Growth inhibition of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent MXT mammary cancers in mice by the bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide antagonist RC-3095.

BACKGROUND: Many breast cancers are estrogen independent, and even in patients who initially respond to estrogen suppression therapy, the regression is often temporary. We have recently shown that antagonists of bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide, including RC-3095, inhibit the growth of pancreatic, colonic, and prostatic cancers in experimental animals. This effect was associated with a substantial decrease in epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor levels in pancreatic and colon cancers. PURPOSE: In view of these findings, we investigated the effects of our synthetic bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist D-Tpi6,Leu13 psi (CH2NH)-Leu14 bombesin(6-14) (RC-3095) on the growth of hormone-dependent and hormone-independent MXT mouse mammary cancers in vivo. METHODS: Female (C57BL x DBA/2)F1 mice bearing estrogen-dependent or estrogen-independent MXT mammary carcinomas were treated with small doses (20 micrograms/d) of RC-3095 administered from osmotic minipumps. Separate groups of mice with estrogen-independent tumors received RC-3095, bombesin, or gastrin-releasing peptide(14-27) at 20 micrograms/d. We determined tumor volume and weight, mitotic index, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions, an indicator of tumor cell proliferation. Levels of receptors for EGF and bombesin were measured in tumor membrane fractions. RESULTS: Growth of both estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent MXT breast cancers was significantly inhibited by RC-3095. Bombesin or gastrin-releasing peptide had no effect on the growth of estrogen-independent tumors. Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation was indicated by a 45%-65% reduction in tumor volume, a 35%-58% reduction in tumor weight, and statistically significant decreases in argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region counts after treatment with RC-3095. In estrogen-independent cancers, tumor inhibition was associated with a decrease in the capacity of EGF receptors from 0.21 +/- 0.016 pmol/mg membrane protein in controls to 0.03 +/- 0.003 pmol/mg membrane protein in the RC-3095-treated group. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first demonstration of inhibitory effects of bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide antagonists on the growth of breast cancers in vivo. IMPLICATIONS: These findings suggest that bombesin antagonists should be considered for breast cancer therapy.

Growth inhibition of human ovarian cancers by cytotoxic analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

BACKGROUND: Receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) are found in nearly 80% of human ovarian cancers. The chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin can be linked to [D-lysine6]LH-RH to form a cytotoxic analogue (AN-152) that may have greater specificity for tumor cells. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of AN-152 on the growth of LH-RH receptor-positive OV-1063 human epithelial ovarian cancers. METHODS: Nude mice bearing human ovarian tumors, OV-1063 or UCI-107 (LH-RH receptor negative), were injected intraperitoneally with saline (control) or with equimolar doses of AN-152 or doxorubicin; experiments involving mice with OV-1063 tumors also included groups that were administered [D-lysine6]LH-RH either alone or in combination with doxorubicin. Tumor volume, weight, doubling time, and burden (i.e., tumor weight/body weight) as well as tumor apoptotic and mitotic indices were determined. The levels of receptors for LH-RH and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and their messenger RNAs were measured by use of radioreceptor and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays, respectively. RESULTS: The growth of OV-1063 ovarian tumors in nude mice, as based on reduction in tumor volume, was inhibited significantly (all P<.05, two-sided) 4 weeks after treatment with AN-152, even at the lowest dose tested (413 nmol/20 g weight); the toxic effects of an equivalent dose of doxorubicin caused substantial mortality. High-affinity receptors for LH-RH and EGF were found on cell membranes of OV-1063 cancers; however, after in vivo treatment with AN-152, LH-RH receptor-binding sites were not detectable and EGF receptors were reduced in number. The growth of UCI-107 ovarian cancers was not inhibited by AN-152. CONCLUSIONS: In nude mice bearing LH-RH receptor positive OV-1063 epithelial ovarian cancers, systemic administration of AN-152 is less toxic and inhibits tumor growth better than equimolar doses of doxorubicin.

Inhibition of growth of human osteosarcomas by antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone.

