The carbon cost of inappropriate endoscopy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Digestive endoscopy is a resource-intensive activity with a conspicuous carbon footprint and an estimated rate of inappropriateness. However, the carbon costs of inappropriate endoscopic procedures still remain obscure. Here we evaluated the environmental impact of inappropriate endoscopic examinations. METHODS: We calculated the carbon cost of a standard endoscopic procedure (EGD and colonoscopy [CLS]), taking into account the items (eg, disposable materials, personal protective equipment) and energy required for the endoscopy procedure itself and the cleaning process. The rates of inappropriateness and the mortality cost of carbon (MCC) of endoscopic examinations in different scenarios were calculated. RESULTS: EGD and CLS presented a carbon cost of 5.43 kg and 6.71 kg of CO2, respectively. Different scenarios were evaluated, according to the number of endoscopic procedures performed in Italy per 1000 inhabitants and the reported data on their inappropriateness. The carbon cost of inappropriate EGD and CLS in Italy was 4133 CO2 metric tons per year (MCC, .93), ranging from 3527 to 4749, and equivalent to 1,760,446 L of gasoline consumed. Applying the same data to the European population, the estimated carbon footprint of inappropriate digestive endoscopy in Europe was 30,804 metric tons. CONCLUSIONS: The environmental impact of inappropriate endoscopic procedures in Europe is remarkable. These results highlight the need to adopt novel strategies aimed at reducing both the carbon footprint of digestive endoscopy and the rate of inappropriate procedures.

Treatment options for gastrointestinal bleeding blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: Systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare challenging cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. We performed a systematic review of case reports and case series on BRBNS to gather information on the treatment options currently available. METHODS: All studies reporting a case of BRBNS in humans were evaluated. Papers were ruled out if CARE criteria and explanations on patient's selection, ascertainment, causality, and reporting were not respected or identified. PROSPERO 2021 CRD 42021286982. RESULTS: Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome was treated in 106 cases from 76 reports. 57.5% of the population was under 18 years old, and up to 50% of the cases reported a previous treatment. Clinical success was achieved in 98 patients (92.4%). Three main types of interventions were identified: systemic drug therapy, endoscopy, and surgery. After BRBNS recurrence or previous therapy failure, systemic drug therapy emerged as a preferred second-line treatment over endoscopy (P = 0.01), but with a higher rate of reported adverse events when compared with surgery and endoscopy (P < 0.001). Endoscopic treatment was associated with a higher number of required sessions to achieve complete eradication when compared with surgery (P < 0.001). No differences between the three main areas were found in the overall follow-up time (P = 0.19) or in the recurrence rate (P = 0.45). CONCLUSION: Endoscopy, surgery, and systemic drug therapy are feasible treatment options for BRBNS. Systemic drug therapy was the favorite second-line treatment after endoscopic failure or recurrence of BRBNS, but adverse events were more frequently reported.

Clinical practices and adherence to guidelines for eosinophilic esophagitis: A European survey.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess the clinical practices and adherence to guidelines for adult Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) patients in Europe. METHODS: A cross-sectional web survey containing 23 questions was distributed to members of the European Consortium for Eosinophilic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (EUREOS) and the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and digestive endoscopists (AIGO). We conducted a subgroup analysis to assess the impact of EoE expertise and practice setting on clinical practices. RESULTS: 228 physicians from 18 European countries participated. Adherence to guidelines varied from 72% to 98.6%. 83.4% of total respondents obtained ≥ 6 esophageal biopsies in suspected EoE. 42% of total respondents, 82.5% of EoE experts (vs. non-experts 33%; P < 0.0001), and 55% of academics (vs. 29.1 non-academics; P < 0.0001) routinely used the EREFS score. Regarding first-line therapy, 82.9% of total respondents prescribed proton pump inhibitors, 41.6% topical steroids, 20.6% elimination diets, and 9.2% combination therapies. Only 72% of respondents used symptoms and endoscopy with <15 Eosinophils/HPF to define treatment response. 21.5% of all respondents did not prescribe maintenance therapies and 12.7% discontinued therapy before response evaluation endoscopy. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed significant heterogeneity in practice patterns and suboptimal adherence to EoE guidelines across Europe. Expertise in EoE and working in an academic hospital positively influenced clinical practices and adherence to guidelines.

