Identifying the critical areas and primary sources for agricultural non-point source pollution management of an emigrant town within the Three Gorges reservoir area.

Agricultural non-point source pollution is threatening water environmental health of the Three Gorges reservoir. However, current studies for precision management of the agricultural non-point source pollution within this area are still limited. The objective of this study was identifying the critical areas and primary sources of agricultural non-point source pollution for precision management. Firstly, the inventory analysis approach was used to estimate the discharge amount of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from farmland fertilizer, crop residues, livestock breeding, and daily activities. Afterwards, the deviation standardization method was applied to evaluate the emission intensity of TN, TP, and COD, as well as calculating the comprehensive pollution index (CPI) of each village, based on which the critical areas for agricultural non-point source pollution management could be distinguished. Moreover, the equivalence pollution load method was conducted to identify the primary pollution sources within each critical zone. The above methods were implemented to an emigrant town within the Three Gorges reservoir area named Gufu. Results showed that agricultural non-point source pollution in Gufu town has been alleviated to a certain extent since 2016. Nevertheless, in four areas of the town (i.e., Longzhu, Fuzi, Shendu, and Maicang), the agricultural non-point source pollution still deserved attention and improvement. For the mentioned critical areas, farmland fertilizer and livestock breeding were the primary sources causing agricultural non-point source pollution. The emission amount of TN and TP from farmland fertilizer accounted for 60% and 48% of the total, respectively. And those from livestock breeding were 29% and 46%. Our research could provide definite targets to relieve agricultural non-point source pollution, which had great significance to protect water environment while coordinating regional economic growth after emigrant resettlement.

M16-Type Metallopeptidases Are Involved in Virulence for Invasiveness and Diffusion of Leptospira interrogans and Transmission of Leptospirosis.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic infectious disease caused by Leptospira interrogans. The pathogen rapidly invades into hosts and diffuses from bloodstream into internal organs and excretes from urine to cause transmission of leptospirosis. However, the mechanism of leptospiral invasiveness remains poorly understood. METHODS: Proteolytic activity of M16-type metallopeptidases (Lep-MP1/2/3) of L. interrogans was determined by spectrophotometry. Expression and secretion of Lep-MP1/2/3 during infection of cells were detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot assay, and confocal microscopy. Deletion and complementation mutants of the genes encoding Lep-MP1/2/3 were generated to determine the roles of Lep-MP1/2/3 in invasiveness using transwell assay and virulence in hamsters. RESULTS: Leptospira interrogans but not saprophytic Leptospira biflexa strains were detectable for Lep-MP-1/2/3-encoding genes. rLep-MP1/2/3 hydrolyzed extracellular matrix proteins, but rLep-MP1/3 displayed stronger proteolysis than rLep-MP2, with 123.179/340.136 µmol/L Km and 0.154/0.159 s-1 Kcat values. Expression, secretion and translocation of Lep-MP1/2/3 during infection of cells were increased. ΔMP1/3 but not ΔMP2 mutant presented attenuated transmigration through cell monolayers, decreased leptospiral loading in the blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, and urine, and 10/13-fold decreased 50% lethal dose and milder histopathologic injury in hamsters. CONCLUSIONS: Lep-MP1 and 3 are involved in virulence of L. interrogans in invasion into hosts and diffusion in vivo, and transmission of leptospirosis.

Sublethal ß-lactam antibiotics induce PhpP phosphatase expression and StkP kinase phosphorylation in PBP-independent ß-lactam antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