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) may be involved in the proliferation of human osteosarcomas. Most of the IGF-I found in blood is produced in the liver, where transcription of the IGF-I gene is regulated by growth hormone (GH). Recently, we synthesized various potent antagonists of GH-releasing hormone (GH-RH), including [Ibu0, D-Arg2, Phe(4-Cl)6, Abu15, Nle27]hGH-RH(1-28)Agm, which is also called MZ-4-71. PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of this antagonist on the growth of the human osteosarcoma cell lines SK-ES-1 and MNNG/HOS, transplanted into nude mice or cultured in vitro. METHODS: Nude male mice bearing SK-ES-1 and MNNG/HOS tumors were treated for 4 and 3 weeks, respectively, with MZ-4-71 administered from osmotic minipumps at a dose of 40 micrograms per animal per day. Tumor volume, tumor weight, and levels of receptors for IGF-I were determined. IGF-I levels in serum, tumor, and liver tissue were measured by radioimmunoassay. In other experiments, tumor-bearing nude mice were treated subcutaneously for 3 weeks with the GH-RH agonist hGH-RH(1-29)NH2 or with MZ-4-71 for 13 days at doses of 50 micrograms per animal per day. Effects of MZ-4-71, hGH-RH(1-29)NH2, and human GH (hGH) on cell proliferation and on the production of IGF-I and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were also evaluated in SK-ES-1 and MNNG/HOS cells in vitro. RESULTS: The growth of SK-ES-1 and MNNG/HOS tumors in nude mice was significantly inhibited by MZ-4-71, as measured by a reduction in tumor volume and weight (all P values < .05). MZ-4-71 treatment of either SK-ES-1 or MNNG/HOS tumor-bearing animals decreased tumor tissue IGF-I levels. The growth of MNNG/HOS xenografts was stimulated by hGH-RH(1-29)NH2 (P < .01). IGF-I levels in serum of tumor-bearing nude mice treated subcutaneously for 13 days with MZ-4-71 were decreased (both P values < .01). High-affinity binding sites for IGF-I were demonstrated on cell membranes of SK-ES-1 and MNNG/HOS tumors. In cell cultures of both osteosarcomas, IGF-I production was stimulated by 25 ng/mL hGH but was not changed by 10 ng/mL hGH-RH(1-29)NH2 or 5 microM MZ-4-71. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA in SK-ES-1 (but not MNNG/HOS) cells was increased by 25 ng/mL IGF-I (P < .01). The proliferation rate of the two cell lines was not affected by 5-50 ng/mL hGH-RH(1-29)NH2 or 1-80 ng/mL hGH but was suppressed by 10(-6)-10(-5) M MZ-4-71. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that the GH-RH antagonist MZ-4-71 can significantly inhibit the growth of SK-ES-1 and MNNG/HOS osteosarcomas in mice.

Somatostatin analogues and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide antagonist RC-3095 inhibit the growth of human glioblastomas in vitro and in vivo.

We investigated the effects of somatostatin analogues and a synthetic bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonist on the growth of the human malignant glioma cell lines U-87MG and U-373MG transplanted to nude mice or cultured in vitro. Nude mice bearing s.c. implanted U-87MG or U-373MG tumors were treated for 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, with various somatostatin analogues or bombesin/GRP antagonist RC-3095. Somatostatin analogues RC-160, RC-160-II, and RC-101-I, given s.c. in doses of 100 micrograms/animal/day, inhibited the growth of U-87MG xenografts as shown by more than 60% reduction in tumor volumes and 45% reduction in tumor weights compared with the control group. Bombesin/GRP antagonist RC-3095, given s.c. at a dose of 20 micrograms/animal twice daily, had the greatest inhibitory effect and decreased tumor volumes and weights by approximately 79% and 72%, respectively. The growth of U-373MG xenografts was also significantly inhibited by treatment with analogue RC-160 or antagonist RC-3095. The mean survival time of nude mice, inoculated orthotopically with U-87MG cells into the brain, was significantly prolonged by 4.9 days by treatment with antagonist RC-3095. Serum gastrin levels in animals bearing U-87MG tumors, treated with antagonist RC-3095 or somatostatin analogues, were decreased compared with controls. All three somatostatin analogues also reduced serum growth hormone levels. Receptor analyses demonstrated high-affinity binding sites for bombesin, somatostatin, and epidermal growth factor on membranes of U-87MG and U-373MG tumors. The concentration of binding sites for epidermal growth factor on both tumors was significantly decreased after in vivo treatment with antagonist RC-3095 or the somatostatin analogues. In studies in vitro, RC-3095, added to the culture medium, significantly inhibited the proliferation of U-87MG and U-373MG cells in the presence of GRP(14-27), as measured by cell number, but only a moderate suppression of growth of both cell lines was observed with somatostatin analogue RC-160. These results demonstrate that bombesin/GRP antagonist RC-3095 and somatostatin analogues such as RC-160 can inhibit the growth of human glioblastoma cell lines U-87MG and U-373MG in vitro as well as in vivo. Our work suggests the merit of further investigations of these analogues for the possible development of new approaches for treatments of patients with malignant gliomas.

Inhibition of PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancer and its metastases by cytotoxic somatostatin analogue AN-238.

