In the prevention of dementia, the focus should be on early and consistent treatment of hypertension.

The brain is among the target organs of hypertension. Patients with hypertension have a higher risk of developing stroke as well as experiencing a decline in cognitive functions and dementia. Changes in the white matter and atrophy of the grey matter of the brain induced by high blood pressure develop insidiously since the onset of hypertension, even in young individuals. The effect of high blood pressure on the vessel wall cumulates in time; therefore, hypertension in younger people implies an increased risk of dementia in older age. Hypertension in young age cannot be considered a benign condition. Hypertension in middle age increases the risk of dementia by 61 %. Consistent and early hypertension control can reverse the adverse development towards dementia and lack of self-sufficiency in the patient. Data comparing individual antihypertensive drugs in terms of preventing dementia are scarce. However, renin angiotensin system blockers have been found to protect against Alzheimer's disease more than other classes of antihypertensive drugs. To achieve rapid and effective hypertension control, a combination of antihypertensive drugs is usually required. Using a fixed-dose triple combination of perindopril, indapamide, and amlodipine, blood pressure targets of < 130/80 mm Hg can be achieved within three months in 93 % of patients.

Longitudinal Monitoring of Hair Cortisol Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to Prevent Hypercortisolism in Patients Undergoing Glucocorticoid Replacement Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Currently available methods for endogenous cortisol monitoring in patients with hormonal insufficiency rely on measurements of plasma levels only at a single time point; thus, any kind of chronic exposure to cortisol is challenging to evaluate because it requires collecting samples at different time points. Hair cortisol levels acquired longitudinally better reflected chronic exposure (both cortisol synthesis and deposition) and may significantly contribute to better outcomes in glucocorticoid replacement therapies. DESIGN: Twenty-two patients on cortisol substitution therapy were monitored for plasma, urinary, and hair cortisol levels for 18 months to determine whether hair cortisol may serve as a monitoring option for therapy setting and adjustment. METHODS: Plasma and urinary cortisol levels were measured using standardized immunoassay methods, and segmented (∼1 cm) hair cortisol levels were monitored by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. A log-normal model of the changes over time was proposed, and Bayesian statistics were used to compare plasma, urinary, and hair cortisol levels over 18 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Hair cortisol levels decreased over time in patients undergoing substitutional therapy. The residual variance of hair cortisol in comparison to plasma or urinary cortisol levels was much lower. Thus, longitudinal monitoring of hair cortisol levels could prove beneficial as a noninvasive tool to reduce the risk of overdosing and improve the overall patient health.

New onset of diabetes mellitus and weight loss as a manifestation of pancreatic cancer.

The case report is about a 68-years-old man who developed a weight loss and diabetes mellitus as early symptoms of pancreatic cancer several months before the diagnosis. Unfortunately, the diagnosis was made too late, at the stage of generalized disease, when symptomatic treatment was the only possible way. The aim of the article is to warn about this possible way of pancreatic cancer manifestation, because only the diagnosis determined in time, when the tumor is localized, allows its resection - the only curative treatment method. For this reason, it is necessary to consider the presence of pancreatic cancer in the case of an atypical manifestation of diabetes.

Perindopril: a long-term certainty in treating hypertension.

Blockade of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is currently considered to be the gold standard of antihypertensive therapy. ACE inhibitors and AT1-blockers are clinically the most relevant groups of RAAS blockers. Even though both drug groups block angiotensin II, ACE inhibitors typically reduce the degradation of bradykinin, which leads to the release of nitric oxide and prostaglandins with subsequent vasodilation. These differences in the mechanism of action can be of clinical relevance for hypertensive patients. Morbidity mortality studies of RAAS blockers have been reported in which ACE inhibitors, particularly perindopril, improved the overall survival in hypertensive patients. In the ONTARGET trial, a direct comparison of both drug groups yielded comparable results. Perindopril, which has been used in the clinical practice for more than 25 years, is a long-acting lipophilic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor with a once-daily dosage schedule and a high affinity to tissue-converting enzyme. Its safety, efficacy, and very good tolerance have been shown in a number of studies. It is part of many fixed combinations which improve patient compliance and increase the effect of treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Rivaroxaban for the treatment and prevention of reccurence of venous thromboembolism in children.

