-0.862, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the DEAs were significantly correlated with the compositions of nirS-denirifiers (r = 0.863, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the airS-type denitrifiers in the black soil are more responsive to the organic treatments than to the inorganic treatments in terms of community composition and abundance, both of which are correlated with the changes of DEAs.