DIAPH3 promotes pancreatic cancer progression by activating selenoprotein TrxR1-mediated antioxidant effects.

Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumour of the digestive tract which is difficult to diagnose and treat. Approximately 90% of cases arise from ductal adenocarcinoma of the glandular epithelium. The morbidity and mortality of the disease have increased significantly in recent years. Its 5-year survival rate is <1% and has one of the worst prognoses amongst malignant tumours. Pancreatic cancer has a low rate of early-stage diagnosis, high surgical mortality and low cure rate. Selenium compounds produced by selenoamino acid metabolism may promote a large amount of oxidative stress and subsequent unfolded reactions and endoplasmic reticulum stress by consuming the NADPH in cells, and eventually lead to apoptosis, necrosis or necrotic cell death. In this study, we first identified DIAPH3 as a highly expressed protein in the tissues of patients with pancreatic cancer, and confirmed that DIAPH3 promoted the proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells using overexpression and interference experiments. Secondly, bioinformatics data mining showed that the potential proteins interacted with DIAPH3 were involved in selenoamino acid metabolism regulation. Selenium may be incorporated into selenoprotein synthesis such as TrxR1 and GPX4, which direct reduction of hydroperoxides or resist ferroptosis, respectively. Our following validation confirmed that DIAPH3 promoted selenium content and interacted with the selenoprotein RPL6, a ribosome protein subunit involved in selenoamino acid metabolism. In addition, we verified that DIAPH3 could down-regulate cellular ROS level via up-regulating TrxR1 expression. Finally, nude mice xenograft model experimental results demonstrate DIAPH3 knock down could decrease tumour growth and TrxR1 expression and ROS levels in vivo. Collectively, our observations indicate DIAPH3 could promote pancreatic cancer progression by activating selenoprotein TrxR1-mediated antioxidant effects.

EIF2A promotes cell survival during paclitaxel treatment in vitro and in vivo.

The integrated stress response (ISR) is critical for cancer cell survival during stress stimuli and has been implicated in the resistance to cancer therapeutics, in which the mechanism, however, is poorly understood. Here, we showed that paclitaxel, the major chemotherapy drug for breast cancer, induced ISR and phosphorylated ser51 residue of EIF2S1 by EIF2AK3 and EIF2AK4. When exposed to paclitaxel, cancer cells activated the EIF2AK3/EIF2AK4-pEIF2S1-ATF4 axis and maintained redox homoeostasis by inducing expression of the major antioxidant enzymes HMOX1, SHMT2 and SLC7A11. Paclitaxel-mediated cell death was significantly increased following loss of ISR or ATF4 expression. This sensitizing effect could be partially rescued by Trolox, a ROS scavenger. We demonstrated that the alternative initiation factor EIF2A was essential for cancer cell survival after paclitaxel-mediated ISR both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, patients with breast cancer exhibited higher ISR after chemotherapy, and the elevated mRNA levels of HMOX1, SHMT2 and EIF2A were correlated with poor prognosis. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel mechanism for paclitaxel resistance and suggest that targeting EIF2A combined with ISR agonist may be a potential treatment regimen to overcome drug resistance for breast cancer.

NEK4 kinase regulates EMT to promote lung cancer metastasis.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic transitional state from the epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes. Numerous studies have suggested that EMT and its intermediate states play important roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. To identify novel regulatory molecules of EMT, we screened a siRNA library targeting human 720 kinases in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells harboring E-cadherin promoter-luciferase reporter vectors. NIMA-related kinase-4 (NEK4) was identified and characterized as a positive regulator of EMT in the screening. Suppression of NEK4 resulted in the inhibition of cell migration and invasion, accompanying with an increased expression of cell adhesion-related proteins such as E-cadherin and ZO1. Furthermore, NEK4 knockdown caused the decreased expression of the transcriptional factor Zeb1 and Smads proteins, which are known to play key roles in EMT regulation. Consistently, overexpression of NEK4 resulted in the decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of Smad3. Using a mouse model with tail vein injection of NEK4 knockdown stable cell line, we found a lower rate of tumor formation and metastasis of the NEK4-knockdown cells in vivo. Thus, this study demonstrates NEK4 as a novel kinase involved in regulation of EMT and suggests that NEK4 may be further explored as a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer metastasis.