Venous thromboembolism in children is rare, but the incidence has increased sharply during the last years. The standard of care for treating this disease consists of warfarin, unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins and fondaparinux. Lately, the usage of rivaroxaban (direct oral anticoagulant) was officially approved. According to a recent study, treatment with rivaroxaban resulted in a similarly low recurrence risk and reduced thrombotic burden without increased risk of bleeding. The usage of direct oral anticoagulants could overcome the limitation of currently used care (mainly the necessity of regular laboratory monitoring and parenteral application) while providing similar efficacy and safety to treat venous thromboembolism in children.

Non-coding RNAs and Cardiac Arrhythmias.

Cardiac arrhythmias represent wide and heterogenic group of disturbances in the cardiac rhythm. Pathophysiology of individual arrhythmias is highly complex and dysfunction in ion channels/currents involved in generation or spreading of action potential is usually documented. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent highly variable group of molecules regulating the heart expression program, including regulation of the expression of individual ion channels and intercellular connection proteins, e.g. connexins.Within this chapter, we will describe basic electrophysiological properties of the myocardium. We will focus on action potential generation and spreading in pacemaker and non-pacemaker cells, including description of individual ion channels (natrium, potassium and calcium) and their ncRNA-mediated regulation. Most of the studies have so far focused on microRNAs, thus, their regulatory function will be described into greater detail. Clinical consequences of altered ncRNA regulatory function will also be described together with potential future directions of the research in the field.

Rivaroxaban in COMPASS trial.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still at the first place in the case of mortality in European countries. Consistent secondary prevention for CVD is very important aspect in the fight with this negative statistics. We consider antithrombotic treatment as a gold standard in secondary prevention for CVD . There are a lot of latest trials about this problematics. COMPASS trial targets the effectiveness of rivaroxaban in patients with CVD as a secondary prevention. The results of this trial are very positive about using rivaroxaban and acetylsalicylic acid together in effort to avoid progression or relapse of CVD.

ERCP in patients after choledochodenoanastomosis.

The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate our experience with diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) in patients after choledochoduodenoanastomosis. METHODS: The study took 20 years (November 1994 - December 2014). Three patients after choledochoduodenoanastomosis who had symptoms of biliary obstruction were retrospectively evaluated. In all cases, a standard therapeutic videolateroscope was used to perform ERCP. PATIENTS AND RESULTS: We achieved ERCP in these 3 patients with choledochoduodenoanastomosis 100% cannulation success rate - 3 out of 3 patients. This was 100% success rate of diagnostic ERCP. In all of these patients, ERCP was found - both stenosis of the natural mouth of the Vater papilla, stenosis of choledochoduodenoanastomosis, and suprastenotic distal choledocholithiasis. In all patients with the above-described ERCP pathology, endoscopic treatment was initiated immediately after diagnostic ERCP, consisting of standard endoscopic papillotomy of the stenotic Vater papilla, balloon dilatation of choledochoduodenoanastomosis stenosis, and endoscopic extraction of suprastenotic distal choledocholithiasis. In total, therapeutic ERCP was completely successful in all 3 patients out of 3 (100%) who had initially started endoscopic treatment. There were no complications in our group of 3 patients. CONCLUSION: In ERCP in patients after choledochoduodenoanastomosis, we achieved 100% success of both diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP in all of our 3 patients.

Endoscopic diagnostics and therapy of pancreatobiliary diseases in persons after gastric resection according to Billroth I.

