Eating behavior trajectories in the first 10 years of life and their relationship with BMI.

BACKGROUND: Child eating behaviors are highly heterogeneous and their longitudinal impact on childhood weight is unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize eating behaviors during the first 10 years of life and evaluate associations with BMI at age 11 years. METHOD: Data were parental reports of eating behaviors from 15 months to age 10 years (n = 12,048) and standardized body mass index (zBMI) at age 11 years (n = 4884) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Latent class growth analysis was used to derive latent classes of over-, under-, and fussy-eating. Linear regression models for zBMI at 11 years on each set of classes were fitted to assess associations with eating behavior trajectories. RESULTS: We identified four classes of overeating; "low stable" (70%), "low transient" (15%), "late increasing" (11%), and "early increasing" (6%). The "early increasing" class was associated with higher zBMI (boys: ß = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.02; girls: ß = 1.1; 0.92, 1.28) compared with "low stable." Six classes were found for undereating; "low stable" (25%), "low transient" (37%), "low decreasing" (21%), "high transient" (11%), "high decreasing" (4%), and "high stable" (2%). The latter was associated with lower zBMI (boys: ß = -0.79; -1.15, -0.42; girls: ß = -0.76; -1.06, -0.45). Six classes were found for fussy eating; "low stable" (23%), "low transient" (15%), "low increasing" (28%), "high decreasing" (14%), "low increasing" (13%), and "high stable" (8%). The "high stable" class was associated with lower zBMI (boys: ß = -0.49; -0.68-0.30; girls: ß = -0.35; -0.52, -0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Early increasing overeating during childhood is associated with higher zBMI at age 11. High persistent levels of undereating and fussy eating are associated with lower zBMI. Longitudinal trajectories of eating behaviors may help identify children potentially at risk of adverse weight outcomes.

A longitudinal study of eating behaviours in childhood and later eating disorder behaviours and diagnoses.

BACKGROUND: Eating behaviours in childhood are considered as risk factors for eating disorder behaviours and diagnoses in adolescence. However, few longitudinal studies have examined this association. AIMS: We investigated associations between childhood eating behaviours during the first ten years of life and eating disorder behaviours (binge eating, purging, fasting and excessive exercise) and diagnoses (anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, purging disorder and bulimia nervosa) at 16 years. METHOD: Data on 4760 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were included. Longitudinal trajectories of parent-rated childhood eating behaviours (8 time points, 1.3-9 years) were derived by latent class growth analyses. Eating disorder diagnoses were derived from self-reported, parent-reported and objectively measured anthropometric data at age 16 years. We estimated associations between childhood eating behaviours and eating disorder behaviours and diagnoses, using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Childhood overeating was associated with increased risk of adolescent binge eating (risk difference, 7%; 95% CI 2 to 12) and binge eating disorder (risk difference, 1%; 95% CI 0.2 to 3). Persistent undereating was associated with higher anorexia nervosa risk in adolescent girls only (risk difference, 6%; 95% CI, 0 to 12). Persistent fussy eating was associated with greater anorexia nervosa risk (risk difference, 2%; 95% CI 0 to 4). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest continuities of eating behaviours into eating disorders from early life to adolescence. It remains to be determined whether childhood eating behaviours are an early manifestation of a specific phenotype or whether the mechanisms underlying this continuity are more complex. Findings have the potential to inform preventative strategies for eating disorders.

Inequities in access to mammographic screening in Brazil.

Our objectives with this study were to describe the spatial distribution of mammographic screening coverage across small geographical areas (micro-regions) in Brazil, and to analyze whether the observed differences were associated with spatial inequities in socioeconomic conditions, provision of health care, and healthcare services utilization. We performed an area-based ecological study on mammographic screening coverage in the period of 2010-2011 regarding socioeconomic and healthcare variables. The units of analysis were the 438 health micro-regions in Brazil. Spatial regression models were used to study these relationships. There was marked variability in mammographic coverage across micro-regions (median = 21.6%; interquartile range: 8.1%-37.9%). Multivariable analyses identified high household income inequality, low number of radiologists/100,000 inhabitants, low number of mammography machines/10,000 inhabitants, and low number of mammograms performed by each machine as independent correlates of poor mammographic coverage at the micro-region level. There was evidence of strong spatial dependence of these associations, with changes in one micro-region affecting neighboring micro-regions, and also of geographical heterogeneities. There were substantial inequities in access to mammographic screening across micro-regions in Brazil, in 2010-2011, with coverage being higher in those with smaller wealth inequities and better access to health care.

