Chest Radiographic Appearance of Minimally Invasive Cardiac Implants and Support Devices: What the Radiologist Needs to Know.

Minimally invasive implantable cardiac devices used in valve repair and replacement, cardiovascular support, and partial chamber and appendageal occlusion represent a burgeoning area of both bioengineering and clinical innovation. In addition to familiarizing the reader with the radiographic appearance of the most commonly utilized and encountered newer devices, this review will also address the relevant clinical and pathophysiological indications for usage and deployment as well as potentially encountered complications.

Quantitative Imaging Markers of Lung Function in a Smoking Population Distinguish COPD Subgroups with Differential Lung Cancer Risk.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous condition with respect to onset, progression, and response to therapy. Incorporating clinical- and imaging-based features to refine COPD phenotypes provides valuable information beyond that obtained from traditional clinical evaluations. We characterized the spectrum of COPD-related phenotypes in a sample of former and current smokers and evaluated how these subgroups differ with respect to sociodemographic characteristics, COPD-related comorbidities, and subsequent risk of lung cancer. METHODS: White (N = 659) and African American (N = 520) male and female participants without lung cancer (controls) in the INHALE study who completed a chest CT scan, interview, and spirometry test were used to define distinct COPD-related subgroups based on hierarchical clustering. Seven variables were used to define clusters: pack years, quit years, FEV1/FVC, % predicted FEV1, and from quantitative CT (qCT) imaging, % emphysema, % air trapping, and mean lung density ratio. Cluster definitions were then applied to INHALE lung cancer cases (N = 576) to evaluate lung cancer risk. RESULTS: Five clusters were identified that differed significantly with respect to sociodemographic (e.g., race, age) and clinical (e.g., BMI, limitations due to breathing difficulties) characteristics. Increased risk of lung cancer was associated with increasingly detrimental lung function clusters (when ordered from most detrimental to least detrimental). CONCLUSIONS: Measures of lung function vary considerably among smokers and are not fully explained by smoking intensity. IMPACT: Combining clinical (spirometry) and radiologic (qCT) measures of COPD defines a spectrum of lung disease that predicts lung cancer risk differentially among patient clusters.

Risk of Lung Cancer Associated with COPD Phenotype Based on Quantitative Image Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for lung cancer. This study evaluates alternative measures of COPD based on spirometry and quantitative image analysis to better define a phenotype that predicts lung cancer risk. METHODS: A total of 341 lung cancer cases and 752 volunteer controls, ages 21 to 89 years, participated in a structured interview, standardized CT scan, and spirometry. Logistic regression, adjusted for age, race, gender, pack-years, and inspiratory and expiratory total lung volume, was used to estimate the odds of lung cancer associated with FEV1/FVC, percent voxels less than -950 Hounsfield units on the inspiratory scan (HUI) and percent voxels less than -856 HU on expiratory scan (HUE). RESULTS: The odds of lung cancer were increased 1.4- to 3.1-fold among those with COPD compared with those without, regardless of assessment method; however, in multivariable modeling, only percent voxels <-856 HUE as a continuous measure of air trapping [OR = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.06] and FEV1/FVC < 0.70 (OR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.21-2.41) were independent predictors of lung cancer risk. Nearly 10% of lung cancer cases were negative on all objective measures of COPD. CONCLUSION: Measures of air trapping using quantitative imaging, in addition to FEV1/FVC, can identify individuals at high risk of lung cancer and should be considered as supplementary measures at the time of screening for lung cancer. IMPACT: Quantitative measures of air trapping based on imaging provide additional information for the identification of high-risk groups who might benefit the most from lung cancer screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(9); 1341-7. ©2016 AACR.

Final results of the Lung Screening Study, a randomized feasibility study of spiral CT versus chest X-ray screening for lung cancer.

