Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on pancreatic cancer services and treatment pathways: United Kingdom experience.

INTRODUCTION: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic presented healthcare providers with an extreme challenge to provide cancer services. The impact upon the diagnostic and treatment capacity to treat pancreatic cancer is unclear. This study aimed to identify national variation in treatment pathways during the pandemic. METHODS: A survey was distributed to all United Kingdom pancreatic specialist centres, to assess diagnostic, therapeutic and interventional services availability, and alterations in treatment pathways. A repeating methodology enabled assessment over time as the pandemic evolved. RESULTS: Responses were received from all 29 centres. Over the first six weeks of the pandemic, less than a quarter of centres had normal availability of diagnostic pathways and a fifth of centres had no capacity whatsoever to undertake surgery. As the pandemic progressed services have gradually improved though most centres remain constrained to some degree. One third of centres changed their standard resectable pathway from surgery-first to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Elderly patients, and those with COPD were less likely to be offered treatment during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the capacity of the NHS to provide diagnostic and staging investigations for pancreatic cancer. The impact of revised treatment pathways has yet to be realised.

Evaluating the learning curve for laparoscopic liver resection: a comparative study between standard and learning curve CUSUM.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) requires training in both hepatobiliary surgery and advanced laparoscopy. Available data on LLR learning curves are derived from pioneer surgeons. The aims of this study were to evaluate the LLR learning curve for second generation surgeons, and to compare different CUSUM methodology with and without risk adjustment. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospective database of 111 consecutive patients who underwent LLR by two surgeons at a single centre between 2011 and 2016. The LLR learning curve for minor hepatectomy (MH) was evaluated for each surgeon using standard CUSUM before and after risk-adjusting for operative difficulty using the Iwate index, and compared with Learning Curve (LC) CUSUM. The end points were operative time and conversion rate. RESULTS: Standard CUSUM analysis identified a learning curve of 50-60 MH procedures. The corresponding learning curve reduced to 25-30 after risk-adjusting for operative difficulty, whilst LC-CUSUM identified a learning curve of 17-25 procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The learning curve for laparoscopic minor liver resection by second generation surgeons is shorter than that for pioneer surgeons. Laparoscopic HPB fellowship programmes may further shorten the learning curve, facilitating safe expansion of LLR. The LC-CUSUM method is an alternative technique that warrants further study.

Liver resection for colorectal cancer metastases: a comparison of outcomes over time in South Australia.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to assess outcomes following liver resection in metastatic CRC (mCRC) in South Australia across two study periods (pre-2006 versus post-2006). METHODS: The South Australian (SA) Clinical Registry for mCRC maintains data prospectively on all patients in SA with mCRC diagnosed from 01 February 2006. This data was linked with a prospectively collated database on liver resections for mCRC from 01/01/1992 to 01/02/2006. The primary end point was overall survival. RESULTS: 757 patients underwent liver resection for mCRC. Liver resection was performed on 286 patients pre-2006 and 471 patients post-2006. The median age of the study population was 62 years, and this was similar across both eras. Overall survival was significantly better in the post-2006 era (hazard ratio HR = 0.45, p = 0.001). Complications (59% pre-2006 versus 23% post-2006) and transfusion rates (34% pre-2006 versus 2% post-2006) were significantly higher in the pre-2006 era. Repeat liver resection rates were significantly higher in the post-2006 era (1% pre-2006 versus 10% post-2006). CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes following liver resection for mCRC have improved over time, with significantly better overall survival in the post-2006 era compared to pre-2006.

Prospective evaluation of the International Study Group for Liver Surgery definition of post hepatectomy liver failure after liver resection: an international multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: The International Study Group for Liver Surgery (ISGLS) definition of post hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) was developed to be consistent, widely applicable, and to include severity stratification. This international multicentre collaborative study aimed to prospectively validate the ISGLS definition of PHLF. METHODS: 11 HPB centres from 7 countries developed a standardised reporting form. Prospectively acquired anonymised data on liver resections performed between 01 July 2010 and 30 June 2011 was collected. A multivariate analysis was undertaken of clinically important variables. RESULTS: Of the 949 patients included, 86 (9%) met PHLF requirements. On multivariate analyses, age ≥70 years, pre-operative chemotherapy, steatosis, resection of >3 segments, vascular reconstruction and intraoperative blood loss >300 ml significantly increased the risk of PHLF. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis of INR and serum bilirubin relationship with PHLF demonstrated post-operative day 3 and 5 INR performed equally in predicting PHLF, and day 5 bilirubin was the strongest predictor of PHLF. Combining ISGLS grades B and C groups resulted in a high sensitivity for predicting mortality compared to the 50-50 rule and Peak bilirubin >7 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: The ISGLS definition performed well in this prospective validation study, and may be the optimal definition for PHLF in future research to allow for comparability of data.