Selection and antitumor activity of anti-Bcl-2 DNAzymes.

Apoptosis pathway has become one of the important targets for therapeutic exploration for cancer therapy. The increased Bcl-2 protein level and phosphorylation is implicated in a decreased chemotherapeutic response in many cancers. BCL-2 inhibitors have been developed as direct inducers of apoptosis. However, resistance to BCL2 inhibitors has been emerging and thus considerable effort has been made to seek novel approaches to BCL2 suppression. In this report we describe an in vitro DNAzyme selection strategy resulting in molecules that are effective in suppressing expression of the target gene BCL-2 in vitro. A 3'-inverted modification was shown to significantly increase the DNAzyme stability in serum and the modified DNAzyme delivered by an osmotic pump chemosensitized human prostate cancer to Taxol in vivo. Thus this study provides an alternative strategy for potential BCL-2-targetd therapy.

Viral Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Biology.

Over 12 % of all human cancers are caused by oncoviruses, primarily including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). In addition to viral oncoproteins, a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) produced by oncoviruses have been recognized as important cofactors that contribute to the oncogenic events. In this chapter, we will focus on the recent understanding of the long and short noncoding RNAs, as well as microRNAs of the viruses, and discuss their roles in the biology of multistep oncogenesis mediated by established human oncoviruses.

Identification and characterization of DNAzymes targeting DNA methyltransferase I for suppressing bladder cancer proliferation.

Epigenetic inactivation of genes plays a critical role in many important human diseases, especially in cancer. A core mechanism for epigenetic inactivation of the genes is methylation of CpG islands in genome DNA, which is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). The inhibition of DNMTs may lead to demethylation and expression of the silenced tumor suppressor genes. Although DNMT inhibitors are currently being developed as potential anticancer agents, only limited success is achieved due to substantial toxicity. Here, we utilized a multiplex selection system to generate efficient RNA-cleaving DNAzymes targeting DNMT1. The lead molecule from the selection was shown to possess efficient kinetic profiles and high efficiency in inhibiting the enzyme activity. Transfection of the DNAzyme caused significant down-regulation of DNMT1 expression and reactivation of p16 gene, resulting in reduced cell proliferation of bladder cancers. This study provides an alternative for targeting DNMTs for potential cancer therapy.

Therapeutic evaluation of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein-1 targeted DNAzyme for treating of nasopharyngeal carcinomas.

The ability of the 10-23 DNAzyme to specifically cleave RNA with high efficiency has fuelled expectation that this agent may have useful applications for targeted therapy. Here, we, for the first time, investigated the antitumor and radiosensitizing effects of a DNAzyme (DZ1) targeted to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-LMP1 mRNA of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in patients. Preclinical studies indicated that the DNAzyme was safe and well tolerated. A randomized and double-blind clinical study was conducted in 40 NPC patients who received DZ1 or saline intratumorally, in conjunction with radiation therapy. Tumor regression, patient survival, EBV DNA copy number and tumor microvascular permeability were assessed in a 3-month follow-up. The mean tumor regression rate at week 12 was significantly higher in DZ1 treated group than in the saline control group. Molecular imaging analysis showed that DZ1 impacted on tumor microvascular permeability as evidenced by a faster decline of the K(trans) in DZ1-treated patients. The percentage of the samples with undetectable level of EBV DNA copy in the DZ1 group was significantly higher than that in the control group. No adverse events that could be attributed to the DZ1 injection were observed in patients.

