Factors affecting rehabilitation of infants with Central Coordination Disorders during a three-month-long observation.

BACKGROUND: Central coordination disorders (CCD) encompass various abnormalities observed in infants but early therapy may have an impact on their condition. The aim was to seek factors that may affect the early results of therapy of infants with CCD. METHODS: We analyzed the outcomes of a three-month period of rehabilitation of infants living with CCD. Children were treated at Non-public Specialist Healthcare Institution Medi-Reh in Kalisz in the period from 1 Jan 2014 to 31 Nov 2019. In our retrospective study results of three-month therapy of infants, aged 1 to 6 months, with CCD were analysed regards to the effectiveness and the potential impact of different factors. Therapy and assessment of children were conducted with the use of the Vojta method, which was performed during the first visit (WW) and the follow-up visit (after 3 months- 1WK). The analysis of the influence of various factors on the effect of therapy included: mother's age at the time of delivery, duration of breastfeeding, child APGAR, gestational age in which the child was born, sex of the child, birth weight, age of the child at WW, type of delivery, craniosacral therapy as an additive treatment. RESULTS: Based on the examination results from 66 medical records it was demonstrated that after active period of the therapy, improvement was observed in 54 (81.81%) (p=0.48) children (condition during WW versus 1WK among the group). The sole factor impacting improvement after 3 months was the age of the child at WW, when the child started therapy. This factor significantly (p=0.002) increased the chance of achieving improvement - by 3.2 times (OR= 3,2; CI= 95). No statistically significant differences were shown for the other studied factors. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt implementation of rehabilitation in children with CCD provides a better chance of improving their motor function. The rehabilitation should be started as soon as possible after the diagnosis is constituted.

The effects of types of guidewires and pressure applied during stent implantation in the main vessel on the incidence of damage to coronary guidewires during angioplasty of coronary bifurcation lesions-Wide Beast study.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the impact of stent inflation pressure and type of guidewire on "jailed" coronary guidewire damage occurring during bifurcation angioplasty. BACKGROUND: Despite new techniques and treatment options during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) we still observe peri- and postoperative complications for to various known and unknown reasons. METHODS: Patients undergoing PCI within the coronary bifurcation were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Pilot 50 or BMW guidewire and pressure ≤12 or >12 atm. After PCI each "jailed" guidewire was evaluated under an optical microscope. The Wide Beast Scale (WBS) was developed for the internal purposes of the study and was used for qualitative assessment. Also, the inflation pressure, the patients' characteristics and the technical parameters of the procedure were recorded. RESULTS: The clinical characteristics were similar in all the groups. There was no statistical significance of the degree of damage, rated on the WBS, for either guidewire group with respect to inflation pressure (P = 0.49). The prevalence of guidewire damage was higher in the BMW versus the Pilot 50 group (98.4% vs 67.4% respectively, P = 0.00001) as was the severity of the damage (grades 3 and 4) in BMW versus Pilot 50 (55.6% vs 13.0% respectively, P = 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: The inflation pressure during stent implantation had no impact on "jailed" guidewire damage. The difference in the prevalence of serious damage and total damage number was statistically significant for the BMW guidewire compared to the Pilot50. The BMW guidewire was an independent predictor of the degree of damage to the guidewire.

[The rehabilitation of a child with a sotos syndrome. case report].

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: Sotos syndrome is a rare genetic disease characterized by various physical and mental development disorders. The article proposes and discusses the developmental changes of a child with cerebral gigantism after 8 months improvement according to the proposed scheme. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Material and methods: A six-months-old girl with Sotos syndrome was referred for rehabilitation due to a delay in development. After the neurokinesiological examination, the physiotherapy with use of the Vojta method was started, which after 5 months was supplemented with cranio-sacral and speech therapy. The effects of treatment were evaluated after 5 and 8 months using the Vojty method and 2 developmental profiles according to the Munich Functional Developmental Diagnostics. RESULTS: Results: At the beginning of the therapy, in the neurokinesiological examination was found: 6 abnormal postural positions with asymmetry, spontaneous motor activity at the level below 3 months of age, abnormal primitive reflexes. After 8 months of therapy, 4 abnormal postural positions without asymmetry, spontaneous motor activity at the level of 7.5 months of age, primitive reflexes appropriate to age were found in a neurokinesiological examination. In addition, the child's development was rated the highest in terms of social functions - at 10 months of age, while the age of perception, sitting, crawling, walking and speech function respectively on: 8,7,6,5 and 4 months of age. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The proposed improvement procedure has contributed to the improvement of the quality of motor patterns and cognitive activation of the child.