Incomplete small bowel capsule endoscopy: Risk factors and cost-effectiveness of real-time viewing.

Background and study aims International guidelines recommend real-time viewing (RTV) in capsule endoscopy for gastric emptying monitoring, yet it is often overlooked in clinical practice. We aimed to assess risk factors for incomplete small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) and evaluate the clinical relevance and cost-effectiveness of RTV implementation. Methods We included consecutive SBCEs from 2013 to 2020. RTV was not applied per local protocol. We used multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors for incomplete SBCE, including prolonged gastric transit time (GTT) and prolonged small bowel transit time (SBTT). Results Analyzing 858 SBCEs, we observed a completion rate of 94.6%. Prolonged GTT and SBTT were present in 4.9% and 18.2% of complete SBCEs, and in 13% ( P =0.03) and 10.8% ( P =0.24) of incomplete SBCEs, respectively. Only 0.7% (6 of 858) had incomplete SBCE with prolonged GTT. In both univariate and multivariate analysis, a modifiable (prolonged GTT odds ratio [OR] 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-7.5) and two unmodifiable risk factors (inpatient status OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-4.5) and history of incomplete SBCE (OR 4.2; 95% CI 1.3-13.7) were independently linked to higher incomplete SBCE rates. The pretest completion probability was 90.5% and 95.8% in patients with and without unmodifiable risk factors, respectively ( P <0.01). The direct cost of systematic RTV adoption and prokinetics administration would be €5059, aiming to identify and treat each case of prolonged GTT associated with incomplete SBCE. Conclusions Modern devices make incomplete SBCE rare, usually not tied to prolonged GTT. In a low-incidence scenario, widespread RTV use brings high costs and uncertain effectiveness.

Duodenal stenosis, an unusual presentation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis: a case report.

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) are rare, chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms and clinical presentations vary depending on the site and layer of the gastrointestinal wall infiltrated by eosinophils. Gastrointestinal obstruction is a serious, though uncommon, presentation. Management can be extremely challenging because of the rarity of the condition and the lack of robust scientific evidence. Current treatment approaches for EGIDs mainly focus on elimination diets, proton pump inhibitors and corticosteroids, which present high refractoriness rates. Novel targeted therapies are being investigated but not routinely used. Surgery should be avoided as far as possible; however, it may be the only option in gastrointestinal obstruction when long-term remission cannot be attained by any medical strategy. Herein we report the case of an adolescent boy affected by an eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease with progressive duodenal stenosis, refractory to medical therapy, who successfully benefitted from surgical management. He presented with a one-year history of gastrointestinal obstructive symptoms with feeding intolerance. After the diagnostic workup, he was diagnosed with an eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (esophagitis and enteritis) with a duodenal involvement causing a progressive duodenal stenosis. Due to refractoriness to the conventional medical therapies and the consequent high impact on his quality of life, related both to the need for enteral nutrition and repeated hospitalizations, we decided to perform a gastro-jejunum anastomosis, which allowed us to obtain a clinical and endoscopic long-term remission. The early discussion of the case and the involvement of all experienced specialists, pediatricians and pediatric surgeons is essential.

The Epidemiology and Clinical Management of Short Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Intestinal Failure in Crohn's Disease in Italy: An IG-IBD Survey.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Limited data exist on the epidemiology and clinical management of short bowel syndrome (SBS) and chronic intestinal failure (CIF) in Crohn's disease (CD). This study aimed to evaluate these aspects in Italy. METHODS: Members of the Italian Group for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IG-IBD) were invited to complete a cross-sectional web survey. A subgroup analysis examined the influence of different clinical settings on SBS and CIF management in CD. RESULTS: A total of 47/128 (36.7%) IG-IBD centers participated. Among them, 31.9% were teduglutide (TED) prescribers, and 48.9% were academic centers. The median estimated prevalence of CIF among small bowel CD patients was 1%, and it was significantly higher in academic centers (2.0% [IQR 1-5%] vs. 0.13% [IQR 0-1%], p = 0.02). Seventy-eight percent of centers managed fewer than 10 SBS and CD patients. Routine small bowel measurement and nutritional assessment were performed in only 15% and 42.6% of centers, respectively. TED was prescribed by 12 centers to 35 patients, with a treatment success rate exceeding 50% in 81.8% of centers. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of CIF in CD patients with small bowel involvement in Italy is 1%. The diagnosis and management practices for SBS and CIF are suboptimal, and TED use is limited.