The Lung Screening Study (LSS) was a pilot study designed to assess the feasibility of conducting a large scale randomized controlled trial (RCT) of low radiation dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) versus chest X-ray (CXR) for lung cancer screening. Baseline results of LSS have been previously reported. Here, we report on the findings at the year one screen and on the final results of the LSS study. A total of 1660 subjects were randomized to the LDCT arm and 1658 to the CXR arm. Compliance with screening declined from 96% at baseline to 86% at year one in the LDCT arm and declined from 93% at baseline to 80% at year one in the CXR arm. Positivity rates for the year one screen were 25.8% for LDCT and 8.7% for CXR. Cancer yield was significantly less at year one for LDCT, 0.57%, than at baseline, 1.9%; cancer yield for CXR increased from 0.45% at baseline to 0.68% at year one. Forty lung cancers in the LDCT arm and 20 in the CXR arm were diagnosed over the study period. Stage I cancers comprised 48% of cases in the LDCT arm and 40% in the CXR arm. A total of 16 stage III-IV cancers were observed in the LDCT arm versus nine in the CXR arm. The LSS has established the feasibility of a RCT comparing annual spiral CT to chest X-ray for lung cancer screening.

Interval lung cancers not detected on screening chest X-rays: How are they different?

BACKGROUND: The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial provides us an opportunity to describe interval lung cancers not detected by screening chest X-ray (CXR) compared to screen-detected cancers. METHODS: Participants were screened for lung cancer with CXR at baseline and annually for two (never smokers) or three (ever smokers) more years. Screen-detected cancers were those with a positive CXR and diagnosed within 12 months. Putative interval cancers were those with a negative CXR screen but with a diagnosis of lung cancer within 12 months. Potential interval cancers were re-reviewed to determine whether lung cancer was missed and probably present during the initial interpretation or whether the lesion was a "true interval" cancer. RESULTS: 77,445 participants were randomized to the intervention arm with 70,633 screened. Of 5227 positive screens from any screening round, 299 resulted in screen-detected lung cancers; 151 had potential interval cancers with 127 CXR available for re-review. Cancer was probably present in 45/127 (35.4%) at time of screening; 82 (64.6%) were "true interval" cancers. Compared to screen-detected cancers, true interval cancers were more common among males, persons with <12 years education and those with a history of smoking. True interval lung cancers were more often small cell, 28.1% vs. 7.4%, and less often adenocarcinoma, 25.6% vs. 56.2% (p<0.001), more advanced stage IV (30.5% vs. 16.6%, p<0.02), and less likely to be in the right upper lobe, 17.1% vs. 36.1% (p<0.02). CONCLUSION: True interval lung cancers differ from CXR-screen-detected cancers with regard to demographic variables, stage, cell type and location. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00002540.

Asymptomatic bowel perforation by abandoned ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

We report a case of an abandoned abdominal ventriculoperitoneal shunt that migrated into the gastric antrum, colonic hepatic flexure, and liver parenchyma, which was discovered incidentally on an abdominal CT obtained for renal stones. In regards to the migrated abandoned VP shunt, the patient was asymptomatic. Upon review of prior CT scans, these findings had progressed over approximately 7 years. We describe the case and discuss the clinical and radiologic findings, complications resulting from ventriculoperitoneal shunts, and possible approaches to their management.

Developmental lung anomalies in the adult: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

Encountering a developmental lung anomaly in the adult can be a challenge, as the abnormality may be mistaken for something more sinister. The common anomalies encountered are classified into three broad categories: bronchopulmonary (lung bud) anomalies, vascular anomalies, and combined lung and vascular anomalies. The imaging features of these developmental anomalies at conventional radiography, ventilation-perfusion lung nuclear scanning, angiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are useful in differential diagnosis of thoracic lesions. Lung bud anomalies include agenesis, congenital bronchial atresia, congenital lobar emphysema, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, pulmonary bronchogenic cysts, tracheal or pig bronchus, and accessory cardiac bronchus. Vascular anomalies include interruption or absence of a main pulmonary artery, anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the right, anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (partial or complete), and pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Combined lung and vascular anomalies include the hypogenetic lung (scimitar) syndrome and bronchopulmonary sequestration, both intralobar and extralobar.