Impact of Kinesio Taping application on pregnant women suffering from pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain - preliminary study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain on every day functioning and evaluate how effective Kinesio Taping is in reducing pain for pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 24 women filled the author's questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index Questionnaire and Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire before starting the therapy. Elastic tape was applied onto the lumbosacral area for 5 days and was evaluated 1st day of the test immediately before application, day 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10 day of the examination. RESULTS: ODI score was 20.09 and showed major disability resulting from severity of the pain. PGQ score was 19.909. Sig-nificant pain reduction was registered on the 3rd day after tape was applied, significant pain reduction on the day of tape removal, and 5 days after tape removal. CONCLUSIONS: Elastic tape decreases pain in pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain. Pelvic girdle pain deteriorates the quality of life for pregnant women.

Level and limitations of physical activity in patients with excess body weight or diabetes.

Physical activity (PA) is recommended to prevent or treat many diseases, but various factors may limit it. We analyse the level of PA and the barriers to undertaking it. Patients aged 18-64 with diabetes or at least overweight completed the following questionnaires: International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Accompanying Survey (AS). For statistical analysis, non-parametric Mann-Whitney U, χ2-Pearson, correspondence analysis and meta-analysis (OR with ±95% CI) were used, and α=0.05 was assumed. Of 191 sets of questionnaires were analysed (67% from women). The median (MD) age for the group was 50.5 years, MD for metabolic equivalents (METs): 2079 (MET-min/week); 16.23% of subjects scored insufficient, 46.07% sufficient and 37.7% high PA according to the IPAQ scale. A relationship between the IPAQ and PA level results from the AS was confirmed (χ2; p=0.00047). The most common reasons indicated for not taking up PA were lack of time due to professional work (49%) and additional duties (32%) as well as fatigue from daily duties (44%). Participants <45 years were more likely to indicate additional duties (p=0.013), participants >45 years illnesses (p=0.04) and people with BMI (body mass index) ≥30 kg/m2, 'fatigue from daily duties' (p=0.019) as an obstacle to undertaking PA. 'Lack of suitable conditions to undertake PA' was indicated more often by patients with primary education (p<0.01), diabetes (p=0.037), after myocardial infarction (p=0.039) and those under psychiatric treatment (p=0.039). Women more often declared a lack of motivation (p=0.018). Residents of big cities and those with BMI ≥30 were more likely to assess their PA as 'insufficient' (p=0.0260 and p=0.0081, respectively). The overwhelming number of respondents who were in the age of professional activity had a sufficient level of PA. The most common barriers to undertaking PA were lack of time and fatigue, related to both work and non-work activities, but specific barriers were also found for women and patients with various diseases.

The effectiveness of rehabilitation of patients with injuries as part of the Social Insurance Institution's disability prevention.

BACKGROUND: Injuries are the cause of professional and social deactivation. The rehabilitation program provided under Social Security prevention pension enables earlier rehabilitation measures. OBJECTIVE: The study's aim was to determine the efficiency of the rehabilitation as a part of Social Security prevention pension in the group of patients after limb injuries depending on the time when rehabilitation was undertaken. METHODS: The study was a retrospective data analysis, based on medical histories of 93 patients after injuries, rehabilitated as part of Social Security prevention pension from January 2016 until July 2017. The effects of rehabilitation were assessed in 2 groups: early (up to 6 months from the injury) and late rehabilitation (over 6 months). Medical effects are based on measurements of the motion range in extremities' joints, functional test results and final evaluation of the rehabilitation. RESULTS: For both groups, the motion range of most joints improved. Improvement among the group of early rehabilitated patients concerned everyday activities (p = 0.035), the results of medical rehabilitation (p = 0.046) and also the results of the functional tests. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive rehabilitation of patients after the injuries in Social Security prevention pension leads to better medical effects. The results are better for earlier rehabilitated patients.

