Venous spot sign: Indicator of rapid hematoma expansion in venous thrombosis type of submission: Case reports.

BACKGROUND: The term "spot sign" was coined by Wada et al in 2007 and thought to be due to ongoing arterial bleeding in primary intraparenchymal haemorrhage (IPH).1 Spot sign has also been described in the context of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH).2 Over the years arterial spot signs have been found to correlate with intraparenchymal hematoma expansion, worse clinical outcomes and increased risk of surgical intervention.3 We are describing a unique instance of a spot sign in venous sinus thrombosis that initially misled the clinical diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: An 83-year-old woman on dual antiplatelet therapy, with a history of minor stroke, presented with sudden right-sided weakness and dysarthria. Serial CT brain imaging revealed rapidly enlarging intraparenchymal haemorrhage (IPH). Contrast enhanced CT displayed multiple spot signs typically associated with arterial bleeding pattern. Initially possibility of antithrombotic related IPH was kept, however venogram confirmed venous pathology with focal superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (SSS). Unfortunately, the patient deteriorated and eventually succumbed to the illness before the diagnosis could be made. CONCLUSION: The case exemplifies the potential of venous sinus thrombosis to manifest as a spot sign, thereby emphasizing the need for a broader differential diagnosis. The rarity of venous spot signs may be attributed to patient-specific venous anatomy and poor collateralization in the occluded sinus territory.

The Management of Intracranial Aneurysms: Current Trends and Future Directions.

Intracranial aneurysms represent a major global health burden. Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is a catastrophic event. Without access to treatment, the fatality rate is 50% in the first 30 days. Over the last three decades, treatment approaches for intracranial aneurysms have changed dramatically. There have been improvements in the medical management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, and there has been an evolution of treatment strategies. Endovascular therapy is now the mainstay of the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms based on robust randomised controlled trial data. There is now an expansion of treatment indications for unruptured intracranial aneurysms to prevent rupture with both microsurgical clipping and endovascular treatment. Both microsurgical and endovascular treatment modalities have evolved, in particular with the introduction of innovative endovascular treatment options including flow diversion and intra-saccular flow disruption. These novel therapies allow clinicians to treat more complex and previously untreatable aneurysms. We aim to review the evolution of treatment strategies for intracranial aneurysms over time, and discuss emerging technologies that could further improve treatment safety and functional outcomes for patients with an intracranial aneurysm.

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound to evaluate the risk of hyperperfusion after endovascular stroke thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) has been reported in up to 50% of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with a large vessel occlusion (LVO) treated with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). HT may be driven by postrecanalization hyperperfusion injury and is independently associated with worse functional outcomes. Strategies to identify patients at risk for HT may assist in developing preventive therapies. METHODS: We prospectively included adult AIS patients with an anterior circulation LVO achieving successful recanalization after EVT. Consenting participants received transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) within 18 hours of procedure completion. We compared flow velocities according to the presence of HT on the computed tomography scan performed within the first 24±12 hours from the end of EVT. We also evaluated the association of flow velocities with systemic blood pressure (BP) readings at the time of insonation. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients consented to participate in the study. Six (12%) were excluded due to the absence of temporal windows. HT was detected in 20 participants (48%). Those with HT had higher peak systolic velocities on the middle cerebral arteries compared to those without HT for both the symptomatic (107±42 vs. 82±25 cm/second, p = .024) and asymptomatic (97±21 vs. 81±25 cm/second, p = .040) sides. No correlation of flow velocities on either the symptomatic or asymptomatic side and BP measurements at the time of insonation was detected. CONCLUSION: TCD can identify patients at risk of HT following successful EVT. TCD could serve as an inexpensive ancillary test to guide participant selection for clinical trials targeting postprocedural reperfusion injury.

Clinical uncertainty in large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke: does automated perfusion imaging make a difference? An intra-rater and inter-rater agreement study.