Th-17 regulatory cytokines IL-21, IL-23, and IL-6 enhance neutrophil production of IL-17 cytokines during asthma.

BACKGROUND: In a subset of severe asthma patients, chronic airway inflammation is associated with infiltration of neutrophils, Th-17 cells and elevated expression of Th-17-derived cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-17, IL-21, IL-22). Peripheral neutrophils from allergic asthmatics are known to express higher IL-17 cytokine levels than those from healthy subjects, but the regulatory mechanisms involved are not well understood. We hypothesize that Th-17 regulatory cytokines could modulate IL-17 expression in neutrophils. METHODS: Peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from asthmatics were stimulated with IL-21, IL-23, and IL-6 cytokines and their ability to produce IL-17A and IL-17F was determined relative to healthy controls. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation levels were measured in stimulated neutrophil using flow cytometry. The requirement for STAT3 phosphorylation was determined by blocking its activation using a specific chemical inhibitor. RESULTS: Stimulating asthmatic neutrophils with IL-21, 23, and 6 enhanced the production of IL-17A and IL-17F at significantly higher levels comparatively to healthy controls. Stimulating neutrophils with IL-21, IL-23, and IL-6 cytokines enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation, in all cases. Interestingly, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation using a specific chemical inhibitor dramatically blocked the ability of neutrophils to produce IL-17, demonstrating that STAT3 activation is the major factor mediating IL-17 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that neutrophil infiltration in lungs of severe asthmatics may represent an important source of pro-inflammatory IL-17A and -F cytokines, a production enhanced by Th-17 regulatory cytokines, and thus providing a feedback mechanism that sustains inflammation. Our results suggest that STAT3 pathway could be a potential target for regulating neutrophilic inflammation during severe asthma.

Glutathione Regulates 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Transcription via WRKY33 and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase by Modulating Messenger RNA Stability to Induce Ethylene Synthesis during Stress.

Glutathione (GSH) plays a fundamental role in plant defense-signaling network. Recently, we have established the involvement of GSH with ethylene (ET) to combat environmental stress. However, the mechanism of GSH-ET interplay still remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that GSH induces ET biosynthesis by modulating the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations of its key enzymes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO). Transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants with enhanced GSH content (AtECS) exhibited remarkable up-regulation of ACS2, ACS6, and ACO1 at transcript as well as protein levels, while they were down-regulated in the GSH-depleted phytoalexin deficient2-1 (pad2-1) mutant. We further observed that GSH induced ACS2 and ACS6 transcription in a WRKY33-dependent manner, while ACO1 transcription remained unaffected. On the other hand, the messenger RNA stability for ACO1 was found to be increased by GSH, which explains our above observations. In addition, we also identified the ACO1 protein to be a subject for S-glutathionylation, which is consistent with our in silico data. However, S-glutathionylation of ACS2 and ACS6 proteins was not detected. Further, the AtECS plants exhibited resistance to necrotrophic infection and salt stress, while the pad2-1 mutant was sensitive. Exogenously applied GSH could improve stress tolerance in wild-type plants but not in the ET-signaling mutant ethylene insensitive2-1, indicating that GSH-mediated resistance to these stresses occurs via an ET-mediated pathway. Together, our investigation reveals a dual-level regulation of ET biosynthesis by GSH during stress.