StkP and PhpP of Streptococcus pneumoniae have been confirmed to compose a signaling couple, in which the former is a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase while the latter was annotated as a phosphotase. StkP has been reported to be involved in penicillin-binding protein (PBP)-independent penicillin resistance of S. pneumoniae. However, the enzymatic characterization of PhpP and the role of PhpP in StkP-PhpP couple remain poorly understood. Here we showed that 1/4 minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin (PCN) or cefotaxime (CTX), the representatives of ß-lactam antibiotics, could induce the expression of stkP and phpP genes and phosphorylation of StkP in PCN/CTX-sensitive strain ATCC6306 and three isolates of S. pneumoniae (MICs: 0.02-0.5 µg/ml). The product of phpP gene hydrolyzed PP2C type Ser/Thr phosphotase-specific RRA (pT)VA phosphopeptide substrate with the Km and Kcat values of 277.35 µmoL/L and 0.71 S-1, and the hydrolytic activity was blocked by sodium fluoride, a PP2C type Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor. The phosphorylation levels of StkP in the four phpP gene-knockout (ΔphpP) mutants were significantly higher than that in the wild-type strains. In particular, the MICs of PCN and CTX against the ΔphpP mutants were significantly elevated as 4-16 µg/ml. Therefore, our findings confirmed that sublethal PCN and CTX act as environmental inducers to cause the increase of phpP and stkP gene expression and StkP phosphorylation. PhpP is a PP2C type Ser/Thr protein phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylation of StkP. Knockout of the phpP gene results in a high level of StkP phosphorylation and PBP-independent PCN/CTX resistance of S. pneumoniae.

Molecular Characterization and Correlation with ß-lactam Resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia Isolates in Hangzhou, China.

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are the target of ß-lactam antibiotics (the major treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections), and mutations in PBPs are considered as a primary mechanism for the development of ß-lactam resistance in S. pneumoniae. This study was conducted to investigate the mutations in the PBPs of clinical S. pneumoniae isolates in Hangzhou, China, in correlation with ß-lactam resistance. Results showed that 19F was the predominant serotype (7/27) and 14 of the S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to both penicillin G and cephalosporin. Genotyping results suggested that ß-lactam-resistant isolates primarily exhibited single-site mutations in both the STMK and SRNVP motifs of pbp1a in combination with double-site mutations in the STMK motif of pbp2x, which might be the primary mechanisms underlying the ß-lactam resistance of the isolates in this study.

High-dose methotrexate in the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a twelve-year study in a single center.

BACKGROUND: High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) is a promising approach for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Higher cell doses have been associated with a faster blood count recovery and a reduction in transfusion requirements, infection rates, and hospitalization times. Mobilization failure constitutes one of the main reasons for avoiding auto-HSCT. The role of high-dose methotrexate (MTX) as mobilization regimen is still unclear. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The effect of high-dose MTX as a mobilization regimen for 67 adult patients with NHL who received auto-HSCT was studied between January 2001 and October 2012. The stem cells were mobilized using combination chemotherapy including MTX plus granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in 33 patients (Group A), and the stem cells of the other 34 patients were mobilized using the same combination chemotherapy plus G-CSF without MTX (Group B). RESULTS: All of the patients were successfully mobilized in Group A; however, two patients failed in Group B. The median numbers of CD34+ cells collected were 14.36 × 10(6) and 5.3 × 10(6) cells/kg for Groups A and B, respectively (p < 0.05). All of the patients experienced a stable neutrophil and platelet (PLT) engraftment. The times to white blood cell engraftment were 8.0 days in Group A and 11.0 days in Group B, and the times to PLT engraftment were 12.0 days in Group A and 13.0 days in Group B (p < 0.05 for both variables). CONCLUSION: High-dose MTX is a powerful regimen component for stem cell mobilization in adult patients with NHL.

