Biology and Clinical Implications of the 19q13 Aggressive Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Locus.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified rs11672691 at 19q13 associated with aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we independently confirmed the finding in a cohort of 2,738 PCa patients and discovered the biological mechanism underlying this association. We found an association of the aggressive PCa-associated allele G of rs11672691 with elevated transcript levels of two biologically plausible candidate genes, PCAT19 and CEACAM21, implicated in PCa cell growth and tumor progression. Mechanistically, rs11672691 resides in an enhancer element and alters the binding site of HOXA2, a novel oncogenic transcription factor with prognostic potential in PCa. Remarkably, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated single-nucleotide editing showed the direct effect of rs11672691 on PCAT19 and CEACAM21 expression and PCa cellular aggressive phenotype. Clinical data demonstrated synergistic effects of rs11672691 genotype and PCAT19/CEACAM21 gene expression on PCa prognosis. These results provide a plausible mechanism for rs11672691 associated with aggressive PCa and thus lay the ground work for translating this finding to the clinic.

Identification of novel homozygous variants in FOXE3 and AP4M1 underlying congenital syndromic anophthalmia and microphthalmia.

BACKGROUND: Anophthalmia and microphthalmia are severe developmental ocular disorders that affect the size of the ocular globe and can be unilateral or bilateral. The disease is found in syndromic as well as non-syndromic forms. It is genetically caused by chromosomal aberrations, copy number variations and single gene mutations, along with non-genetic factors such as viral infections, deficiency of vitamin A and an exposure to alcohol or drugs during pregnancy. To date, more than 30 genes having different modes of inheritance patterns are identified as causing anophthalmia and microphthalmia. METHODS: In the present study, a clinical and genetic analysis was performed of six patients with anophthalmia and microphthalmia and/or additional phenotypes of intellectual disability, developmental delay and cerebral palsy from a large consanguineous Pakistani family. Whole exome sequencing followed by data analysis for variants prioritization and validation through Sanger sequencing was performed to identify the disease causing variant(s). American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines were applied to classify clinical interpretation of the prioritized variants. RESULTS: Clinical investigations revealed that the affected individuals are afflicted with anophthalmia. Three of the patients showed additional phenotype of intellectual disability, developmental delays and other neurological symptoms. Whole exome sequencing of the DNA samples of the affected members in the family identified a novel homozygous stop gain mutation (NM_012186: c.106G>T: p.Glu36*) in Forkhead Box E3 (FOXE3) gene shared by all affected individuals. Moreover, patients segregating additional phenotypes of spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, hearing loss and microcephaly showed an additional homozygous sequence variant (NM_004722: c.953G>A: p.Arg318Gln) in AP4M1. Sanger sequencing validated the correct segregation of the identified variants in the affected family. ACMG guidelines predicted the variants to be pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS: We have investigated first case of syndromic anophthalmia caused by variants in the FOXE3 and AP4M1. The present findings are helpful for understanding pathological role of the mutations of the genes in syndromic forms of anophthalmia. Furthermore, the study signifies searching for the identification of second variant in families with patients exhibiting variable phenotypes. In addition, the findings will help clinical geneticists, genetic counselors and the affected family with respect to prenatal testing, family planning and genetic counseling.

Clinical exome sequencing reveals a novel pathogenic variant in KIF12 underlying cholestasis with highly variable phenotypes.

Four affected individuals from a large consanguineous family were diagnosed with variable phenotypes of cholestasis based on their clinical laboratory and biopsy findings. Cholestasis is a condition when there is not enough bile flow between liver and small intestine. Two of the affected individuals (IV-1, IV-4) died of cholestatic liver at an early age, while the other two patients are alive with chronic liver disease. Clinical exome and Sanger sequencing identified a novel homozygous pathogenic variant (c.482-7_500del) in the patients.

Whole exome sequencing identified a novel splice donor site variant in interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain.

Interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain (IL-2Rα or CD25) deficiency (OMIM #606367) is an immune dysregulation disorder segregating in autosomal recessive form. The disease is caused by biallelic variants in the IL-2Rα gene encoding IL-2Rα also known as CD25 protein. IL-2Rα combines with γ and ß chains of interleukin 2 receptor to form a functional interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R). In the present study, we identified a Pakistani family presenting a unique presentation of IL-2Rα deficiency. Clinical whole exome sequencing revealed a novel splice donor site variant (NM_001378789.1 (NP_001365718); c.64 + 1G > A) in the IL-2Rα gene. American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines interpreted the identified variant as likely pathogenic. The IL-2Rα gene mutation usually presents with autoimmunity and immunodeficiency but in our patient, it presents with congenital diarrhea, metabolic crisis, and strong family history of death in infancy due to the similar complications. Her congenital diarrhea is attributed to autoimmunity in the form of autoimmune enteropathy and eczema. The laboratory findings revealed severe metabolic acidosis hypokalemia and elevated lactate and ammonia levels. This is a new presentation of IL-2Rα gene mutation. The present study highlights the importance of clinical whole exome sequencing in the correct diagnosis of congenital disorders. The study will also help clinical geneticists for genetic counseling and prevention of the disease in the affected family.

A novel nonsense variant in EXOC8 underlies a neurodevelopmental disorder.

Human exocyst complex is an evolutionary conserved multimeric complex composed of proteins encoded by eight genes EXOC1-EXOC8. It is known that the exocyst complex plays a role in ciliogenesis, cytokinesis, cell migration, autophagy, and fusion of secretory vesicles. Recently, loss of function variants in EXOC7 and EXOC8 has been associated with abnormalities of cerebral cortical development leading to a neurodevelopmental phenotype. Neurodevelopmental disorders are a huge group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders. In the present study, we recruited a large consanguineous family segregating a neurodevelopmental disorder in an autosomal recessive form. We performed clinical phenotyping by imaging the patient's brain followed by whole exome sequencing examining DNA from two affected individuals. The clinical phenotypes of the disease were suggestive of brain atrophy. Clinical examination revealed intellectual impairment with hypertonia and brisk reflexes. WES followed by Sanger sequencing revealed a novel homozygous nonsense mutation [EXOC8; NM_175876.5; c.1714G > T; p.(Glu572Ter)] in the DNA of affected individuals. Both parents of the patients were heterozygous for the identified mutation. All the pathogenicity prediction softwares predicted the identified variant as disease causing. This study reports a second protein-truncating variant in EXOC8. The findings confirm that loss of function variants in EXOC8 underlies a neurodevelopmental disorder. The identification of a protein-truncating variant in EXOC8 in the current study can be helpful in establishing genotype-phenotype correlations. Our results also provide new insights into genetic counseling and clinical management for the affected individuals.

Genetic Underpinnings of Fasting and Oral Glucose-stimulated Based Insulin Sensitivity Indices.

CONTEXT: Insulin sensitivity (IS) is an important factor in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and can be estimated by many different indices. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the genetic components underlying IS indices obtained from fasting and oral glucose-stimulated plasma glucose and serum insulin levels. METHODS: We computed 21 IS indices, classified as fasting, OGTT0,120, and OGTT0,30,120 indices, using fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) data in 2 cohorts. We used data from a family cohort (n = 313) to estimate the heritability and the genetic and phenotypic correlations of IS indices. The population cohort, Inter99 (n = 5343), was used to test for associations between IS indices and 426 genetic variants known to be associated with T2D. RESULTS: Heritability estimates of IS indices ranged between 19% and 38%. Fasting and OGTT0,30,120 indices had high genetic (ρG) and phenotypic (ρP) pairwise correlations (ρG and ρP: 0.88 to 1) The OGTT0,120 indices displayed a wide range of pairwise correlations (ρG: 0.17-1.00 and ρP: 0.13-0.97). We identified statistically significant associations between IS indices and established T2D-associated variants. The PPARG rs11709077 variant was associated only with fasting indices and PIK3R rs4976033 only with OGTT0,30,120 indices. The variants in FAM63A/MINDY1, GCK, C2CD4A/B, and FTO loci were associated only with OGTT0,120 indices. CONCLUSION: Even though the IS indices mostly share a common genetic background, notable differences emerged between OGTT0,120 indices. The fasting and OGTT-based indices have distinct associations with T2D risk variants. This work provides a basis for future large-scale genetic investigations into the differences between IS indices.