Th-17 regulatory cytokines inhibit corticosteroid induced airway structural cells apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Although corticosteroid is a powerful anti-inflammatory drug that is used widely to control asthma, still severe asthmatics can develop steroid resistance. Airway fibroblasts are quite resistant to steroids during Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and fibrosis in asthmatic lungs is not always controlled. Th-17 regulatory cytokine which are elevated in lung tissues of asthmatics were shown to enhance the survival of various types of cells. STAT factors are central to this anti-apoptotic function. However, it is not yet clear whether these cytokines contribute to steroid hypo-responsiveness in asthma. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the ability of Th-17 regulatory cytokines, specifically IL-21, IL22 and IL23, to protect structural airway cells against dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. METHODS: Primary human fibroblasts, ASM cells, and lung endothelial cells line were treated with IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23 cytokines before incubation with dexamethasone and the level of apoptosis was determined by measuring cellular Annexin-V using Flow cytometry. RESULTS: Our data indicated that treatment with Th-17 regulatory cytokines was effective in inhibiting induced apoptosis for both fibroblasts and endothelial cells but not ASM cells. STAT3 phosphorylation levels were also upregulated in fibroblasts and endothelial upon treatment with these cytokines. Interestingly, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation abrogated IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23 anti-apoptotic effect on fibroblasts and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: This data suggest that Th-17 regulatory cytokines may play a critical role in regulating the survival of fibroblasts during asthma, IPF as well as other chronic lung inflammatory diseases leading to enhanced fibrosis. Accordingly, findings of this paper may pave the way for more extensive research on the role of these regulatory cytokines in fibrosis development in various chronic inflammatory diseases.

Whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 from the initial cases of domestic cat infections in Canada.

Two cat nasal swabs from Canada's earliest confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive domestic cats were sequenced to over 99% SARS-CoV-2 genome coverage. One cat had lineage A.23.1 SARS-CoV-2 not reported before in animals. Both sequences have multiple spike gene mutations and clustered closely with human-derived sequences in the global SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic tree.

Adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is a challenging malignancy to treat, as less than one-fifth of diagnosed cases are resectable, surgery is complex and postoperative recovery slow, treated patients tend to relapse and overall survival rates are low. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Adjuvant therapy has been employed in resectable disease, to target micrometastases and improve prognosis. Chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy (chemoRT) and chemoradiotherapy (chemoRT) followed on by chemotherapy have been evaluated in randomised controlled trials. The European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer (ESPAC)-1 and CONKO-001 trials clearly established the survival advantage of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5 fluorouracil (5FU) plus folinic acid and gemcitabine respectively over no chemotherapy. The ESPAC-3 (version 2) trial demonstrated equivalence between 5FU plus folinic acid and gemcitabine in terms of survival parameters, though gemcitabine had a better toxicity profile. The results of these key studies, together with smaller ones have been subjected to meta-analyses, with confirmation of improved survival with adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. The EORTC-40891 and ESPAC-1 trials found no survival advantage with adjuvant chemoRT compared to observation, and this has been reflected in a subsequent meta-analysis. The popularisation of chemoRT, with follow on chemotherapy (versus observation) was based on the small underpowered GITSG trial. The ESPAC-1 trial was unable to find a survival benefit for chemoRT, with follow on chemotherapy compared to observation. The RTOG-9704 trial assessed chemoRT with follow on chemotherapy in both arms and found no difference between survival in the gemcitabine and 5FU arms. There has never been a published head-to-head randomised comparison of adjuvant chemotherapy to chemoRT, with follow on chemotherapy. Ongoing randomised trials are looking into adjuvant combination chemotherapy, chemotherapy with follow on chemoRT, and neoadjuvant therapy. Novel agents continue to be assessed in early phase trials with a major emphasis on predictive and prognostic biomarkers. Based on the available evidence, adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine or 5FU/folinic acid is the current recommended gold standard in the management of resected pancreatic cancer.

Interplay between glutathione and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 via transcription factor WRKY40 under combined osmotic and cold stress in Arabidopsis.