Human papillomavirus prevalence and type-distribution among women in Zhejiang Province, Southeast China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main etiological factor for cervical cancer and premalignant lesions of the cervix. The purposes of the present study were to determine the prevalence of type-specific HPV infections and the association of different HPV types with cervical dysplasia among women in Zhejiang province, Southeast China. METHODS: A total of 15,267 women presenting to a gynaecological outpatient clinic were enrolled in this study. Women were screened for HPV in addition to routine cervical cytology testing. Microarray hybridization and liquid-based cytology tests were used to detect HPV genotypes and cervical cytology, respectively. RESULTS: Based on the population attending a gynaecological outpatient clinic, overall prevalence of any 23 HPV type was 22.8% and multiple HPV infection was found in 4.0% of all the outpatients. HPV prevalence showed bimodal age distribution, with a peak (55.7%) at the ≤20 age group and a second one (35.5%) at >60 age group. In total samples, the five most frequent types were HPV 16 (4.4%), 58 (2.9%), 52 (2.7%), 33 (2.2%) and 11 (1.9%). Overall HPV prevalence increased with the severity of the cytologic result. Analysis through crude odds ratios (ORs) revealed that the cervical lesion risk of HPV-infected women increased to about 26-fold of uninfected women (OR 26.1, 95% CI 22.4 to 30.3). The five most risky HPV types associated with abnormal cytology were HPV 73, 16, 82, 45 and 51. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided baseline data on HPV prevalence in women attending a gynecological outpatient clinic in Zhejiang province. Our data will supply guidance for the primary screening and vaccination program for cervical cancer in this area.

Peptidoglycan biosynthesis-associated enzymatic kinetic characteristics and ß-lactam antibiotic inhibitory effects of different Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin-binding proteins.

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) include transpeptidases, carboxypeptidases, and endopeptidases for biosynthesis of peptidoglycans in the cell wall to maintain bacterial morphology and survival in the environment. Streptococcus pneumoniae expresses six PBPs, but their enzymatic kinetic characteristics and inhibitory effects on different ß-lactam antibiotics remain poorly understood. In this study, all the six recombinant PBPs of S. pneumoniae displayed transpeptidase activity with different substrate affinities (Km = 1.56-9.11 mM) in a concentration-dependent manner, and rPBP3 showed a greater catalytic efficiency (Kcat = 2.38 s-1) than the other rPBPs (Kcat = 3.20-7.49 × 10-2 s-1). However, only rPBP3 was identified as a carboxypeptidase (Km = 8.57 mM and Kcat = 2.57 s-1). None of the rPBPs exhibited endopeptidase activity. Penicillin and cefotaxime inhibited the transpeptidase and carboxypeptidase activity of all the rPBPs but imipenem did not inhibited the enzymatic activities of rPBP3. Except for the lack of binding of imipenem to rPBP3, penicillin, cefotaxime, and imipenem bound to all the other rPBPs (KD = 3.71-9.35 × 10-4 M). Sublethal concentrations of penicillin, cefotaxime, and imipenem induced a decrease of pneumococcal pbps-mRNA levels (p < 0.05). These results indicated that all six PBPs of S. pneumoniae are transpeptidases, while only PBP3 is a carboxypeptidase. Imipenem has no inhibitory effect on pneumococcal PBP3. The pneumococcal genes for encoding endopeptidases remain to be determined.

Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium marinum infection using targeted nanopore sequencing: a case report.

Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that can cause infectious diseases in aquatic animals and humans. Culture-based pathogen detection is the gold standard for diagnosing NTM infection. However, this method is time-consuming and has low positivity rates for fastidious organisms. Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencing is an emerging third-generation sequencing technology that can sequence DNA or RNA directly in a culture-independent manner and offers rapid microbial identification. Further benefits include low cost, short turnaround time, long read lengths, and small equipment size. Nanopore sequencing plays a crucial role in assessing drug resistance, clinical identification of microbes, and monitoring infectious diseases. Some reports on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) using nanopore sequencing have been published, however, there are few reports on NTM, such as M. marinum. Here, we report the use of nanopore sequencing for the diagnosis of M. marinum.

Correction: Mononuclear-macrophages but not neutrophils act as major infiltrating anti-leptospiral phagocytes during leptospirosis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181014.].