The stomach resection according to Billroth I (B I) is very rarely done. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate our experience with diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients after stomach resection according to Billroth I. In patients with a condition after stomach resection according to B I, a study of the group of 20 years (November 1994 - December 2014) took place. Three patients were evaluated retrospectively after B I stomach resection with biliary obstruction. For the ERCP was used the Olympus therapeutic videotheroscop in all cases with the standard (as in normal anatomical situation). Cannulation success in diagnostic ERCP was achieved in 3 out of 3 patients - 100% success rate of ERC diagnosis. For all these 3 patients CDL was found in the ERCP. In addition, endoscopic treatment was performed immediately after ERCP diagnosis in all 3 patients with a CDL pathologic ERCP diagnosis, the initial endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) performed in the standard procedure (as in normal anatomy). Subsequently, endoscopic extraction of all CDL from hepatocholedocus to duodenum was performed. Overall the ERCP was completely successful in all 3 of the 3 (100% of 3) patients who initially started endoscopic therapy. There were no complications in our group of 3 patients. For ERCP in patients with BI stomach resection, we had 100% success rate of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP in all of these patients (3 CDL patients).

Home-based training using neuromuscular electrical stimulation in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study.

There is ample evidence that maintenance of basic physical fitness through exercise training is crucial for patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Rehabilitation based on neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of thigh muscles has been shown to have many beneficial effects in patients with chronic diseases. It is likely that NMES could have beneficial effects also in patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). NMES was applied for 20 weeks to 14 patients on CAPD, mean age 61.9 (8.7) years, using battery-powered stimulators (CEFAR-REHAB X2; Sweden) and self-adhesive electrodes 80 × 130 mm (PALS Platinum; Denmark). Stimulation characteristics: biphasic current, pulse width 400 µs, 8 seconds contraction-12 seconds relaxation, frequency modulation 40-60 Hz, and maximal intensity 60 mA. NMES was home-based and applied simultaneously to quadriceps muscles of both legs (2 × 30 min/day). Functional performance, muscle power (Fmax ), arterial stiffness (assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index-CAVI), and quality of life by KDQOL-SF evaluation was done at baseline and at the end of program. Home NMES improved significantly the main functional parameters: VO2peak /kg increased by +2.2 (1.6) mL O2 /kg/min (P < 0.002), peak workload by +0.1 (0.1) W/kg (P < 0.005), and distance walked in 6 MWT by +44.7 (58.4) m (P < 0.008). Only insignificant changes were observed in CAVI and Fmax . KDQOL-SF analysis showed significant improvement in seven parameters of QoL (P < 0.012-0.049). This pilot study is the first clinical report dealing with the use of NMES in patients on CAPD. The results demonstrate that an improvement of exercise capacity and QoL can be achieved by home-based NMES in CAPD patients.

Long-term relationship between unattended automated blood pressure and auscultatory BP measurements in hypertensive patients.

AIMS: Unattended automated office blood pressure (uAutoOBP) has attracted more attention since SPRINT trial had been published. However, its long-term relationship to attended office blood pressure (AuscOBP) is not known. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Stable treated hypertensive subjects were examined in four Czech academic hypertension centers. All subjects attended four clinical visits three months apart. uAutoOBP was measured with the BP Tru device; AuscOBP was measured three times with auscultatory method by the physician. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed within one week from the second clinical visit. RESULTS: Data on 112 subjects aged 65.6 ± 10.8 years with mean AuscOBP 128.2 ± 12.2/78.5 ± 10.3 mm Hg are reported. Across the four clinical visits, the uAutoOBP was by 10.1/3.7 mm Hg lower than AuscOBP and the mean difference was similar during all four visits (P≥.061). Both uAutoOBP and AuscOBP had similar intra-individual variability during study follow-up as demonstrated by similar intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC, for systolic ICC = 0.50, for diastolic ICC = 0.72). However, the intra-individual variability of the systolic AuscOBP and uAutoOBP difference was high as demonstrated by low ICCs for absolute (ICC = 0.17 [95%CI, 0.09 - 0.25]) and low κ coefficients for categorized differences (κ ≤ 0.16). The main determinant of AuscOBP-uAutoOBP difference was AuscOBP level. The AuscOBP-uAutoOBP difference was poor tool to identify hypertension control categories defined on the basis of AuscOBP and ABPM. CONCLUSIONS: Although mean AuscOBP-uAutoOBP differences were relatively similar across the four clinical visits, intra-individual variability of this difference was high. The AuscOBP-uAutoOBP difference was poor tool to identify hypertension control categories defined on the basis of AuscOBP and ABPM. Therefore, uAutoOBP cannot be used as a replacement for ABPM.