Nephrotic Syndrome - Different Risk of Venous Thromboembolism with Different Approaches to Justify Prophylactic Anticoagulation.

All of the circumstances influencing any of the elements of Virchow's Triad can increase the risk of venous thromboembolism. Assessing prothrombotic factors can sometimes be difficult. One of the examples of such a condition is nephrotic syndrome. In this condition at least two elements of Virchow's triad are affected: physiological blood composition and the venous blood flow which is slowed down by the edema. Except for the cases mentioned in KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes), the use of anticoagulant drugs in the prophylaxis of VTE (Venous Thromboembolism) in nephrotic syndrome seems unclear. Nevertheless, due to the increased risk of VTE, it is worth implementing mechanical anticoagulant prophylaxis, which can also improve the quality of life of patients by reducing swelling. The article analyzes the current knowledge on the field and gives some proposals with low bleeding risk.

Analysis of Methylglyoxal Concentration in a Group of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Prediabetes.

BACKGROUND: The abnormal serum concentration of methylglyoxal (MGO) has been presented as an indicator of chronic complications in diabetes (DM). Because such complications are also found in pre-DM, we decided to assess the concentration of this compound in individuals with pre-DM, without cardio-vascular diseases. METHODS: Frozen samples from individuals newly diagnosed with pre-DM (N = 31) and healthy subjects (N = 11) were prepared and MGO concentration was determined using UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS. RESULTS: Statistical significance was established when the groups were compared for body weight, BMI, fasting glucose level, fatty liver and use of statins but not for the other descriptive parameters. The positive linear correlation showed that the higher HbA1c, the higher MGO concentration (p = 0.01). The values of MGO were within the normal range in both groups (mean value for pre-DM: 135.44 nM (±SD = 32.67) and for the control group: 143.25 nM (±SD = 17.93); p = 0.46 (±95% CI)), with no statistical significance between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We did not confirm the elevated MGO levels in the group of patients with pre-DM. The available data suggests a possible effect of statin intake on MGO levels. This thesis requires confirmation on a larger number of patients with an assessment of MGO levels before and after the introduction of statins.

Validity and reliability of the Polish version of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy is an important risk factor for foot ulceration and amputation. Thus, patients with diabetes should be screened for this disorder according to local guidelines. An obstacle to the diagnosis of this disease may be the lack of unified diagnostic criteria due to the lack of properly validated scales used for assessment. AIM: To validate both sections (A and B) of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) in Polish (PL) patients with diabetes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a test (A1, B1) and re-test (A2, B2) formula was performed in 80 patients with diabetes. The gold standard used for neuropathy detection was a nerve conduction study (NCS) which was performed in all participants. Reliability of the MNSI-PL was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha, Kuder-Richardson formula 20 (KR-20), split-half reliability, the Gottman split-half tests, and correlation between first and second half was accessed. Stability was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). For external validation, we used simple linear correlation, binomial regression, and agreement between two different tools using a Bland-Altman plot analysis. RESULTS: The scale was internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha for the full scale: 0.81 for A and 0.87 for B). MNSI-PL scores in test/retest showed high stability (ICC = 0.73 for A and ICC = 0.97 for B). The statistically important correlations between MNSI-PL and NCS were found for B1, B2, and A1 (P < 0.005). The cut-off points of ≥ 3 for section A (sensitivity of 90%-100%; specificity of 33%-40%) and ≥ 2 for section B (sensitivity of 81%-84%; specificity of 60%-70%) were obtained during neuropathy detection. CONCLUSION: The MNSI-PL is a reliable and valid instrument in screening for diabetic neuropathy.