Molecular Characterization of Predominant Serotypes, Drug Resistance, and Virulence Genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates From East China.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common diplococcus pathogen found worldwide. The characterization of predominant serotypes, drug resistance, and virulence genes of S. pneumoniae isolates prevailing in different areas and countries is clinically important for choice of antibiotics and improvement of vaccines. In this study, pneumonia (78.7%) and meningitis (37.0%) were the predominant diseases observed in the 282 (children) and 27 (adults) S. pneumoniae-infected patients (p < 0.05) from seven hospitals in different areas of East China. Of the 309 pneumococcal isolates, 90.3% were classified by PCR into 15 serotypes, with serotypes 19F (27.2%) and the 6A/B (19.1%) being most predominant (p < 0.05). Importantly, serotypes 15A and 15B/C combined for a total of 10.4% of the isolates, but these serotypes are not included in the 13-valent pneumococcal capsule conjugate vaccine used in China. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis by the E-test showed that >95% of the 309 pneumococcal isolates were susceptible to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin, as well as 18.4, 85.8, and 81.6% of the isolates displayed susceptibility to penicillin, cefotaxime, and imipenem, respectively. A significant correlation between the prevalence of predominant serotypes and their penicillin resistance was observed (p < 0.05). In particular, >95% of all the pneumococcal isolates showed resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin. Of the nine detected virulence genes, the lytA, ply, hysA, and nanA were the most common with 95-100% positive rates in the 309 pneumococcal isolates, while the pavA and psaA genes displayed a significant correlation with pneumococcal bacteremia and meningitis (p < 0.05). Overall, our data suggested that the predominant serotypes, drug resistance, and virulence genes of the S. pneumoniae isolates prevailing in East China are distinct from those observed in other areas of China and adjacent countries.

Regulation of acute graft-versus-host disease by human umbilical cord blood derived stromal cells in haploidentical stem cell transplantation in mice through very late activation antigen-4.

Human umbilical cord blood derived stromal cells (hUCBDSCs), a novel resource isolated by our laboratory, have been shown to exert an immunologic regulation. Very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4) has been associated with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This study aimed to investigate the possible mechanism by in vitro co-cultured splenocytes of donor mice with hUCBDSCs and in haploidentical stem cell transplantation in mice with acute GVHD. Both hUCBDSCs and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) elicited decreased lymphocyte expression of VLA-4, but this decrease was stronger with hUCBDSCs than with hBMSCs (p<0.05). Cotransplantation of bone marrow with hUCBDSCs significantly decreased the expression of VLA-4 compared with control mice (p<0.05). A significant reduction of VLA-4 labeling in the target organs of GVHD was evident in haploidentical mice cotransplanted with hUCBDSCs. Our study shows that hUCBDSCs may protect mouse recipients of haploidentical stem cell transplantation from aGVHD via downregulating the expression of VLA-4.

Human umbilical cord blood-derived stromal cells prevent graft-versus-host disease in mice following haplo-identical stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Human umbilical cord blood-derived stromal cells (hUCBDSC) comprise a novel population of CD34(+) cells that has been isolated in our laboratory. They have been shown previously not only to be non-immunogenic but also to exert immunosuppressive effects on xenogenic T cells in vitro. This study investigated the role of hUCBDSC in immunomodulation in an acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) mouse model after haplo-identical stem cell transplantation. METHODS: Acute GvHD was induced in recipient (B6 × BALB/c)F(1) mice by irradiation (750 cGy) followed by infusion of bone marrow cells and splenocytes from donor C57BL/6 mice. hUCBDSC were co-transplanted in the experimental group. The survival time, body weight and clinical and histopathologic scores were recorded after transplantation. The expression of surface markers [major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, MHC II, CD80 and CD86] on CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DC), and the percentage of CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg), in the spleens of recipient mice were examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The survival time was significantly prolonged, and the clinical and histopathologic scores were reduced in mice co-transplanted with hUCBDSC. The expression levels of the surface markers on DC were significantly lower in mice transplanted with hUCBDSC compared with those without. The proportion of CD4(+) Treg in the spleen was also increased in mice transplanted with hUCBDSC. CONCLUSIONS: These results from a GvHD mouse model are in agreement with previous in vitro findings, suggesting that hUCBDSC possess immunosuppressive properties and may act via influencing DC and CD4(+) Treg.

Factors influencing engraftment in HLA-haploidentical/mismatch related transplantation with combined granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood and bone marrow for patients with leukemia.