[Mammographic over-screening: evaluation based on probabilistic linkage of records databases from the Breast Cancer Information System (SISMAMA)]. / Sobrerrastreio mamográfico: avaliação a partir de bases identificadas do Sistema de Informação do Câncer de Mama (SISMAMA).

The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends biennial mammographic screening for women aged between 50 and 69 years. Since screening is opportunistic in the country, the actual periodicity varies. This study sought to test a methodology for estimating over-screening due to excessive periodicity, defined as a smaller than recommended interval between exams, and its association with socio-demographic characteristics. A cohort of women who underwent mammography in 2010, and whose result was normal, was assembled through probabilistic linkage SISMAMA records based on a set of personal identifiers. We used data from women living in the micro health region of Juiz de Fora/Lima Duarte/Bom Jardim, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, who were followed in the System until the end of 2012. The rate of over-screening was 150/1,000 women/year (95%CI: 144.9-155.9), affecting 21% of women. Over-screening increased by 24% during Pink October campaigns (adjusted HR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.15-1.35). The shorter the time passed since the last mammogram, the greater the odds of over-screening. Compared with women who had never had a mammogram prior to 2010, women who had had one in the previous 2 years were two times more likely to be over-screened (adjusted HR = 2.01; 95%CI: 1.74-2.31) whilst those who had had a mammogram ≤ 1 year previously were three times more likely to be over-screened (adjusted HR = 3.27; 95%CI: 2.87-3.73). Over-screening was substantial in this population, excessively exposing women to the risks of screening with no additional benefits and overestimating mammogram coverage. The methodology proved to be successful and should be applied to representative populations in order to guide breast cancer control policies.

Inequities in access to mammographic screening in Brazil / Inequidades no acesso ao rastreamento por mamografia no Brasil / Inequidades en el acceso a las pruebas de cribado mamográfico en Brasil

Abstract: Our objectives with this study were to describe the spatial distribution of mammographic screening coverage across small geographical areas (micro-regions) in Brazil, and to analyze whether the observed differences were associated with spatial inequities in socioeconomic conditions, provision of health care, and healthcare services utilization. We performed an area-based ecological study on mammographic screening coverage in the period of 2010-2011 regarding socioeconomic and healthcare variables. The units of analysis were the 438 health micro-regions in Brazil. Spatial regression models were used to study these relationships. There was marked variability in mammographic coverage across micro-regions (median = 21.6%; interquartile range: 8.1%-37.9%). Multivariable analyses identified high household income inequality, low number of radiologists/100,000 inhabitants, low number of mammography machines/10,000 inhabitants, and low number of mammograms performed by each machine as independent correlates of poor mammographic coverage at the micro-region level. There was evidence of strong spatial dependence of these associations, with changes in one micro-region affecting neighboring micro-regions, and also of geographical heterogeneities. There were substantial inequities in access to mammographic screening across micro-regions in Brazil, in 2010-2011, with coverage being higher in those with smaller wealth inequities and better access to health care.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivos descrever a distribuição espacial do rastreamento por mamografia entre áreas geográficas pequenas (microrregiões) no Brasil, além de investigar se as diferenças observadas estavam associadas a inequidades espaciais nas condições socioeconômicas, na prestação de assistência à saúde e no uso de serviços de saúde. Este foi um estudo ecológico de base territorial, comparando a cobertura do rastreamento por mamografia em 2010-2011 com fatores socioeconômicos e de cuidados de saúde. O estudo usou 438 microrregiões sanitárias brasileiras como as unidades analíticas. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão espacial para estudar as associações. Houve uma importante variabilidade na cobertura por mamografia entre microrregiões (mediana = 21,6%; variação interquartil: 8,1%-37,9%). A análise multivariada identificou: forte desigualdade na renda familiar, número baixo de radiologistas/100 mil habitantes, número baixo de aparelhos de mamografia/10 mil habitantes e número baixo de mamografias realizadas com cada aparelho enquanto correlatos independentes da baixa cobertura mamográfica no nível microrregional. Houve evidência de forte dependência espacial nessas associações, em que as mudanças em uma microrregião afetavam as microrregiões vizinhas, além de heterogeneidade geográfica. O estudo revelou importantes inequidades no acesso ao exame de mamografia entre microrregiões brasileiras em 2010-2011, com cobertura mais alta nas microrregiões com menor desigualdade de renda e melhor acesso geral aos cuidados de saúde.