Glutathione (GSH) plays a fundamental role in plant defense. Recent reports showed that enhanced GSH content activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs). However, the molecular mechanism behind this GSH-mediated MPKs expression during environmental challenges is unexplored. Here, we found that under control and combined abiotic stress-treated conditions, GSH feeding activates MPK3 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana by inducing its promoter, as established through the promoter activation assay. Additionally, transgenic A. thaliana overexpressing the LeMPK3 gene (AtMPK3 line) showed increased γ-ECS expression, which was decreased in mpk3, the MPK3-depleted mutant. An in-gel kinase assay exhibited hyperphosphorylation of Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) in the GSH-fed AtMPK3 transgenic line. Under control and combined abiotic stress treated conditions, expression of transcription factor WRKY40 binding to MPK3 promoter was up-regulated under enhanced GSH condition. Interestingly, GSH feeding was rendered ineffective in altering MPK3 expression in the Atwrky40 mutant, emphasizing the involvement of WRKY40 in GSH-MPK3 interplay. This was further confirmed by a wrky40 co-transformation assay. The immunoprecipitation assay followed by ChIP-qPCR showed a significant increase in the binding of WRKY40 to MPK3 promoter, which further established MPK3-WRKY40 association upon GSH feeding. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that GSH modulates MPK3 expression via WRKY40 in response to stress.

Glutathione imparts stress tolerance against Alternaria brassicicola infection via miRNA mediated gene regulation.

Glutathione (GSH) is well known to play a crucial role in imparting resistance against various pathogen invasions. Nevertheless, the role of GSH in regulating miRNA-mediated defense response is yet to be explored. To decipher the GSH-mediated regulation of miRNA expression during necrotrophic infection in Arabidopsis thaliana, wild-type Col-0 and AtECS1, the transgenic line exhibiting enhanced GSH content, were infected with necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria brassicicola. AtECS1 plants exhibited enhanced resistance as compared to wild-type. MiRNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to compare the miRNA expression in Col-0 and AtECS1 leaves. Under control condition, differentially expressed 96 known miRNAs and 17 novel miRNAs viz. ath-miR8167f, ath-miR1886.3, ath-miR3932b-5p, etc. were identified. However, under infected condition, 73 known and 43 novel differentially expressed miRNAs viz. ath-miR5652, ath-miR160b, ath-miR865-5p, etc. were identified. Functional annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that several miRNAs that target defense-related genes like leucine-rich repeat protein kinase, MYB transcription factors, TCP8, etc. were down regulated in the AtECS1 line, which, in turn, relieves the repression of their target gene expression, leading to resistance against infection. Together, the present investigation suggests that GSH plays a decisive role in modulating the miRNA-mediated regulation of defense-related genes during pathogen invasion.

Bouveret's Syndrome: A Case Series and Literature Review on a Gallstone Disease Causing Gastric Outlet Obstruction.

Introduction Bouveret's syndrome refers to a gastric outlet obstruction due to the impaction of a large gallstone following retrograde migration via a bilio-duodenal fistula. Although no clear management guideline has been formulated, different treatment modalities have been described, including endoscopic stone removal using classical endoscopic devices, like snares and forceps, or fragmentation of stones with new devices, such as lasers and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL). Results This case series reports six patients who have been diagnosed with Bouveret's syndrome and have presented with interesting radiological and endoscopic findings. The report is followed by a literature review, including diagnostic and management options for this rare condition. Discussion Cholelithiasis is a common condition occurring in the general population and may develop rare complications such as cholecystoduodenal fistula. Bouveret's syndrome presents with a clinical picture similar to that of gastric outlet obstruction, and laboratory findings are often consistent with an obstructive jaundice picture. The use of endoscopic treatment with a range of different lithotripsy modalities has been described to manage this condition. Conclusion The diagnosis of Bouveret's syndrome is made after performing appropriate imaging studies. The first-line management option is endoscopic treatment. If this fails, surgical intervention is recommended.

Bouveret's syndrome: a strategic approach for management.

An 81-year-old woman, diabetic and hypertensive, presented with nausea and intermittent vomiting. She had dysphagia and loss of appetite for over 6 weeks and significant weight loss over 3 weeks and was admitted in general surgery unit on emergency basis. Investigations revealed dilated stomach and a stone in first part of duodenum, with probable site of obstruction at level of first part of duodenum, secondary to a cholecystoduodenal fistula. With a preoperative diagnosis of Bouveret's syndrome, she underwent laparotomy and subtotal cholecystectomy. Postoperative recovery was delayed due to gastroparesis and delayed gastric emptying which resolved with conservative management. Successful management of this case required a multidisciplinary team approach. Early diagnosis was the key to management. Mode of treatment and management of Bouveret's syndrome should be tailored to suit patient's age, comorbidities and performance status.

Efficacy and safety of neural stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury: A systematic literature review.