DCE-MRI assessment of the effect of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein-1 targeted DNAzyme on tumor vasculature in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (EBV-LMP1) is an important oncogenic protein for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and has been shown to engage a plethora of signaling pathways. Correspondingly, an LMP1-targeted DNAzyme was found to inhibit the growth of NPC cells both in vivo and in vitro by suppressing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, it remains unknown whether an LMP1-targeted DNAzyme would affect the vasculature of NPC. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been applied in the clinical trials of anti-angiogenic drugs for more than ten years, and Ktrans has been recommended as a primary endpoint. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to use DCE-MRI to longitudinally study the effect of an EBV-LMP1-targeted DNAzyme on the vasculature of patients with NPC. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were randomly divided into two groups: a combined treatment group (radiotherapy + LMP1-targeted DNAzyme) and a radiotherapy alone group (radiotherapy + normal saline). DCE-MRI scans were conducted 1 ~ 2 days before radiotherapy (Pre-RT), during radiotherapy (RT 50 Gy), upon completion of radiotherapy (RT 70 Gy), and three months after radiotherapy (3 months post-RT). Parameters of vascular permeability and intra- and extravascular volumes were subsequently obtained (e.g., Ktrans, kep, ve) using nordicICE software. RESULTS: Both Ktrans and kep values for NPC tumor tissues decreased for both groups after treatment. Moreover, a statistically significant difference in Ktrans values at the pre-therapy and post-therapy timepoints emerged earlier for the combined treatment group (RT 50 Gy, P =0.045) compared to the radiotherapy alone group (3 months post-RT, P = 0.032). For the kep values, the downward trend observed for both the combined treatment group and the radiotherapy alone group were similar. In contrast, ve values for all of the tumor tissues increased following therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The EBV-LMP1-targeted DNAzyme that was tested was found to accelerate the decline of Ktrans values for patients with NPC. Correspondingly, the LMP1-targeted DNAzyme treatments were found to affect the angiogenesis and microvascular permeability of NPC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01449942. Registered 6 October 2011.

Antiangiogenic and antitumoral effects mediated by a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1)-targeted DNAzyme.

Antiangiogenesis is a promising antitumor strategy that inhibits tumor vascular formation to suppress tumor growth. DNAzymes are synthetic single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules that can cleave ribonucleic acids (RNAs). Here, we conducted a comprehensive in vitro selection of active DNAzymes for their activity to cleave the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-1) mRNA and screened for their biological activity in a matrigel tube-formation assay. Among the selected DNAzymes, DT18 was defined as a lead molecule that was further investigated in several model systems. In a rat corneal vascularization model, DT18 demonstrated significant and specific antiangiogenic activity, as evidenced by the reduced area and vessel number in VEGF-induced corneal angiogenesis. In a mouse melanoma model, DT18 was shown to inhibit B16 tumor growth, whereas it did not affect B16 cell proliferation. We further assessed the DT18 effect in mice with established human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A significant inhibition of tumor growth was observed, which accompanied downregulation of VEGFR-1 expression in NPC tumor tissues. To evaluate DT18 effect on vasculature, we performed dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) on the human NPC xenograft mice treated with DT18 and showed a reduction of the parameter of K(trans) (volume constant for transfer of contrast agent), which reflects the condition of tumor microvascular permeability. When examining the safety and tolerability of DT18, intravenous administration of Dz18 to healthy mice caused no substantial toxicities, as shown by parameters such as body weight, liver/kidney function, and histological and biochemical analyses. Taken together, our data suggest that the anti-VEGFR-1 DNAzyme may be used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, such as NPC.

Mast cell-induced lung injury in mice infected with H5N1 influenza virus.

Although an important role for mast cells in several viral infections has been demonstrated, its role in the invasion of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that mast cells were activated significantly by H5N1 virus (A/chicken/Henan/1/2004) infection both in vivo and in vitro. Mast cells could possibly intensify the lung injury that results from H5N1 infection by releasing proinflammatory mediators, including histamine, tryptase, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Lung lesions and apoptosis induced by H5N1 infection were reduced dramatically by treatment with ketotifen, which is a mast cell degranulation inhibitor. A combination of ketotifen and the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir protected 100% of the mice from death postinfection. In conclusion, our data suggest that mast cells play a crucial role in the early stages of H5N1 influenza virus infection and provide a new approach to combat highly pathogenic influenza virus infection.

Suppression of retinol-binding protein 4 with RNA oligonucleotide prevents high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice.