Physical Activity Modifies the Severity of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients-Observational Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Physical activity (PA) can modulate the immune response, but its impact on infectious disease severity is unknown. We assess if the PA level impacts the severity of COVID-19. METHODS: Prospective, cohort study for adults hospitalized due to COVID-19, who filled out the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Disease severity was expressed as death, transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), oxygen therapy (OxTh), hospitalization length, complications, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin level. RESULTS: Out of 326 individuals, 131 (57; 43.51% women) were analyzed: age: median-70; range: 20-95; BMI: mean-27.18 kg/m²; and SD: ±4.77. During hospitalization: 117 (83.31%) individuals recovered, nine (6.87%) were transferred to ICU, five (3.82%) died, and 83 (63.36%) needed OxTh. The median for the hospital stay was 11 (range: 3-49) for discharged patients, and mean hospitalization length was 14 (SD: ±5.8312) for deaths and 14.22 days (SD: ±6.92) for ICU-transferred patients. The median for MET-min/week was 660 (range: 0-19,200). Sufficient or high PA was found in recovered patients but insufficient PA was observed in dead or ICU-transferred patients (p = 0.03). The individuals with poor PA had a higher risk of death (HR = 2.63; ±95%CI 0.58-11.93; p = 0.037). OxTh was used more often in the less active individuals (p = 0.03). The principal component analysis confirmed a relationship between insufficient PA and an unfavorable course of the disease. CONCLUSION: A higher level of PA is associated with a milder course of COVID-19.

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Pregnant and Lactating Women and Mothers of Young Children in Poland.

Purpose: The World Health Organization indicated vaccine hesitancy as one of the top 10 threats to global health. The success of a vaccine depends not only on its efficacy but also on its acceptance. Our study aims to define COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in a sample of pregnant and lactating women in Poland. Since mothers are often key decision-makers for whether their children will receive vaccination, it is vital to measure vaccine confidence among this group. Patients and Methods: An anonymous online survey was distributed to assess the level of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant and lactating women for themselves and their children in Poland. Results: The trust of pregnant and breastfeeding women and women who have offspring in government, in healthcare professionals, in scientific authorities, and sound scientific data is strongly associated with vaccine acceptance and may influence an individual's decision to perceive recommended actions as beneficial to the society as a whole. Conclusion: Acceptance and confidence in receiving the COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant and lactating women and mothers with young children is strongly associated with feelings of trust in government, health professionals, scientific authorities, and sound scientific data. The dissemination of professional and reliable information regarding the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine uptake by qualified health care personnel can significantly increase the level of trust and public awareness regarding the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in pregnancy, while breastfeeding, and mothers with young children.

The impact of lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on glycemic control in patients with diabetes.

PURPOSE: The aim the study was to assess the impact of the lockdown due to COVID-19 on diabetes control. METHODS: The HbA1c value from a pre-lockdown visit (V1) from patients with diabetes was compared to the lockdown visit one (V2) after 3-5 months of its duration. Additional information on how the HbA1c changed and which variables can modify HbA1c during lockdown was also studied. RESULTS: Records from 65 patients (type 2 diabetes -96,9%) were eligible and revealed that: HbA1c was at the target in 60% of the patients at V2 compared to 40% at V1; HbA1c decreased and normalized in 19, but worsened in 4 participants during the lockdown. No impact on HbA1c of: sex, age, diabetes duration, therapy type and modification before the pandemic, abandonment of the treatment, previous problems with glycemic control, or change in body weight and physical activity during the lockdown, was found. The previous macrovascular complications were the only variable that affected the increase in HbA1c (p = 0.0072), OR = 5.33. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has not revealed worsened glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, in general. The patients with macrovascular complications turned out to be at risk of the harmful impact of the restrictions on the HbA1c.

Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome as Part of Pre-Clinical LADA.

Hypoglycemia presents relatively typical symptoms. However, when it occurs spontaneously - like in insulin autoimmune syndrome - it is difficult to perform scheduled biochemical tests at the laboratory. The study presents the case of a 31-year-old Caucasian female whose recurrent hypoglycemia symptoms were the reason for further diagnostics. The final results revealed a positive test for insulin autoantibody and glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody. Therefore, not only the potential causes of hypoglycemia but also an active autoimmune process typical for latent autoimmune diabetes in adults were confirmed. It was concluded that autoimmune hypoglycemia can be a part of the autoimmune process associated with diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults.

