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RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the expression pattern of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), and its receptors, across the menstrual cycle in healthy control women and those with abnormal uterine bleeding-endometrial disorder (AUB-E)? DESIGN: Immunohistochemical staining for PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) and platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGFRß) was performed in control and AUB-E endometrium from the proliferative, early, mid- and late secretory phases of the menstrual cycle (n = 5 each group). Control proliferative phase endometrium was cultured in PDGF-BB (0, 10 ng/ml) and vascular maturation assessed (n = 3). Endothelial cell to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) association was assessed after treatment with PDGF-BB (0, 1, 10 ng/ml). Secretion of angiogenic growth factors by endothelial cells or VSMC was determined. RESULTS: Endothelial cell immunoreactivity for PDGF-BB was reduced in the mid and late secretory phases in AUB-E (P = 0.008). PDGFRα was also reduced in mid secretory phase endothelial cells, proliferative and early secretory phase glandular epithelium in AUB-E (P = 0.008). PDGFRß expression was not altered. Treatment of proliferative phase endometrium with PDGF-BB (10 ng/ml) reduced the percentage of vessels expressing contractile VSMC markers. PDGF-BB had no effect on angiogenic growth factor secretion by endothelial cells or VSMC in vitro and did not affect their association in an in-vitro endothelial cell-VSMC association assay. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced endothelial cell expression of PDGF-BB in the AUB-E endometrium may contribute to the reduced vascular maturation previously observed in these women.
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Becaplermina , Células Endoteliales , Enfermedades Uterinas , Becaplermina/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Endometrio/metabolismo , Endometrio/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/metabolismo , Receptor alfa de Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Hemorragia UterinaRESUMEN
Remote sensing image has abundant granularity information. In order to utilize this information, a multiresolution region granularity analysis method is proposed in the present paper for image segmentation The proposed method firstly uses the mean shift to obtain the initial oversegmented regions at each resolution of the image, and then extracts the granularity information based on the region size and the region context, the Markov random field is employed to provide the final segmentation result by modeling the spectrum information and the granularity information. The SPOT5 remote sensing images of Pingshuo and the aerial image of Taizhou were tested to evaluate the proposed method. Compared with other spectrum-based methods, our method shows a better performance and results improved the segmentation accuracy.
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Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) impacts a couple's quality of life, mental health and constitutes a large economic burden for care. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an integrated systematic medical practice with wide clinical applications that has been predominantly used throughout Asian countries for over 2000 years. However, the efficacy of TCM in the treatment of RPL remains unclear due not only to a lack of experimental evidence, but also a lack of comprehensive summarized conclusions. Therefore, the current manuscript reviews recent relevant publications of the clinical use of TCM in RPL and illustrates its potential mechanisms. All publications (in both Chinese and English), especially randomized controlled trials (RCTs), on the use of TCM in RPL for the last ten years and research on its mechanisms were included. This review also describes our understanding of the problems and challenges in the modernization of TCM research.
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Aborto Habitual , Medicina Tradicional China , Aborto Habitual/prevención & control , Femenino , Humanos , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Appropriate growth and development of the endometrium across the menstrual cycle is key for a woman's quality of life and reproductive well-being. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affect a significant proportion of the female population worldwide. These endometrial pathologies have a significant impact on a woman's quality of life as well as placing a high economic burden on a country's health service. An underlying cause for both conditions is unknown in approximately 50% of cases. Previous research has demonstrated that aberrant endometrial vascular maturation is associated with both RPL and HMB, where it is increased in RPL but reduced in HMB. TGFß1 is one of the key growth factors that regulate vascular maturation, by inducing phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a synthetic phenotype to a more contractile one. Our previous data demonstrated an increase in TGFß1 in the endometrium of RPL, while others have shown a decrease in women with HMB. However, TGFß1 bioavailability is tightly controlled, and we therefore sought to perform an extensive immunohistochemical analysis of different components in the pathway in the endometrium of normal controls, women with HMB or RPL. In addition, two in vitro models were used to examine the role of TGFß1 in endometrial vascular maturation and endothelial cell (EC):VSMC association. Taken all together, the immunohistochemical data suggest a decrease in bioavailability, receptor binding capacity, and signaling in the endometrium of women with HMB compared with controls. In contrast, there is an increase in the bioavailability of active TGFß1 in the endometrium of women with RPL compared with controls. Endometrial explants cultured in TGFß1 had an increase in the number of vessels associated with contractile VSMC markers, although the total number of vessels did not increase. In addition, TGFß1 increased EC:VSMC association in an in vitro model. In conclusion, TGFß1 is a key regulator of endometrial vascular maturation and could be considered as a therapeutic target for women suffering from HMB and/or RPL.
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Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological cancer, and one of the most important causes of cancerrelated deaths in women worldwide. The longterm survival rate is lower in advancedstage and recurrent EC, therefore it is important to identify new anticancer drugs. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, is a promising anticancer drug for various cancer types but its effects on EC remain unclear. To investigate the anticancer effects of garcinol on EC, cell proliferation and cell cycle were assessed by realtime cell proliferation, cell counting, and colony formation assays, flow cytometric analysis, and 5ethynyl2'deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay, in EC Ishikawa (ISH) and HEC1B cell lines. Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of cell cyclerelated protein cyclins, cyclindependent kinase and tumor suppression proteins. Garcinol inhibited ISH and HEC1B cell proliferation in a dosedependent manner, and induced ISH and HEC1B cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and G2/M phase, respectively, and decreased the S phase and DNA synthesis in these two cell lines. Following garcinol treatment the expression levels of p53 and p21 were increased, while the expression levels of CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1 and cyclin B1 were gradually decreased in a dosedependent manner in both ISH and HEC1B cells. In addition, the expression levels of phosphorylated cJUN Nterminal kinase (JNK) and pcJUN were significantly increased in both types of cells. Collectively, garcinol can induce EC cell cycle arrest and may be a promising candidate for EC chemotherapy.