Conflicting data have been reported regarding the role of retinol-binding protein (RBP4) in insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we used pharmacological methods to investigate the role of RBP4. RNA oligonucleotide against RBP4 (anti-RBP4 oligo) was transfected into 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RT-PCR analysis showed that RBP4 mRNA expression decreased by 55% (p<0.01) compared with control cells. Validated RNA oligo was used in an in vivo study with high fat diet (HFD) fed - mice. 14 weeks of HFD feeding increased RBP4 expression (associated with elevated serum levels measured with immunoblotting and ELISA) by 56% in adipose tissue (p<0.05) and 68% in the liver (p<0.01). Adipose RBP4 levels were significantly reduced after 4 weeks treatment with anti-RBP4 oligo (25mg/kg, p<0.01) and rosiglitazone (RSG, 10mg/kg, p<0.05) compared with scrambled RNA oligo (25mg/kg) treated mice. Only anti-RBP4 oligo significantly inhibited RBP4 protein (p<0.01) and mRNA expression (p<0.01) in the liver and reduced serum RBP4 levels. Anti-RBP4 oligo and RSG showed comparable effects on impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. Anti-RBP4 oligo significantly enhanced adipose-GLUT4 expression (p<0.01) but did not increase muscle-GLUT4. Both RSG and anti-RBP4 oligo significantly reduced hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression (both p<0.05). Histological analysis revealed that anti-RBP4 oligo ameliorated hepatic steatosis and reduced lipid droplets associated with normalized liver function. Histological and pharmacological results of this study indicate that RBP4 is not only an adipocytokine, but also a hepatic cytokine leading to metabolic syndrome, NAFLD and type 2 diabetes.

Asparagine synthetase regulates lung-cancer metastasis by stabilizing the ß-catenin complex and modulating mitochondrial response.

The availability of asparagine is the limitation of cell growth and metastasis. Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) was an essential enzyme for endogenous asparagine products. In our study, ASNS-induced asparagine products were essential to maintain tumor growth and colony formations in vitro. But mutated ASNS which defected endogenous asparagine products still upregulated cell invasiveness, which indicated that ASNS promoted invasiveness by alternative pathways. Mechanically, ASNS modulated Wnt signal transduction by promoting GSK3ß phosphorylation on ser9 and stabilizing the ß-catenin complex, as result, ASNS could promote more ß-catenin translocation into nucleus independent of endogenous asparagine. At the same time, ASNS modulated mitochondrial response to Wnt stimuli with increased mitochondrial potential and membrane fusion. In summary, ASNS promoted metastasis depending on Wnt pathway and mitochondrial functions even without endogenous asparagine products.

The Association of R-Loop Binding Proteins Subtypes with CIN Implicates Therapeutic Strategies in Colorectal Cancer.

Chromosomal instability (CIN) covers approximately 65 to 70% of colorectal cancer patients and plays an essential role in cancer progression. However, the molecular features and therapeutic strategies related to those patients are still controversial. R-loop binding proteins (RLBPs) exert significant roles in transcription and replication. Here, integrative colorectal cancer proteogenomic analysis identified two RLBPs subtypes correlated with distinct prognoses. Cluster I (CI), represented by high expression of RLBPs, was associated with the CIN phenotype. While Cluster II (CII) with the worst prognosis and low expression of RLBPs was composed of a high percentage of patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma or right-sided colon cancer. The molecular feature analysis revealed that the active RNA processing, ribosome synthesis, and aberrant DNA damage repair were shown in CI, a high inflammatory signaling pathway, and lymphocyte infiltration was enriched in CII. In addition, we revealed 42 tumor-associated RLBPs proteins. The CI with high expression of tumor-associated proteins was sensitive to drugs targeting genome integrity and EGFR in both cell and organoid models. Thus, our study unveils a significant molecular association of the CIN phenotype with RLBPs, and also provides a powerful resource for further functional exploration of RLBPs in cancer progression and therapeutic application.

The Roles of RNA Helicases in DNA Damage Repair and Tumorigenesis Reveal Precision Therapeutic Strategies.