A multicentre study on unattended automated office blood pressure measurement in treated hypertensive patients.

AIMS: Unattended automated office blood pressure (uAutoOBP) may eliminate white-coat effect. In the present study, we studied its relationships to attended office blood pressure (BP) and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Stable treated hypertensive subjects were examined in four Czech academic hypertension centres. uAutoOBP was measured with the BP Tru device; attended BP was measured six times: three times with auscultatory method (AuscOBP) by the physician followed optionally by three oscillometric measurements (OscOBP). ABPM was performed within one week from the clinical visit. RESULTS: Data on 172 subjects aged 63.7 ± 12.4 years with AuscOBP 127.6 ± 12.1/77.6 ± 10.0 mm Hg are reported. uAutoOBP was by 8.5 ± 9.0/3.0 ± 6.1 mm Hg lower than AuscOBP. The AuscOBP-uAutoOBP difference increased with the AuscOBP level and it did not depend on any other factor. OscOBP differed by 8.6 ± 8.6/1.9 ± 5.7 mm Hg from uAutoOBP. 24-hour mean BP was by 4.2 ± 12.1/3.5 ± 7.8 mm Hg lower than AuscOBP and by 4.3 ± 11.0/0.5 ± 6.9 mm Hg higher than uAutoOBP; the correlation coefficients of 24-hour mean BP with AuscOBP and with uAutoOBP did not differ (p for difference ≥.13). In the lowest BP group (systolic AuscOBP <120 mm Hg or diastolic AuscOBP <70 mm Hg), both AuscOBP and uAutoOBP were lower than 24-hour mean BP, while in the highest BP group (systolic AuscOBP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic AuscOBP ≥90 mm Hg), they were higher. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to uAutoOBP, attended BP measurement gives higher values, both when measured with auscultatory or oscillometric method. Inter-individual variability of AutoOBP - uAuscOBP difference, as well of uAutoOBP - ABPM difference, is large. We did not prove that uAutoOBP would be associated to 24-hour ambulatory BP more closely than attended BP.

[Axial spondyloarthritis]. / Axiální spondylartritida.

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a common name for the non-radiographic form of the disease and radiographic axial spondyloarthritis, known as ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The disease is typically manifested at a young age, characterized by affection of axial skeleton, and in the most severe form can lead to complete ankylosis of the spine. Etiology of diseases have not yet been clarified, however, the genetic background, especially the binding to HLA-B27 antigen, is obvious. Clinical manifestations are dominated by chronic pain in the lower pain or buttocks that occurred in young age, in a large proportion of patients having the character of so-called inflammatory pain. In addition to the axial skeleton, axSpA there is also common affection of peripheral skeleton in the form of enthesitis, arthritis, and less often dactylitis. At present, enthesitis is considered as a hallmark of the entire spondyloarthritis group. Typical for axSpA is the frequent presence of extraskeletal manifestations in the form of uveitis, idiopathic intestinal inflammation and psoriasis. In the axSpA diagnosis, significant advances have been made in recent years in the field of imaging techniques. Magnetic resonance imaging can also identify the early stage of the disease before the development of structural lesions. Also, the newer concepts of the entire spondyloarthritis group, based on the 2009 ASAS (Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society) classification criteria, contributed to early diagnosis of the disease, and in particular to the underlying importance of association with HLA-B27 antigen and the presence of peripheral and non-articular manifestations. Non-steroidal anti-rheumatic drugs (NSAIDs) and TNFα blockers are effective axSpA therapy, which has been recently enhanced by interleukin 17 blockade (IL17).Key words: axial spondyloarthritis - biological treatment - enthesitis - extraarticular manifestations - magnetic resonance imaging - non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis - sacroiliitis.

[Long non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis]. / Dlouhé nekódující RNA v patofyziologii aterosklerózy.

