Sex and age distributions of persons in foodborne disease outbreaks and associations with food categories.

Sex and age differences in food preferences may be reflected in the demographics of outbreaks. Outbreaks from 1998-2015 with a single confirmed implicated food source in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System were analysed using logistic regression to assess associations between a food category, sex and age. Males were more likely to be involved in outbreaks attributed to beef, pork, game, dairy and shellfish; females were more likely to be involved in grains-beans, nuts-seeds, fruits, sprouts and vegetable row crops outbreaks. Children <5-years-old were more likely than other age groups to be involved in dairy outbreaks, children 5-19-years-old were most likely to be involved in beef and game outbreaks, adults 20-49-years-old were most likely to be involved in fish, shellfish and sprout outbreaks and adults ⩾50-years-old were most likely to be involved in turkey outbreaks. Age and sex are associated with specific food categories in outbreaks. This information may be useful in helping to identify sources of foodborne disease outbreaks.

Anatomic Location and Mechanism of Injury Correlating with Prehospital Deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma is a large contributor to morbidity and mortality in developing countries. We sought to determine which anatomic injury locations and mechanisms of injury predispose to prehospital mortality in Malawi to help target preventive and therapeutic interventions. We hypothesized that head injury would result in the highest prehospital mortality. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of all trauma patients presenting to Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, from 2008 to 2015. Independent variables included baseline characteristics, anatomic location of primary injury, mechanism of injury, and severity of secondary injuries. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the effect of primary injury location and injury mechanism on prehospital death, after adjusting for confounders. Effect measure modification of the primary injury site/prehospital death relationship by injury mechanism (stratified into intentional and unintentional injury) was assessed. RESULTS: Of 85,806 patients, 701 died in transit (0.8%). Five hundred and five (72%) of these patients sustained a primary head injury. After adjustment, head injury was the anatomic location most associated with prehospital death (OR 11.81 (95% CI 6.96-20.06, p < 0.0001). The mechanisms of injury most associated with prehospital death were gunshot wounds (OR 38.23, 95% CI 17.66-87.78, p < 0.0001) and pedestrian hit by vehicle (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.92-3.55, p < 0.0001). Among head injury patients, the odds of prehospital mortality were higher with unintentional injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Head injuries are the most common causes of prehospital death in Malawi, while pedestrians hit by vehicles are the most common mechanisms. In a resource-poor setting, preventive measures are critical in averting mortality.

Risk factors for repeat hernia repair in women of childbearing age.

PURPOSE: Herniorrhaphy is a source of substantial cost and morbidity. Although women are a substantial proportion of patients seeking repair, gender-specific data, including the influence of childbirth on hernia recurrence, are lacking. Our objective was to estimate the rate and identify risk factors for repeat herniorrhaphy in reproductive-aged women. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of women who underwent herniorrhaphy during June 2000-December 2014 in the United States. Women aged 18-50 who underwent umbilical, incisional/ventral, or inguinal/femoral herniorrhaphy in the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters database were included. Women without a hernia diagnosis or multiple/concurrent index herniorrhaphy types were excluded. Primary outcome of interest was second herniorrhaphy. RESULTS: Of 123,674 women, 13% had a second herniorrhaphy within 10 years; increasing age, comorbidities, childbirth, smoking, obesity, and inpatient procedure were independently associated with increased risk. Cesarean delivery before umbilical herniorrhaphy (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.34, 1.92) and both vaginal (HR 2.57, 95% CI 1.98, 3.34) and cesarean delivery (HR 2.95, 95% CI 2.25, 3.87) after umbilical herniorrhaphy were associated with increased risk of second herniorrhaphy. Both vaginal (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.13, 2.43) and cesarean delivery (HR 2.72, 95% CI 2.09, 3.53) after incisional/ventral herniorrhaphy and vaginal delivery after inguinal/femoral herniorrhaphy (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.22, 2.51) were associated with increased risk of second herniorrhaphy. CONCLUSIONS: Among reproductive-aged women, childbirth, increasing age, comorbidities, smoking, and obesity increase risk of subsequent herniorrhaphy. Risk of second herniorrhaphy is higher with cesarean delivery compared to vaginal delivery, and higher for delivery occurring after initial hernia repair compared to before.

Disparities in Emergent Colectomy for Colorectal Cancer Contribute to Inequalities in Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality in The US Health Care System.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among both men and women in the United States. We aimed to determine racial and socioeconomic disparities in emergent colectomy rates for colorectal cancer in the US Health Care system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample including adult patients (⩾18 years) diagnosed with colorectal cancer, and who underwent colorectal resection while admitted between 2008 and 2015. Multivariable logistic and linear regression were used to assess the association between emergent admissions, compared to elective admissions, and postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 141,641 hospitalizations were included: 93,775 (66%) were elective admissions and 47,866 (34%) were emergent admissions. Black patients were more likely to undergo emergent colectomy, compared to white patients (42% vs 32%, p < 0.0001). Medicaid and Medicare patients were also more likely to have an emergent colectomy, compared to private insurance (47% and 36% vs 25%, respectively, p < 0.0001), as were patients with low household income, compared to highest (38% vs 31%, p < 0.0001). Emergent procedures were less likely to be laparoscopic (19% vs 38%, p < 0.0001). Patients undergoing emergent colectomy were significantly more likely to have postoperative venous thromboembolism, wound complications, infection, bleeding, cardiac failure, renal failure, respiratory failure, shock, and inpatient mortality. CONCLUSION: There are significant racial and socioeconomic disparities in emergent colectomy rates for colorectal cancer. Efforts to reduce this disparity in colorectal cancer surgery patients should be prioritized to improve outcomes.