Unmanipulated HLA-haploidentical/mismatch related transplantation with combined granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (G-PBSCs) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized bone marrow (G-BM) has been used as an alternative transplantation strategy for patients without an HLA-matched donor. In this transplantation setting, factors associated with hematopoietic recovery have not been defined completely. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the engraftment in this transplantation setting for patients with leukemia. The study group comprised 104 patients with leukemia who underwent transplantation at a single institution between 2005 and 2008. Factors correlating with neutrophil and platelet engraftment post-transplantation were analyzed retrospectively. All patients achieved an absolute neutrophil count of 500/µL with a mean time of 13.6days (range 8-20days) and a platelet count over 20×10(9)/L with a mean time of 20.2days (range 16-26days). In univariate analysis, donor and age were associated with increased risk of neutrophil engraftment, but their significance was lost upon multivariate analysis. The sex, age, donor, CD34(+) cell dose, conditioning regimen, mismatched locus, ABO mismatched and diagnosis have no effect on platelet engraftment. Our results suggest that it is an ideal approach to treat patients with leukemia with HLA-haploidentical/mismatched related transplantation with combined G-PBSCs and G-BM for a high level of stem cells without delayed engraftment.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type B is a potential biomarker and facilitates cervical cancer metastasis via epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. This study analyzed the impact of protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type B (PTPRB) on malignant behavior of CC and explored its possible molecular mechanism. RT-PCR, western blot and Immunohistochemistry were applied to examine the expression of PTPRB in CC specimens and cells. Aberrant PTPRB expression in CC and survival outcomes were constructed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and tissue microarray cervical squamous cell carcinoma cohort. Cultured human CC cells were assayed for viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) assays and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) assays were used to delve into PTPRB-related pathways using TCGA datasets. The levels of proteins associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway and modulated by PTPRB were examined through Western blot. We found that the levels of PTPRB in CC tissues and cells were distinctly up-regulated. PTPRB was also an unfavorable prognostic factor for CC patients. Functionally, PTPRB knockdown exhibits tumor-suppressive function via reducing cell proliferation and metastasis and inducing cell apoptosis. KEGG assays and GSEA assays suggested PTPRB overexpression was associated with several tumor-related pathways. The results of Western blot assays suggested that N-cadherin was decreased in the PTPRB-knockdown CC cells, while E-cadherin was increased. Overall, PTPRB is highly expressed in CC and can effectively enhance the proliferation, metastasis and EMT process of tumor cells. PTPRB is expected to be a therapeutic target for CC.

Cost and outcome in stem cell collections in HLA-haplo identical/mismatched related transplantation with combined granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized blood and bone marrow for patients with hematologic malignancies.

Unmanipulated HLA-haplo identical/mismatched related transplantation with combined granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (G-PBSCs) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized bone marrow (G-BM) has been developed as an alternative transplantation strategy for patients without an HLA-matched related or unrelated donor. In this transplantation setting, the cost and outcome of stem cell collections have not been defined completely. The aim of this study was to compare the cost and outcome of stem cell collection in HLA-haplo identical/mismatched related transplantation with combined G-PBSCs and G-BM to the HLA-identical/matched transplantation with G-PBSCs alone for patients with hematologic malignancies. Hundred and fifty-two healthy donors received twice-daily granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) subcutaneously for 5 days. The PBSCs were collected on day 4 and 5 of G-CSF treatment for HLA-identical/matched transplantation from unrelated/related donors. The PBSC collections and BM harvests was performed on day 4 and 5 of G-CSF treatment for HLA-haplo identical/mismatched related transplantation from related donors, respectively. There was no difference in the major characteristics between groups. More stem cells were harvested in HLA-haplo identical/mismatched related donors than that of HLA-identical/matched donors and a lower cost was seen in the former. The HLA-haplo identical/mismatched related transplantation with combined G-PBSCs and G-BM was a feasible approach with high cell harvest and low cost of stem cell collection for patients with hematologic malignancies.