Trisk 95 as a novel skin mirror for normal and diabetic systemic glucose level.

Developing trustworthy, cost effective, minimally or non-invasive glucose sensing strategies is of great need for diabetic patients. In this study, we used an experimental type I diabetic mouse model to examine whether the skin would provide novel means for identifying biomarkers associated with blood glucose level. We first showed that skin glucose levels are rapidly influenced by blood glucose concentrations. We then conducted a proteomic screen of murine skin using an experimental in vivo model of type I diabetes and wild-type controls. Among the proteins that increased expression in response to high blood glucose, Trisk 95 expression was significantly induced independently of insulin signalling. A luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the induction of Trisk 95 expression occurs at a transcriptional level and is associated with a marked elevation in the Fluo-4AM signal, suggesting a role for intracellular calcium changes in the signalling cascade. Strikingly, these changes lead concurrently to fragmentation of the mitochondria. Moreover, Trisk 95 knockout abolishes both the calcium flux and the mitochondrial phenotype changes indicating dependency of glucose flux in the skin on Trisk 95 function. The data demonstrate that the skin reacts robustly to systemic blood changes, and that Trisk 95 is a promising biomarker for a glucose monitoring assembly.

High-throughput screening of prostate cancer risk loci by single nucleotide polymorphisms sequencing.

Functional characterization of disease-causing variants at risk loci has been a significant challenge. Here we report a high-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphisms sequencing (SNPs-seq) technology to simultaneously screen hundreds to thousands of SNPs for their allele-dependent protein-binding differences. This technology takes advantage of higher retention rate of protein-bound DNA oligos in protein purification column to quantitatively sequence these SNP-containing oligos. We apply this technology to test prostate cancer-risk loci and observe differential allelic protein binding in a significant number of selected SNPs. We also test a unique application of self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR-seq) in characterizing allele-dependent transcriptional regulation and provide detailed functional analysis at two risk loci (RGS17 and ASCL2). Together, we introduce a powerful high-throughput pipeline for large-scale screening of functional SNPs at disease risk loci.

A Large-Scale, Exome-Wide Association Study of Han Chinese Women Identifies Three Novel Loci Predisposing to Breast Cancer.

Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 90 susceptibility loci for breast cancer. However, the missing heritability is evident, and the contributions of coding variants to breast cancer susceptibility have not yet been systematically evaluated. Here, we present a large-scale whole-exome association study for breast cancer consisting of 24,162 individuals (10,055 cases and 14,107 controls). In addition to replicating known susceptibility loci (e.g., ESR1, FGFR2, and TOX3), we identify two novel missense variants in C21orf58 (rs13047478, Pmeta = 4.52 × 10-8) and ZNF526 (rs3810151, Pmeta = 7.60 × 10-9) and one new noncoding variant at 7q21.11 (P < 5 × 10-8). C21orf58 and ZNF526 possessed functional roles in the control of breast cancer cell growth, and the two coding variants were found to be the eQTL for several nearby genes. rs13047478 was significantly (P < 5.00 × 10-8) associated with the expression of genes MCM3AP and YBEY in breast mammary tissues. rs3810151 was found to be significantly associated with the expression of genes PAFAH1B3 (P = 8.39 × 10-8) and CNFN (P = 3.77 × 10-4) in human blood samples. C21orf58 and ZNF526, together with these eQTL genes, were differentially expressed in breast tumors versus normal breast. Our study reveals additional loci and novel genes for genetic predisposition to breast cancer and highlights a polygenic basis of disease development.Significance: Large-scale genetic screening identifies novel missense variants and a noncoding variant as predisposing factors for breast cancer. Cancer Res; 78(11); 3087-97. ©2018 AACR.