DEAD-box RNA helicases belong to a large group of RNA-processing factors and play vital roles unwinding RNA helices and in ribosomal RNA biogenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that RNA helicases are associated with genome stability, yet the mechanisms behind this association remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of RNA helicases using multiplatform proteogenomic databases. More than 50% (28/49) of detected RNA helicases were highly expressed in multiple tumor tissues, and more than 60% (17/28) of tumor-associated members were directly involved in DNA damage repair (DDR). Analysis of repair dynamics revealed that these RNA helicases are engaged in an extensively broad range of DDR pathways. Among these factors is DDX21, which was prominently upregulated in colorectal cancer. The high expression of DDX21 gave rise to frequent chromosome exchange and increased genome fragmentation. Mechanistically, aberrantly high expression of DDX21 triggered inappropriate repair processes by delaying homologous recombination repair and increasing replication stress, leading to genome instability and tumorigenesis. Treatment with distinct chemotherapeutic drugs caused higher lethality to cancer cells with genome fragility induced by DDX21, providing a perspective for treatment of tumors with high DDX21 expression. This study revealed the role of RNA helicases in DNA damage and their associations with cancer, which could expand therapeutic strategies and improve precision treatments for cancer patients with high expression of RNA helicases. SIGNIFICANCE: The involvement of the majority of tumor-associated RNA helicases in the DNA damage repair process suggests a new mechanism of tumorigenesis and offers potential alternative therapeutic strategies for cancer.

Low Expression of ECT2 Confers Radiation Therapy Resistance Through Transcription Coupled Nucleolar DNA Damage Repair.

PURPOSE: Radioresistance contributes to poor clinical therapeutic efficacy in most cancers. Emerging evidence shows that aberrant DNA damage repair is involved in radioresistance. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism for radioresistance and explore the precise treatment to sensitize the radioresistant tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to confirm the differential expression of epithelial cell transforming 2 (ECT2) in irradiation-resistant and sensitive cell lines. Laser microirradiation was used to examine the ribosome DNA (rDNA) damage response of ECT2. Biotin-identification, in vivo, in vitro binding assay, and dot blotting were used to confirm the interaction of ECT2 and PARP1. The xenograft mouse model and cell survival assay were used to assess the irradiation sensitivity with or without PARP1 inhibitor. RESULTS: We found the expression of ECT2 correlates with sensitivity to radiation therapy in both lung cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We demonstrated that low expression of ECT2 causes radioresistance, mainly by protecting rDNA in nucleoli from persistent irradiation exposure through transcriptional recovery prevention. ECT2 is recruited to the rDNA damage site in an ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated RNA polymerase I dependent manner. The recruited ECT2 interacts with PARP1 and facilitates the disassociation of PARP1 from rDNA in nucleoli. Thus, ECT2 deficiency results in sustained activation of PARP1, which subsequently inhibits nucleolar transcription and results in a low frequency of rDNA exposure under DNA damage. PARP inhibition synergized with irradiation can sensitize radioresistant tumors with low ECT2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides a potential perspective for the application of PARP inhibitor to sensitize low-ECT2 expressing tumors to radiation therapy.

Fatty acid oxidation fuels glioblastoma radioresistance with CD47-mediated immune evasion.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains the top challenge to radiotherapy with only 25% one-year survival after diagnosis. Here, we reveal that co-enhancement of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) enzymes (CPT1A, CPT2 and ACAD9) and immune checkpoint CD47 is dominant in recurrent GBM patients with poor prognosis. A glycolysis-to-FAO metabolic rewiring is associated with CD47 anti-phagocytosis in radioresistant GBM cells and regrown GBM after radiation in syngeneic mice. Inhibition of FAO by CPT1 inhibitor etomoxir or CRISPR-generated CPT1A-/-, CPT2-/-, ACAD9-/- cells demonstrate that FAO-derived acetyl-CoA upregulates CD47 transcription via NF-κB/RelA acetylation. Blocking FAO impairs tumor growth and reduces CD47 anti-phagocytosis. Etomoxir combined with anti-CD47 antibody synergizes radiation control of regrown tumors with boosted macrophage phagocytosis. These results demonstrate that enhanced fat acid metabolism promotes aggressive growth of GBM with CD47-mediated immune evasion. The FAO-CD47 axis may be targeted to improve GBM control by eliminating the radioresistant phagocytosis-proofing tumor cells in GBM radioimmunotherapy.