Low metformin dose and its therapeutic serum concentration in prediabetes.

This prospective study aimed to analyze whether the patients with pre-diabetes (pre-DM) reach the TC (therapeutic concentration) of the metformin during repeated, low, constant drug dose. The guidelines do not recommend any metformin dose for this group of patients. Based on the previous study after a dose of 1700 mg/day the patients seem to reach the therapeutic drug concentration, which guarantees the glycemic effect. Twenty patients with new-diagnosed pre-DM were treated with a 1500 mg/day regimen of the metformin for 15 weeks. The serum concentration of the drug was assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique at 6 and 15 week of the treatment. The correlation of the serum metformin concentration with BMI (body mass index) and patients' weight was also performed. The mean metformin concentration was: 4.65 µmol/L (± 2.41) and 5.41 µmol/L (± 3.44) (p = 0.27) after 6 and 15 weeks of the treatment respectively. There was a positive correlation between the serum concentration of the metformin and body weight (but not BMI) in the 15th week of the therapy (p = 0.04)- the higher body weight the higher concentration of the metformin. Patients with pre-diabetes can be successfully treated with a low dose of metformin, to reach the drug's therapeutic concentration. Body weight can impact the metformin serum concentration during long-term treatment what should be taken into consideration when choosing the dose because of its pleiotropic effect e.g. on the cardiovascular system via reduction of the oxidative stress and would be not connected with the drug's hypoglycemic effect.ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03398356; date of first registration: 01/07/2018.

Assessment of the level of anxiety and pain in women who do and do not attend childbirth classes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Participation in childbirth classes is aimed at learning to cope with the anxiety that accompanies a woman during her pregnancy and childbirth. The aim of the study was to answer the question whether the lack of access to childbirth classes affected anxiety and perinatal pain in pregnant women who gave birth during the pandemic period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional survey-based study involved women who were pregnant during the lockdown period. The respondents were asked to fill in the following questionnaires: a personal questionnaire, the Polish version of the Delivery Fear Scale and the Numeric Rating Scale for the assessment of average and maximum pain experienced during the labour. The survey was completed within 24-72 hours after the birth of the child. The obtained questionnaires were divided into 2 groups based on the information concerning attending or not attending childbirth classes (divided into subgroups): group A - patients participated in childbirth classes, and group B - patients did not participate in childbirth classes. RESULTS: Groups were homogeneous in terms of age, weight, height, body mass index and week of gestation. Perception of anxiety did not differ between groups. There was a correlation between particular formulation of the Delivery Fear Scale and "week of gestation" variable. In the group of women who gave birth naturally without anesthesia, there were no significant differences between groups in terms of mean and maximum pain during labour. CONCLUSION: The level of anxiety and pain associated with childbirth is not modulated by childbirth classes during the pandemic period. There is s a correlation between particular formulation of the Delivery Fear Scale and "week of gestation" variable. In the group of women who gave birth naturally without anesthesia, there are no significant differences between groups in terms of mean and maximum pain during labour.

Metformin has no impact on nitric oxide production in patients with pre-diabetes.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: The authors evaluated the impact of different dose of metformin on NO (nitric oxide) production in subjects with pre-diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The metformin-naïve patients from one Diabetic Center with newly diagnosed pre-diabetes, without cardio-vascular diseases, were randomized (based on the identification number, individual for each inhabitant in the country) for treatment with different doses of metformin (group A 3 × 500 mg, group B 3 × 1000 mg) for 12 weeks. Then, the subjects from group B were switched to dose 3 × 500 for the last 3 weeks. The wide panel of L-arginine/NO pathway metabolites concentrations was assessed using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. RESULTS: Between October 2017 and December 2018, 36 individuals were initially randomized to intervention groups. The study was completed with 25 subjects: 14 patients in group A, 11 in group B; also 11 healthy volunteers were recruited. There was no difference between participants with pre-diabetes and healthy volunteers as regards the baseline characteristics except for fasting glucose and fatty liver. The decrease of L-citrulline concentration only was reported for treatment groups during the intervention period, with no change for the other NO-production related substances. CONCLUSION: It was the first study on the in vivo release of NO in humans with different metformin doses in patients with pre-diabetes. Metformin did not seem to increase NO production measured by the citrulline plasma levels, irrespective of the dose. The citrulline concentration change might indicate the drug impact on the condition of the enterocytes.