Resumen: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la distribución espacial de la cobertura del cribado mamográfico, a través de pequeñas áreas geográficas (microrregiones) en Brasil, y examinar si las diferencias observadas estuvieron asociadas con inequidades espaciales, en términos de condiciones socioeconómicas, sistema de atención de salud, y utilización de servicios de salud. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, basado en áreas incluidas en la cobertura de cribado mamográfico durante 2010-2011 y relacionadas con variables socioeconómicas y de salud. Las unidades de análisis fueron 438 microrregiones de salud en Brasil. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión espacial para estudiar estas relaciones existentes. Hubo una variabilidad marcada en relación con la cobertura mamográfica a través de las microrregiones (media = 21.6%; rango intercuartílico: 8,1%-37,9%). Los análisis multivariables identificaron una alta inequidad en los ingresos por hogar, bajo número de radiólogos/100,000 habitantes, bajo número de máquinas de mamografía/10.000 habitantes, y un bajo número de mamografías realizadas por cada máquina, lo que está independiente correlacionado con la baja cobertura de mamografías en el nivel de microrregión. Hubo evidencias de una dependencia espacial fuerte de estas asociaciones, con cambios en una microrregión afectando a microrregiones vecinas, y también de heterogeneidades geográficas. Hubo inequidades sustanciales en el acceso al cribado mamográfico a través de las microrregiones en Brasil, en 2010-2011, con una cobertura superior en aquellas con pequeñas inequidades respecto a la riqueza y mejor acceso a los servicios de salud.

Sobrerrastreio mamográfico: avaliação a partir de bases identificadas do Sistema de Informação do Câncer de Mama (SISMAMA) / Mammographic over-screening: evaluation based on probabilistic linkage of records databases from the Breast Cancer Information System (SISMAMA) / Exceso de pruebas mamográficas: evaluación a partir de las bases identificadas en el Sistema de Información del Cáncer de Mama (SISMAMA)

Resumo: No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde recomenda o rastreamento mamográfico bienal para mulheres entre 50-69 anos. Como o rastreamento é oportunístico no país, a periodicidade efetiva varia. Esse estudo visou a testar metodologia para a estimação do sobrerrastreio por periodicidade excessiva, definido como intervalo entre exames menores que o preconizado e sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas. Trata-se de uma coorte de mulheres com mamografia de rastreamento de resultado normal em 2010, obtida por relacionamento probabilístico valendo-se das bases identificadas do SISMAMA. Foram utilizados dados referentes a mulheres residentes na microrregião de saúde de Juiz de Fora/Lima Duarte/Bom Jardim, Minas Gerais, Brasil, acompanhadas no Sistema até o fim de 2012. A taxa de sobrerrastreio foi de 150/mil mulheres/ano (IC95%: 144,9-155,9), atingindo 21% das mulheres. O sobrerrastreio aumentou 24% durante as campanhas Outubro Rosa (HR ajustada = 1,24; IC95%: 1,15-1,35). Quanto menor o tempo desde a última mamografia, maior foi a chance de sobrerrastreio. Em relação a mulheres que nunca tinham feito mamografia anterior a 2010, as que fizeram há 2 anos foram 2 vezes mais sobrerrastreadas (HR ajustada = 2,01; IC95%: 1,74-2,31) e há ≤ 1 ano 3 vezes mais (HR ajustada: 3,27; IC95%: 2,87-3,73). Nessa população, o sobrerrastreio foi substancial, expondo excessivamente as mulheres aos riscos do rastreamento sem benefício adicional e superestimando a cobertura mamográfica. A metodologia mostrou-se efetiva e deve ser aplicada em populações representativas para orientar políticas de controle de câncer de mama.