BACKGROUND: Limited research exists regarding the impact of neuroimaging on endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) decisions for late-window cases of large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke. OBJECTIVE: T0 assess whether perfusion CT imaging: (1) alters the proportion of recommendations for EVT, and (2) enhances the reliability of EVT decision-making compared with non-contrast CT and CT angiography. METHODS: We conducted a survey using 30 patients drawn from an institutional database of 3144 acute stroke cases. These were presented to 29 Canadian physicians with and without perfusion imaging. We used non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals and difference in agreement classification as criteria to suggest a difference between the Gwet AC1 statistics (κG). RESULTS: The percentage of EVT recommendations differed by 1.1% with or without perfusion imaging. Individual decisions changed in 21.4% of cases (11.3% against EVT and 10.1% in favor). Inter-rater agreement (κG) among the 29 raters was similar between non-perfusion and perfusion CT neuroimaging (κG=0.487; 95% CI 0.327 to 0.647 and κG=0.552; 95% CI 0.430 to 0.675). The 95% CIs overlapped with moderate agreement in both. Intra-rater agreement exhibited overlapping 95% CIs for all 28 raters. κG was either substantial or excellent (0.81-1) for 71.4% (20/28) of raters in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the minimal difference in overall EVT recommendations with either neuroimaging protocol one in five decisions changed with perfusion imaging. Regarding agreement we found that the use of automated CT perfusion images does not significantly impact the reliability of EVT decisions for patients with late-window LVO.

Pain Assessment in Indian Parkinson's Disease Patients Using King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale.

BACKGROUND: Pain is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Scales to rate pain in PD are marred by several flaws, either not being available in other languages or not specific for PD. OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of pain among bilingual Indian PD patients using "King's Parkinson's disease pain scale" (KPPS) and to validate it. METHODS: We randomly administered KPPS in Hindi/English to all consecutive bilingual persons with PD. The results were appropriately analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 119 PD patients were enrolled with a mean age of 64.34 (± 9.57) years. Median Hoehn and Yahr stage was 2 (42.85%). Pain was present in 62 (52.1%) PD patients. The most common type was musculoskeletal (74.19%). The mean total KPPS score was 16.02 ± 10.57. KPPS score was significantly higher in women and correlated positively with unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) part 2 and 4 scores (r = 0.27 and r = 0.25). Risk factors for pain were female gender, higher H and Y stage, total UPDRS score, and individual UPDRS part 3 and 4 scores. Difficulty falling asleep (P = 0.01), frequent awakenings (P = 0.01), diminished smell sensation (P = 0.003), diminished speech volume (P = 0.02), gait freezing (P = 0.03), and falls (P = 0.001) correlated with the presence of pain. The interclass correlation coefficient between the Hindi and English versions of KPPS was 0.835, while Bland-Altman analysis showed 96.7% agreement suggesting excellent correlation and validation. CONCLUSIONS: KPPS is an easy tool for characterization, scoring, and follow-up of pain in PD patients. The Hindi version has good agreement with the original English version.

Writer's cramp in spinocerebellar ataxia Type 1.

Dystonia can be encountered in a small subset of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), but task specific dystonia is extremely rare. We report a case of a 48-year-old male with confirmed SCA Type 1 (SCA1) with mild progressive cerebellar ataxia and a prominent and disabling Writer's cramp. This case highlights the ever-expanding phenotypic heterogeneity of the SCA's in general and SCA1 in particular.

Hemifacial spasm: The past, present and future.

Hemifacial spasm is characterised by unilateral contractions of the facial muscles. Though considered to be benign by many people, it can lead to functional blindness and a poor quality of life due to social embarrassment for the suffering individual. Botulinum toxin therapy is an excellent noninvasive tool to treat this condition. However, surgical decompression of the aberrant vessel is also an upcoming approach to therapy for this condition.

Clinicoanatomical correlation in stroke related aphasia.

CONTEXT: With advances in neuroimaging, traditional views regarding the clinicoanatomic correlation in stroke patients with aphasia are being challenged and it has been observed that lesions at a given cortical or subcortical site may manifest with different aphasia profiles. AIMS: To study as to whether there is a strict clinicoanatomical correlation between the type of aphasia and lesion site in patients with first ever stroke. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Observational study, based in a tertiary care center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stroke patient's ≥18 years of age were screened and those with first ever stroke and aphasia were subjected to a detailed stroke workup and language assessment using the Hindi version of Western Aphasia Battery (WAB). Statistical analysis was done with χ(2) test with Yates correction and Kruskal-Wallis test. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Overall aphasia was detected in 27.9% of the 260 screened cases with stroke. Amongst 60 cases with first ever stroke and aphasia, the aphasia type was: Global (33.33%), Broca's (28.3%), transcortical motor (13.33%), transcortical sensory (10%), Wernicke's (8.33%), anomic (5%), and conduction (1.67%) aphasia. A definite correlation between the lesion site and the type of aphasia as per the traditional classification was observed in 35% cases only. CONCLUSIONS: No absolute correlation exists between the lesion site and the type of clinical aphasia syndrome in majority of the patients with cortical and subcortical stroke.