AIMS: To summarize the evidence on the efficacy and safety of neural stem cell therapy (NSCT) for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: A systematic literature review of Medline®, EMBASE® and Cochrane library was performed to identify studies reporting efficacy and safety of NSCT in SCI. Articles were included if they reported efficacy and safety data of SCI patients who received NSCT. RESULTS: Overall, four studies of the 277 records met all the study eligibility criteria. Over the 1-year follow-up period, motor scores were significantly higher among patients who received NSCT compared with those who did not (American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] motor scores (mean±standard deviation [SD]): 7.9±1.2 versus 3.9±0.6; upper extremity motor score: 7.8±2.1 versus 3.9±0.6, both P<0.05). Sensory scores (pinprick score: 4.8±1.3 versus 2.9±0.6; P=0.5; light touch score: 6.9±3.1 versus 2.3±0.5, P=0.3), ASIA impairment scale (26% versus 7%) or pain score (baseline: 2.4±0.6; 1-year: 3.4±0.4) were comparable in both NSCT and non-NSCT cohorts. Over the 1-year follow-up period, the graded redefined assessment of strength, sensibility, and prehension and international standards for neurological classification of SCI scores showed a mean improvement of 14.8 and 17.8 points respectively. Overall, treatment with NSCT showed favorable safety and tolerability profile. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the limited and poor-quality evidence, it is too early to make robust conclusions on the efficacy of NSCT in the treatment of SCI. However, based on the included studies, NSCT seems to be a potential option worth exploring among patients with SCI. Nonetheless, prospective, randomized trials in larger cohorts are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of NSCT in the treatment of SCI.

Randomised Phase I/II trial assessing the safety and efficacy of radiolabelled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen I(131) KAb201 antibodies given intra-arterially or intravenously in patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Advanced pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis, and the current standard of care (gemcitabine based chemotherapy) provides a small survival advantage. However the drawback is the accompanying systemic toxicity, which targeted treatments may overcome. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of KAb201, an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody, labelled with I(131) in pancreatic cancer (ISRCTN 16857581). METHODS: Patients with histological/cytological proven inoperable adenocarcinoma of the head of pancreas were randomised to receive KAb 201 via either the intra-arterial or intravenous delivery route. The dose limiting toxicities within each group were determined. Patients were assessed for safety and efficacy and followed up until death. RESULTS: Between February 2003 and July 2005, 25 patients were enrolled. Nineteen patients were randomised, 9 to the intravenous and 10 to the intra-arterial arms. In the intra-arterial arm, dose limiting toxicity was seen in 2/6 (33%) patients at 50 mCi whereas in the intravenous arm, dose limiting toxicity was noted in 1/6 patients at 50 mCi, but did not occur at 75 mCi (0/3).The overall response rate was 6% (1/18). Median overall survival was 5.2 months (95% confidence interval = 3.3 to 9 months), with no significant difference between the intravenous and intra-arterial arms (log rank test p = 0.79). One patient was still alive at the time of this analysis. CONCLUSION: Dose limiting toxicity for KAb201 with I(131) by the intra-arterial route was 50 mCi, while dose limiting toxicity was not reached in the intravenous arm.

Gemcitabine based combination chemotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer-indirect comparison.

BACKGROUND: Recent meta-analyses have found a survival advantage with gemcitabine based combinations over single agent gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. There is paucity of evidence in the form of direct head-to-head randomised controlled trials to determine which combinations are to be preferred. METHOD: Using the adjusted indirect comparison method proposed by Bucher et al, we have assessed randomised controlled trials of four gemcitabine based combinations namely gemcitabine plus a platinum compound or 5-fluorouracil or irinotecan or capecitabine. RESULTS: No particular combination was significantly superior to another, but the indirect evidence suggests some important trends. CONCLUSION: The strongest trends on indirect comparison are towards favouring gemcitabine plus capecitabine or gemcitabine plus a platinum compound over gemcitabine plus irinotecan, and to a lesser degree, over gemcitabine plus 5-fluorouracil.

Pushing the boundaries in liver graft utilisation in transplantation: Case report of a donor with previous bile duct injury repair.