Abstract: The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends biennial mammographic screening for women aged between 50 and 69 years. Since screening is opportunistic in the country, the actual periodicity varies. This study sought to test a methodology for estimating over-screening due to excessive periodicity, defined as a smaller than recommended interval between exams, and its association with socio-demographic characteristics. A cohort of women who underwent mammography in 2010, and whose result was normal, was assembled through probabilistic linkage SISMAMA records based on a set of personal identifiers. We used data from women living in the micro health region of Juiz de Fora/Lima Duarte/Bom Jardim, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, who were followed in the System until the end of 2012. The rate of over-screening was 150/1,000 women/year (95%CI: 144.9-155.9), affecting 21% of women. Over-screening increased by 24% during Pink October campaigns (adjusted HR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.15-1.35). The shorter the time passed since the last mammogram, the greater the odds of over-screening. Compared with women who had never had a mammogram prior to 2010, women who had had one in the previous 2 years were two times more likely to be over-screened (adjusted HR = 2.01; 95%CI: 1.74-2.31) whilst those who had had a mammogram ≤ 1 year previously were three times more likely to be over-screened (adjusted HR = 3.27; 95%CI: 2.87-3.73). Over-screening was substantial in this population, excessively exposing women to the risks of screening with no additional benefits and overestimating mammogram coverage. The methodology proved to be successful and should be applied to representative populations in order to guide breast cancer control policies.

Resumen: En Brasil, el Ministerio de Salud recomienda pruebas mamográficas bienales para mujeres entre 50-69 años. Como las pruebas se realizan ocasionalmente en el país, la periodicidad efectiva varía. El objetivo de este estudio fue probar la metodología para la estimación del exceso de pruebas por periodicidad excesiva, definido como un intervalo menor entre exámenes que el preconizado, y su asociación con variables sociodemográficas. Se trata de una cohorte de mujeres con mamografías para la detección de cáncer con un resultado normal en 2010, obtenida mediante relación probabilística, haciendo uso de las bases identificadas del SISMAMA. Se utilizaron datos referentes a mujeres, residentes en la microrregión de salud de Juiz de Fora/Lima Duarte/Bom Jardim, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, a quienes se les realizó un seguimiento en el sistema hasta finales de 2012. La tasa de exceso pruebas fue de 150/1.000 mujeres/año (IC95%: 144,9-155,9), alcanzando un 21% de las mujeres. El exceso de pruebas aumento un 24% durante las campañas Octubre Rosa (HR ajustada = 1,24; IC95%: 1,15-1,35). Cuanto menor era el tiempo desde la última mamografía, mayor fue la oportunidad de exceso de pruebas. En relación con mujeres que nunca se habían hecho una mamografía anterior a 2010, en quienes se la hicieron hace 2 años hubo 2 veces más exceso de pruebas (HR ajustada = 2,01; IC95%: 1,74-2,31) y hace ≤ 1 año 3 veces más (HR ajustada = 3,27; IC95%: 2,87-3,73). En esta población, el exceso de pruebas fue sustancial, exponiendo excesivamente a las mujeres a los riesgos de la detección sin beneficio adicional y sobrevalorando la cobertura mamográfica. La metodología se mostró efectiva y se debe aplicar en poblaciones representativas para orientar políticas de control de cáncer de mama.