The Use of Medical and Non-Medical Services by Older Inpatients from Emergency vs. Chronic Departments, during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Poland.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced numerous changes in medical care. The monitoring of current needs and problems among the elderly in health care facilities seems to be essential. This study aims to assess the difference in terms of the use of medical and non-medical services before planned or emergency hospitalisation by the older population during the strict lockdown period due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Poland. The study used the FIMA (Fragebogen zur Inanspruchnahme medizinischer und nicht-medizinischer Versorgungsleistungen im Alter) questionnaire. Patients admitted on a planned basis (n = 61) were on average 4 years younger, self-administered the questionnaire more frequently and used the services of different types of therapists. Patients admitted on an emergency basis (n = 60) were more likely to visit general practitioners and other specialists and used the carer's allowance benefits. In the case of the elderly, emergency hospitalisation during the pandemic is more frequently preceded by seeking outpatient care in specialists in various fields, covered by insurance. The chronically ill use the services of various therapists while awaiting hospitalisation, usually not covered by health insurance. For both groups, the age > 73 years is critical for the use of assisting means and completing the self-administered questionnaire, which can be used in planning the health care in these patients.

The impact of Sample Handling Time on metformin serum concentration.

This is an informative article which can help research providers to arrange and conduct studies dedicated to the assessment of metformin serum concentrations. If there is a problem with coordination of sample preparation and it is necessary to measure metformin concentration, two hours gap between blood drain and centrifugation has no impact on the results.

PAID-PL-The Polish Version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale: Perfect Reliability and a One-Factor Structure.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the structure and validate the Polish version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale, as the current translations of the original English version significantly vary in their psychometric properties. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and sixteen consecutive Polish outpatients were invited to participate in this international cross-sectional study on depression in diabetes. The research was based on the demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population, including the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and scores obtained in the Polish versions of the following questionnaires: PAID, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). The psychiatric diagnosis was conducted with the use of Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). RESULTS: Exploratory factor analyses yielded a 1-factor structure that included all 20 items. The internal consistency of the Polish version of PAID was high (Cronbach α = 0.97). There were significant positive correlation between PAID and PHQ-9 and a negative correlation between PAID and WHO-5. We also observed a negative association between PAID scores and age and a positive correlation between PAID and HbA1c levels. Patients with depression reported significantly higher PAID scores as compared with those without depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The Polish version of PAID has a one-factor structure and is a reliable, valid outcome measure for Polish outpatients with type 2 diabetes and it may constitute a useful instrument for screening for psychologic issues in diabetic patients during their appointments at the diabetes clinic.

Abdominal muscles activity during abdominal bracing and posterior pelvic tilt in women after natural birth and after caesarean delivery.

PURPOSE: Exercises after pregnancy can reduce the severity and risk of postnatal locomotor system disorders and muscular dysfunctions. The aim of the study was to evaluate electromyographic activity of abdominal muscles in women who gave birth naturally and via a caesarean section, and to compare it to a group of women who have never given birth. METHODS: 27 women were included into the study after completing the personal questionnaire and functional examination. The surface electromyography during abdominal bracing and posterior pelvic tilt was used to test rectus abdominis muscles and internus oblique/ transversus abdominis muscles bilaterally. After normalization test, patients were asked to perform abdominal bracing and posterior pelvic tilt exercises. RESULTS: Activity of rectus abdominis muscle is higher in posterior pelvic tilt compared to abdominal bracing. It should be noted that the internus oblique/transversus abdominis muscle activity in both exercises is similar. CONCLUSIONS: In women after natural birth and after a cesarean section who experienced no locomotor system symptoms, no statistically significant differences in abdominal muscle activity in both exercises were observed. In each group being studied, posterior pelvic tilt activated rectus abdominis muscles to a greater extent than just bracing.