CagA(+) H. pylori induces Akt1 phosphorylation and inhibits transcription of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1) via PI3K/Akt1 pathway.

OBJECTIVE: Cytotoxin-associated protein (CagA) of H. pylori has been confirmed to be closely associated with gastric inflammation and tumorigenesis, but the mechanism behind it is little understood. In this study, we try to determine roles of CagA(+) strain in activating PI3K/Akt1 signaling pathway, and affecting expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1), and also in releasing IL-8 in host cells. METHODS: Akt1 phosphorylation and IL-8 levels of CagA(+) and CagA⁻ strain infected AGS cells were detected by ELISAs. Two quantitative RT-PCRs were established to measure p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1) mRNA levels in the CagA(+) and CagA⁻ strain infected cells. LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt pathway, was used to define effect of the pathway in IL-8 release. RESULTS: CagA(+) strain could induce an obvious elevation of Akt1 phosphorylation in the infected AGS cells while CagA? strain failed to do so. The CagA(+) H. pylori strain infected AGS cells showed significant drops both in p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1) mRNA levels, whereas the CagA⁻ H. pylori strain caused a remarkable increase in p21(WAF1/CIP1) mRNA without affecting p27(KIP1) gene transcription in the AGS cells. Both the CagA(+) and CagA⁻ H. pylori strains enabled AGS cells to produce close elevated levels of IL-8, and the LY294002 block resulted in unexpected elevations of IL-8 levels. CONCLUSIONS: CagA can activate PI3K/Akt1 pathway that plays an inhibitory role in IL-8 release in H. pylori infected AGS cells. Activation of PI3K/Akt1 pathway and subsequent negative regulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1) expression might be involved in CagA-associated carcinogenesis.

Leptospirosis is an invasive infectious and systemic inflammatory disease.

Pathogenic Leptospira species are the causative agents of leptospirosis, a world-spreading zoonotic infectious disease. The pathogens possess a powerful invasiveness by invading human body through mucosal/skin barriers, rapid entry into bloodstream to cause septicemia, diffusion from bloodstream into internal organs and tissues to cause aggravation of disease, and discharge from urine through renal tubules to form natural infectious sources. Leptospirosis patients present severe inflammatory symptoms such as high fever, myalgia and lymphadenectasis. Hemorrhage and jaundice are the pathological features of this disease. Previous studies revealed that some outer membrane proteins of Leptospira interrogans, the most important pathogenic Leptospira species, acted as adherence factors to binding to receptor molecules (fibronectin, laminin and collagens) in extracellular matrix of host cells. Collagenase, metallopeptidases and endoflagellum contributed to the invasiveness of L. interrogans. Except for lipopolysaccharide, multiple hemolysins of L. interrogans displayed a powerful ability to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte apoptosis. vWA and platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase-like proteins from L. interrogans could induce severe pulmonary hemorrhage in mice. L. interrogans utilized cellular endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems for intracellular migration and transcellular transport. All the research achievements are helpful for further understanding the virulence of pathogenic Leptospira species and pathogenesis of leptospirosis.

Component Identification and Functional Analysis of Outer Membrane Vesicles Released by Avibacterium paragallinarum.

Avibacterium paragallinarum, the causative agent of infectious coryza, is known to release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). In the present study, we investigated the composition, bioactivities, and functional properties of the OMVs of A. paragallinarum. Following extraction and purification, the OMVs were observed to be spherical in shape, with diameters ranging from 20 to 300 nm. The vesicles contained endotoxin as well as genomic DNA. The molecular weights of the OMV-contained protein fragments were mostly concentrated at 65 and 15 kDa. The components of the OMV proteins were mainly various functional enzymes (e.g., ATP-dependent RNA helicase), structural components (e.g., streptomycin B receptor and membrane protein), and some hypothetical proteins with unknown functions. The expression levels of inflammation-related factors, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-10, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs), were significantly upregulated in chicken macrophage cells HD11 incubated with OMVs. Serum IgG antibodies were measured after two intramuscular injections of an OMV-based vaccine into specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The vaccinated chickens were then challenged by A. paragallinarum of homologous and heterologous serovars. It was noted that the vaccinated chickens produced immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against A. paragallinarum. The OMVs conferred an acceptable level of protection (70%), defined as an absence of colonization and of clinical signs, against the homologous strain (serovar A), while the cross-protection against heterologous challenge with serovars B and C was much weaker. However, the OMVS did provide significant protection against clinical signs for all three serovars. Overall, this study laid a foundation for further unraveling the functional roles of OMVs released by A. paragallinarum.