Distribution of esophageal inflammation in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and its impact on diagnosis and outcome.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the distribution of esophageal inflammation in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and its impact on diagnosis and outcome. AIMS AND METHODS: Data from consecutive adult EoE patients who were followed-up at four Italian referral centers from October 2022 to October 2023 were retrospectively collected. RESULTS: One hundred forty-nine patients were included. Proximal EoE was observed in 8.1 % of patients; distal EoE in 27.5 %; and diffuse EoE in 64.4 %. Allergic rhinitis was more prevalent in distal and diffuse than proximal EoE (72.5 % vs. 61.5 % vs 33.3 %; P = 0.049). The prevalence of asthma, atopic dermatitis, oral allergy syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease was not significantly different among the three EoE extent groups. Endoscopic inflammatory features at diagnosis were more prevalent in proximal EoE (91.7 % vs. 53.8 % distal [P = 0.01] vs. 66 % diffuse[P = 0.05]). No significant differences in fibrotic features and esophageal stenoses were observed. The clinical and histological remission rates after first-line therapy were comparable in all groups. CONCLUSION: Esophageal inflammation in EoE more frequently involves the entire esophagus, followed by isolated distal and proximal involvement. No clear correlation was observed between the histological extent of EoE at diagnosis and comorbidities or treatment response.

Reproducibility and accuracy of a pocket-size ultrasound device in assessing liver steatosis.

BACKGROUND: This diagnostic prospective study compared the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of Pocket-size Ultrasound Devices (PUDs) against standard ultrasound (US) in detecting liver steatosis using the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver biopsy as reference standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with chronic liver diseases were assessed for the presence of steatosis using PUD and US. A CAP cut-off value >275 dB/m was applied to establish ≥S1. A 26-patient subgroup underwent liver biopsy. PUD reproducibility was evaluated using Cohen's k statistic. Diagnostic accuracy of PUD and US was given as Sensibility (Sn), Specificity (Sp), Positive and Negative Predictive Values (PPV, NPV), positive and negative Likelihood Ratio (LR+, LR-). RESULTS: 81 consecutive patients (69% males) with multiple etiologies were enroled. PUD inter-observer agreement was good (k 0.77, 95%CI 0.62-0.93). PUD and US identified ≥S1 according to CAP values respectively with Sn 0.87, Sp 0.61, PPV 0.49, NPV 0.91, LR+ 2.04, LR- 0.07, AUROC 0.74 and Sn 0.96, Sp 0.54, PPV 0.47, NPV 0.97, LR+ 2.10, LR- 0.07, AUROC 0.75. CONCLUSIONS: PUD shows good reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy in ruling liver steatosis out, representing a useful point-of-care tool to avail of hepatologists interested in excluding NAFLD, but with basic US skills.

Enteroscopy in diagnosis and treatment of small bowel bleeding: A Delphi expert consensus.

BACKGROUND: Enteroscopy plays an important role in the management of small bowel bleeding. However, current guidelines are not specifically designed for small bowel bleeding and recommendations from different international societies do not always align. Consequently, there is heterogeneity in the definitions of clinical entities, clinical practice policies, and adherence to guidelines among clinicians. This represents an obstacle to providing the best patient care and to obtain homogeneous data for clinical research. AIMS: The aims of the study were to establish a consensus on the definitions of bleeding entities and on the role of enteroscopy in the management of small bowel bleeding using a Delphi process. METHODS: A core group of eight experts in enteroscopy identified five main topics of small bowel bleeding management and drafted statements on each topic. An expert panel of nine gastroenterologists participated in three rounds of the Delphi process, together with the core group. RESULTS: A total of 33 statements were approved after three rounds of Delphi voting. CONCLUSION: This Delphi consensus proposes clear definitions and a unifying strategy to standardize the management of small bowel bleeding. Furthermore, it provides a useful guide in daily practice for both clinical and technical issues of enteroscopy.