Prophylactic, therapeutic and immune enhancement effect of liposome-encapsulated PolyICLC on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza infection.

BACKGROUND: In view of the magnitude and severity of outbreaks of the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus (H5N1-HPIV) and the threat to public health, there is an urgent need to develop broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic agents against infection by H5N1-HPIV and other subtypes. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, we explored the use of LE-PolyICLC, a liposome encapsulated double-stranded RNA, as a possible prophylactic, therapeutic and immune enhancement agent. In a mouse infection model, we showed that the administration of LE-PolyICLC intranasally before or shortly after infection could inhibit virus replication, leading to a significant reduction in pulmonary viral titres and a higher survival rate of infected mice. When used as a molecular adjuvant, LE-PolyICLC significantly enhanced both the humoral and cellular responses elicited by inactivated H5N1 vaccine and augmented the protective efficacy provided by vaccination. Most importantly, the data also demonstrate that LE-PolyICLC could effectively attenuate the development of pulmonary fibrosis during the restoration period at day 14 after H5N1 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the data obtained in the present study suggest that strong consideration should be given for the use of LE-PolyICLC as prophylactic and therapeutic agents and also as a vaccination adjuvant to combat highly pathogenic influenza infection and its associated complications such as pulmonary fibrosis.

Inhibition of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus propagation by RNA oligonucleotides targeting the PB2 gene in combination with celecoxib.

BACKGROUND: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 can cause acute respiratory infections with an uncontrolled virus-induced cytokine storm in both poultry and humans. In view of the high mortality of H5N1 influenza virus infection, the development of novel broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic agents against infection is urgently needed. In the present study, we attempted to explore whether the combinational use of a viral gene-targeted agent and immunomodulator is feasible as a new strategy against the H5N1 infection. METHODS: Four antisense RNA oligonucleotides targeting the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) gene of H5N1-HPIV were designed and screened for their ability to inhibit H5N1 influenza viral propagation. RESULTS: In Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, the RNA oligonucleotides efficiently inhibited viral replication, as measured by hemagglutinin production, plaque formation and viral RNA expression assays. In a mouse infection model, a combinational treatment in mice with the PB2 oligonucleotides and celecoxib significantly reduced the viral load, regulated cytokine profiles, and improved lung lesions and animal survival compared to the single use of either PB2 oligonucleotides or the immunomodulatory agent, celecoxib. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in the present study suggest the potential use of PB2-targeted oligonucleotides in conjunction with immunomodulators for the control of H5N1 influenza infection.

Transcription factor Egr-1 supports FGF-dependent angiogenesis during neovascularization and tumor growth.

Current understanding of key transcription factors regulating angiogenesis is limited. Here we show that RNA-cleaving phosphodiester-linked DNA-based enzymes (DNAzymes), targeting a specific motif in the 5' untranslated region of early growth response (Egr-1) mRNA, inhibit Egr-1 protein expression, microvascular endothelial cell replication and migration, and microtubule network formation on basement membrane matrices. Egr-1 DNAzymes blocked angiogenesis in subcutaneous Matrigel plugs in mice, an observation that was independently confirmed by plug analysis in Egr-1-deficient animals, and inhibited MCF-7 human breast carcinoma growth in nude mice. Egr-1 DNAzymes suppressed tumor growth without influencing body weight, wound healing, blood coagulation or other hematological parameters. These agents inhibited endothelial expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, a proangiogenic factor downstream of Egr-1, but not that of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Egr-1 DNAzymes also repressed neovascularization of rat cornea. Thus, microvascular endothelial cell growth, neovascularization, tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth are processes that are critically dependent on Egr-1.