Role of antithymocyte globulin and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized bone marrow in allogeneic transplantation for patients with hematologic malignancies.

The main obstacle for allogeneic transplantation is delayed hematologic reconstitution and serious graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The results of 128 patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing HLA-identical (n=52) or HLA-haploidentical/mismatched (n=76) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) performed during the same time period were compared. Patients with HLA-identical HSCT received unmanipulated granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (G-PBSCs). Forty-six patients with HLA-haploidentical related HSCT received antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in conditioning regimens followed by the transplantation of the combination of unmanipulated G-PBSCs and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized bone marrow (G-BM) and 30 patients with HLA-mismatched unrelated HSCT received ATG in conditioning regimens followed by the transplantation of unmanipulated G-PBSCs. All patients got successful hematopoietic engraftment. The cumulative incidences of grades I to II acute GVHD (aGVHD) on day 100 in the identical, haploidentical related and mismatched unrelated cohorts were 21.2%, 43.5%, and 53.3%, respectively. The cumulative incidences of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) in the identical, mismatched unrelated, and haploidentical related cohorts were 34.6%, 33.3%, and 10.9%, respectively. The 2-year relapse and treatment-related mortality (TRM) rates were 19.2%, 23.9%, 23.3%, and 9.6%, 8.7%, 10% for patients who underwent identical, HLA-haploidentical related, and mismatched unrelated transplantation, respectively. The 2-year probabilities of leukemia-free survival and overall survival were 72.2%, 70.6%, 68.1%, and 76.5%, 77.8%, 70.0% after identical, haploidentical related and mismatched unrelated transplantations, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that only advanced disease stage and a diagnosis of disease had increased risk of relapse, treatment failure, and overall mortality. In conclusion, it is a feasible approach with acceptable outcomes for patients undergoing HLA-haploidentical related HSCT by the combination of G-PBSCs and G-BM with conditioning regimens including ATG.

HLA-haploidentical blood and bone marrow transplantation with anti-thymocyte globulin: long-term comparison with HLA-identical sibling transplantation.

We present an update of our results regarding related HLA-haploidentical and HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with leukemia. We compared the outcomes of 107 patients with leukemia undergoing HLA-identical sibling (n=51) or related HLA-haploidentical (n=56) HSCT performed during the same time period. Patients received BU-CY/CY-TBI in HLA-identical sibling HSCT or TBI+Ara-C+CY+ATG/CCNU+Ara-C+Bu+CY+ATG in haploidentical HSCT as conditioning regimens, followed by unmanipulated marrow and/or peripheral blood (PB) transplantation. All patients achieved full engraftment. The cumulative incidence of grades II through IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) in the matched and haploidentical cohorts was 13.7% and 26.8% (P<0.05), respectively. The risk of developing cGvHD was not different between HLA-matched and haploidentical patients (P>0.05). The two-year incidence of treatment-related mortality for matched and haploidentical patients was 7.8% and 12.5%, respectively, with P>0.05, and the incidence of relapse was 17% and 22%, respectively, with P>0.05. The two-year adjusted leukemia-free survival for matched versus haploidentical patients was 76% and 68%, respectively, with P>0.05, and the overall survival for matched versus haploidentical patients was 80% and 70%, respectively, with P>0.05. Multivariate analyses showed that only advanced disease stage and a diagnosis of acute leukemia were related to increased risk of relapse, treatment failure, and overall mortality. In summary, HSCT performed with related HLA-haploidentical donors is a feasible approach with acceptable outcomes.