The low-FODMAP diet and the gluten-free diet in the management of functional abdominal bloating and distension.

This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of low-FODMAP diet and gluten-free diet in functional abdominal bloating and distension, an emerging disorder of gut-brain interaction characterized by remarkable costs for healthcare systems and a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Ingested food plays a key role in the pathophysiology of disorders of gut-brain interaction as up to 84% of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) report food-triggered symptoms. Potential pathogenetic mechanisms of food-related symptoms in these patients are discussed, focusing on bloating and abdominal distension. These mechanisms provide the rationale for dietary treatment in patients with functional abdominal bloating and distension. The role of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and gluten in functional abdominal bloating and distension is examined. Current literature evaluating the efficacy of the low-FODMAP diet and the gluten-free diet in abdominal bloating and distension is analyzed. Available evidence originates mainly from studies on patients with IBS, since clinical studies on selected cohorts of patients with only functional abdominal bloating and distension have been missing to date. Promising evidence on the potential efficacy of the low-FODMAP diet in functional abdominal bloating and distension is provided by the reduction of the bloating observed in patients with IBS. Regarding the gluten-free diet, there is insufficient evidence to recommend it to reduce bloating and abdominal distension. In conclusion, this review asserts the need for a close collaboration with experts in nutrition to optimize the management of these patients and reduce the risks associated with elimination diets.

High reproducibility of spleen stiffness measurement by vibration-controlled transient elastography with a spleen-dedicated module.

Spleen stiffness measurement (SSM) by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) is a noninvasive technique for estimating portal hypertension in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), with its reproducibility yet to be established and its feasibility still unknown beyond CLD. We have studied 420 participants from two tertiary referral centers for liver diseases (Novara, Milan): 297 patients with CLD (32% with cirrhosis) of different etiology (Group A), 63 Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Group B), and 60 heathy volunteers (Group C). All underwent SSM by VCTE with a spleen-dedicated module (SSM@100 Hz) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), blindly performed by 2 different operators. In total, 1680 VCTE examinations for SSM were performed (1000 in Novara, 680 in Milan), with an overall 3.2% failure rate. Median SSM was 26.5 kPa (interquartile range [IQR] 20.0-42.3) in Group A, 26.3 kPa (IQR 22.3-33.6) in Group B, and 16.1 kPa (IQR 14.6-18.7) in Group C. In Group A, the median LSM was 6.8 kPa (IQR 4.9-11.3) in Novara and 8.3 kPa (IQR 7.1-10.8) in Milan, the proportion of patients with cirrhosis being 34% in Novara and 31% in Milan. The Group A interobserver agreement ICC was 0.90 (0.88-0.92), significantly lower in the absence of splenomegaly (ICC 0.87 vs. 0.91) and in absence of cirrhosis (ICC 0.84 vs. 0.90); overweight slightly, but not significantly reduced the interobserveragreement. The intra-observer agreement ICC ranged from 0.91 to 0.96 for the four operators. The Group B interobserver agreement ICC was 0.90 (0.83-0.94). In conclusion, SSM measured by the new spleen-dedicated VCTE module is a feasible, reliable, and highly reproducible tool in patients with CLD and hematological disorders, and in healthy volunteers.

Sustainability in gastroenterology and digestive endoscopy: Position Paper from the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Digestive Endoscopists (AIGO).

Climate crisis is dramatically changing life on earth. Environmental sustainability and waste management are rapidly gaining centrality in quality improvement strategies of healthcare, especially in procedure-dominant fields such as gastroenterology and digestive endoscopy. Therefore, healthcare interventions and endoscopic procedures must be evaluated through the 'triple bottom line' of financial, social, and environmental impact. The purpose of the paper is to provide information on the carbon footprint of gastroenterology and digestive endoscopy and outline a set of measures that the sector can take to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases while improving patient outcomes. Scientific societies, hospital executives, single endoscopic units can structure health policies and investment to build a "green endoscopy". The AIGO study group reinforces the role of gastrointestinal endoscopy professionals as advocates of sustainability in digestive endoscopy. The "green endoscopy" can shape a more sustainable health service and lead to an equitable, climate-smart, and healthier future.