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation is a recognised treatment for extensive bile duct injuries with secondary biliary cirrhosis or recurring sepsis. However, there have been no reports of successful liver transplantation from a donor who sustained a previous bile duct injury. PRESENTATION OF CASE: Here we discuss the case of a liver transplant from a 51-year-old brain dead donor who had suffered a Strasberg E1 bile duct injury and had undergone a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy 24 years prior to donation. The liver was successfully recovered and transplanted into a 56-year-old male recipient with end stage liver disease consequent to alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. The graft continues to function well 36 months post-transplant, with normal liver function tests and imaging revealing a patent hepaticojejunostomy. DISCUSSION: The potential associated vascular injuries should be identified during bench preparation whilst the management of biliary reconstruction at the time of transplant should follow the principles of biliary reconstruction in cases with biliary injuries, extending the hilar opening into the left duct. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the successful utilisation of a post bile duct injury repair liver, employing an experienced procurement team and careful bench assessment and reconstruction.

The case for adjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is a difficult cancer to treat effectively. Only a small proportion of patients are suitable for resection. The long-term survival following resection alone is between 10 and 18%. Adjuvant therapy aims to improve this outcome. There have been five fully reported adjuvant trials in pancreatic cancer. The largest study is the ESPAC-1 trial which demonstrated a significant survival benefit for 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy and no survival benefit for adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. A meta-analysis of these trials has confirmed the survival benefit for chemotherapy and thus adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended as the standard of care following pancreatic resection. There are further large studies which will also help to further define the optimum adjuvant chemotherapy in these patients.

Transcriptomic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana mutant pad2.1 in response to combined cold and osmotic stress.

The contribution of glutathione (GSH) in stress tolerance, defense response and antioxidant signaling is an established fact. In this study transcriptome analysis of pad2.1, an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, after combined osmotic and cold stress treatment has been performed to explore the intricate position of GSH in the stress and defense signaling network in planta. Microarray data revealed the differential regulation of about 1674 genes in pad2.1 amongst which 973 and 701 were significantly up- and down-regulated respectively. Gene enrichment, functional pathway analysis by DAVID and MapMan analysis identified various stress and defense related genes viz. members of heat shock protein family, peptidyl prolyl isomerase (PPIase), thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX2), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), NBS-LRR type resistance protein etc. as down-regulated. The expression pattern of the above mentioned stress and defense related genes and APETALA were also validated by comparative proteomic analysis of combined stress treated Col-0 and pad2.1. Functional annotation noted down-regulation of UDP-glycosyl transferase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase 8, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (CAD4), ACC synthase and ACC oxidase which are the important enzymes of phenylpropanoid, lignin and ethylene (ET) biosynthetic pathway respectively. Since the only difference between Col-0 (Wild type) and pad2.1 is the content of GSH, so, this study suggested that in addition to its association with specific stress responsive genes and proteins, GSH provides tolerance to plants by its involvement with phenylpropanoid, lignin and ET biosynthesis under stress conditions.

What Is the Best Way to Identify Malignant Transformation Within Pancreatic IPMN: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasias (IPMNs) represent 25% of all cystic neoplasms and are precursor lesions for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This study aims to identify the best imaging modality for detecting malignant transformation in IPMN, the sensitivity and specificity of risk features on imaging, and the usefulness of tumor markers in serum and cyst fluid to predict malignancy in IPMN. METHODS: Databases were searched from November 2006 to March 2014. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic techniques/imaging features of suspected malignancy in IPMN using a hierarchical summary receiver operator characteristic (HSROC) approach were performed. RESULTS: A total of 467 eligible studies were identified, of which 51 studies met the inclusion criteria and 37 of these were incorporated into meta-analyses. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for risk features predictive of malignancy on computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging were 0.809 and 0.762 respectively, and on positron emission tomography were 0.968 and 0.911. Mural nodule, cyst size, and main pancreatic duct dilation found on imaging had pooled sensitivity for prediction of malignancy of 0.690, 0.682, and 0.614, respectively, and specificity of 0.798, 0.574, and 0.687. Raised serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels yielded sensitivity of 0.380 and specificity of 0903. Combining parameters yielded a sensitivity of 0.743 and specificity of 0.906. CONCLUSIONS: PET holds the most promise in identifying malignant transformation within an IPMN. Combining parameters increases sensitivity and specificity; the presence of mural nodule on imaging was the most sensitive whereas raised serum CA19-9 (>37 KU/l) was the most specific feature predictive of malignancy in IPMNs.