The human genome contains about 22 000 protein-coding genes that are transcribed to an even larger amount of messenger RNAs (mRNA). Interestingly, the results of the project ENCODE from 2012 show, that despite up to 90 % of our genome being actively transcribed, protein-coding mRNAs make up only 2-3 % of the total amount of the transcribed RNA. The rest of RNA transcripts is not translated to proteins and that is why they are referred to as "non-coding RNAs". Earlier the non-coding RNA was considered "the dark matter of genome", or "the junk", whose genes has accumulated in our DNA during the course of evolution. Today we already know that non-coding RNAs fulfil a variety of regulatory functions in our body - they intervene into epigenetic processes from chromatin remodelling to histone methylation, or into the transcription process itself, or even post-transcription processes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are one of the classes of non-coding RNAs that have more than 200 nucleotides in length (non-coding RNAs with less than 200 nucleotides in length are called small non-coding RNAs). lncRNAs represent a widely varied and large group of molecules with diverse regulatory functions. We can identify them in all thinkable cell types or tissues, or even in an extracellular space, which includes blood, specifically plasma. Their levels change during the course of organogenesis, they are specific to different tissues and their changes also occur along with the development of different illnesses, including atherosclerosis. This review article aims to present lncRNAs problematics in general and then focuses on some of their specific representatives in relation to the process of atherosclerosis (i.e. we describe lncRNA involvement in the biology of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells or immune cells), and we further describe possible clinical potential of lncRNA, whether in diagnostics or therapy of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations.Key words: atherosclerosis - lincRNA - lncRNA - MALAT - MIAT.

Impact of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery on cytokines in epicardial adipose tissue: comparison with subcutaneous fat.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been shown to stimulate a systemic inflammatory response which has been associated with adverse postoperative outcomes. Adipose tissue, both epicardial (EAT) and subcutaneous (SAT), is a known source of inflammatory cytokines, but its role in the pathophysiology of surgery- and CPB-induced systemic inflammatory response has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we conducted a study to establish levels of selected cytokines in EAT and SAT prior to and after surgery with CPB. METHODS: Adipose tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing planned cardiac surgery on CPB. Samples from EAT and SAT were collected before and immediately after CPB. Levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP), leptin and adiponectin were determined by ELISA, which were adjusted for a total concentration of proteins in the individual samples. RESULTS: Samples from 77 patients (mean age 67.68 ± 11.5 years) were obtained and analysed. Leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α and AFABP were shown to decrease their concentrations statistically significantly in the EAT after CPB while no statistically significant drop was observed in the SAT. On the contrary, IL-6 showed only a slight and statistically insignificant decrease in the EAT after CPB and it was in the SAT where a statistically significant drop was observed. DISCUSSION: One of the most relevant findings of this study was the marked decrease in EAT levels of TNF-α, AFABP, leptin and adiponectin after the CPB termination. Our results suggest that EAT might serve as a pool of cytokines which are released into the circulation in reaction to surgery with CPB. Should these novel findings be confirmed, new strategies to assess and possibly reduce EAT contribution on adverse outcomes of cardiac surgery may be developed.

[Relapsing autoimmune pancreatitis type 1: case report]. / Relabující autoimunitní pankreatitida 1. typu: kazuistika.

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis, classified into 2 subtypes - AIP type 1 and AIP type 2. We present a case of a 31-years-old female admitted to our institution with upper abdominal pain and obstructive jaundice. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoscopy (ERCP) revealed stenosis of intrapancreatic distal bile duct. Diffuse parenchymal enlargement and typical features of AIP were shown by computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). The patient´s serum IgG4 was elevated at 3.8 g/l (range 0.08-1.4 g/l). She was diagnosed with AIP type 1 and treated with prednisone (initial dose of 30 mg per day, then tapered by 5 mg/day every week). The maintenance dose of 5 mg per day was continued for 6 months. Despite clinical and radiological remission, serum levels of IgG4 remained elevated. The patient experienced disease relapse 25 months after first attack. Moreover, new finding of calcifications occured in pancreas. The relapse was managed with corticosteroids and maintenance immunosupression with azathioprin was started. Literature review on risk factor of relapse, long-term immunosupressive therapy indication and optimal follow-up of AIP type 1 patients are discussed.Key words: autoimmune pancreatitis type 1 - long-term follow-up - relapse - therapy.

Caffeine and cardiovascular diseases: critical review of current research.

Caffeine is a most widely consumed physiological stimulant worldwide, which is consumed via natural sources, such as coffee and tea, and now marketed sources such as energy drinks and other dietary supplements. This wide use has led to concerns regarding the safety of caffeine and its proposed beneficial role in alertness, performance and energy expenditure and side effects in the cardiovascular system. The question remains "Which dose is safe?", as the population does not appear to adhere to the strict guidelines listed on caffeine consumption. Studies in humans and animal models yield controversial results, which can be explained by population, type and dose of caffeine and low statistical power. This review will focus on comprehensive and critical review of the current literature and provide an avenue for further study.

PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, WITH A FOCUS ON MANAGEMENT OF THE NORMOCALCEMIC FORM: TO TREAT OR NOT TO TREAT?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine reasonable care for normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NCPHPT) patients treated at the endocrine clinic. METHODS: The study is based on 218 outpatient cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), 187 (86%) of whom were NCPHPT. Subjective complaints, biochemical tests, imaging, and treatment outcome for NCPHPT patients were monitored and compared with the same parameters in patients with hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism. The number of patients with newly diagnosed NCPHPT who became hypercalcemic and the time period in which it happened were also recorded. RESULTS: Over 6 years of study, in total, 36 of 187 originally normocalcemic patients became hypercalcemic (19%); 24 of 36 within 2 years and 2 of 36 later than after 4 years. Sestamibi scintigraphy was performed in 103 normocalcemic patients (adenoma was detected in 5 cases) and in 46 hypercalcemic patients with pathologically elevated serum calcium levels at the time of assessment (adenoma was detected in 32 of 46 cases). Surgery was performed in 33 patients, 11 of whom were originally normocalcemic (i.e., 6% of all 187 originally normocalcemic patients), and 22 were hypercalcemic from the outset (i.e., 71% of all 31 originally hypercalcemic patients). CONCLUSION: Some NCPHPT patients converted to hypercalcemic, mostly within 2 years, but some after 4 years or later. Normocalcemic patients should be monitored on a long-term basis, as it is impossible to anticipate when and which normocalcemic patients will become hypercalcemic. Imaging is much less effective in normocalcemic than in hypercalcemic patients.

[SPRINT study: far lower systolic blood pressure]. / Studie SPRINT: Kam az snizovat systolický krevní tlak.

There is still no consensus, which blood pressure value is the most profitable for the patients when treating the systolic hypertension in the context of reduction of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular and overall mortality.Researchers of the ACCORD study were comparing intensive treatment of systolic blood pressure bellow 120 mmHg and standard treatment reaching bellow 140 mmHg and showed no influence of intensive treatment on the primary goal in individuals with diabetes mellitus.Last autumn, SPRINT study was presented and published showing the favourable effect of intensive (i. e. bellow 120 mmHg) blood pressure lowering on combined primary goal which was myocardial infarction, other acute coronary syndromes, ischemic stroke, heart failure or death from cardiovascular reasons. On the other hand, intensive treatment also resulted in statistically significant occurrence of adverse events (hypotension, syncope, renal injury of failure).

[Arterin - a nutritional supplement in the treatment of dyslipidemia: results of a short-term clinical follow-up study]. / Arterin® - doplnek stravy v lécbe dyslipidemie: výsledky krátkodobého klinického sledování.

Elevated LDL-cholesterol levels are among the main risk factors for ischemic heart disease. It can be influenced by pharmacotherapy, but also by changes in eating and life habits. The most recent recommendations on the treatment of dyslipidemia devote special attention to nutritional supplements and functional foods.Key words: arterin (monacolin K) - dyslipidemia - cardiovascular complications - lipid spectrum.