We evaluated whether AN-238, the cytotoxic analogue of somatostatin (SST) consisting of the radical 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked covalently to the SST octapeptide carrier RC-121 (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2), could be used for targeting human primary and metastatic prostate carcinomas that express SST receptors (SSTRs). The antitumor activity and toxicity of AN-238 and its components were first characterized in nude mice bearing s.c. xenografts of PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancer. In experiment 1, AN-238 was injected once i.v. at 200 nmol/kg when the mean volume of s.c. tumors was about 30 mm3. Administration of AN-238 inhibited tumor growth, as shown by a 74% decrease in tumor volume and by a 71% reduction in tumor weight after 7 weeks as compared with the control group. AN-201 at an equimolar dose did not show any antitumor activity. The mortality was 14.3% (one of seven mice) in the AN-238-treated group and 47% (three of seven mice) in mice that received AN-201. In experiment 2, two i.v. injections of AN-238 at 150 nmol/kg were given 10 days apart when the tumors measured 65-70 mm3. A significant inhibition of tumor volume (62.3%; P < 0.001) and tumor weight (61.1%; P < 0.01) was observed after 4 weeks of treatment. AN-201, given alone at the same dose or coadministered with RC-121, had no significant effect on PC-3 tumors. The suppression of tumor growth induced by AN-238 was accompanied by a significant enhancement of apoptosis (P < 0.01). There were similar side effects in all treated groups, which included a transient loss of body weight and leukopenia. The effectiveness of AN-238 in a metastatic model was then investigated in animals implanted orthotopically with 2 x 10(6) PC-3 cells. Two i.v. injections of AN-238 or AN-201 at 150 nmol/kg were administered 10 days apart at 10 weeks after intraprostatic inoculation of PC-3 cells. After 4 weeks of treatment, the mean weight of primary tumors in animals receiving AN-238 was 77% lower (P < 0.01) than that in controls. This reduction was also significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that in animals given AN-201, which showed only a 34% inhibition (nonsignificant versus controls). All control animals and four of six (67%) mice treated with AN-201 developed metastases in the lymph nodes; however, no lymphatic spread of cancer was found in the AN-238-treated group. Using reverse transcription-PCR analysis, we demonstrated the expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 in intraprostatic tumors and their metastases in lymph nodes as well as in s.c. tumors. The present study demonstrates the high efficacy of SSTR-targeted chemotherapy in a model of advanced human androgen-independent prostatic carcinoma, as shown by the inhibition of primary tumors and their metastases by the cytotoxic SST analogue AN-238.

Sustained release formulations of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist SB-75 inhibit proliferation and enhance apoptotic cell death of human prostate carcinoma (PC-82) in male nude mice.

The function of the pituitary-gonadal axis in normal (immunocompetent) and nude (immunocompromised) mice, like that of other species, can be suppressed by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists and antagonists administered by continuous release systems and, therefore, nude mice provide a valuable model for investigation of the effects of LH-RH analogues on growth of xenografts of human cancers. To extend our findings further, we treated male nude mice bearing xenografts of human prostate adenocarcinoma PC-82, for 42 days, with sustained release formulations (microcapsules or microgranules) of the agonist [D-Trp6]LH-RH, the antagonist [Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-Phe(4Cl)2,D-Pal(3)3,D-Cit6,D-Ala10]LH- RH (SB-75), or the somatostatin analogue D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2 (RC-160). At necropsy, in mice given microcapsules releasing 25 micrograms/day of [D-Trp6]-LH-RH, tumor weight and volume were significantly decreased, compared with control mice, and weights of testes, ventral prostate, and seminal vesicles were also reduced in this group. In mice which received microgranules liberating 50 micrograms/day of antagonist SB-75, there was a greater decrease in tumor weight and volume than that produced by the agonist and a significant reduction in the weight of the testes and accessory sex organs. Histological parameters also demonstrated significant tumor inhibition, with the best results being obtained by treatment with the antagonist SB-75. The tumor inhibition induced by SB-75 was demonstrated to be due to decreased cellular proliferation, with enhanced cellular death (i.e., apoptosis) of the PC-82 cells. Microcapsules releasing 50 micrograms/day of RC-160 decreased tumor weight and volume by 23% and 28%, respectively, but this reduction was not significant. Serum levels of testosterone were decreased by 90% in mice given the LH-RH agonist and by 94% in response to the antagonist SB-75. Serum levels of prostate-specific antigen were significantly lower in mice treated with LH-RH analogues, with the antagonist SB-75 causing a greater reduction. A ratio of prostate-specific antigen to tumor weight suggests that levels of serum prostate-specific antigen may be correlated with tumor mass. Using sensitive multipoint micromethods, one class of binding sites for LH-RH, with a dissociation constant of 7.8 +/- 1.2 nM and a maximal binding capacity of 126.4 +/- 23.1 fmol/mg protein, was found in the control tumors. Tumors from mice treated with either LH-RH agonist or antagonist, but not somatostatin analogue RC-160, showed a significant reduction in maximal binding capacity for LH-RH, compared to control tumors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Inhibitory effect of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide antagonist RC-3095 and high dose of somatostatin analogue RC-160 on nitrosamine-induced pancreatic cancers in hamsters.

Female Syrian golden hamsters with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine-induced pancreatic cancers were treated for 2 months with new pseudononapeptide bombesin receptor antagonist [D-Tpi6,Leu13 psi (CH2NH)-Leu14]bombesin(6-14)(RC-3095), administered s.c. with implanted osmotic minipumps releasing 20 micrograms/day of the analogue. The results were compared to those obtained by treatment with somatostatin analogue RC-160 (35 micrograms/day and 150 micrograms/day) or [D-Trp6]luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (25 micrograms/day), which inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancers in our previous studies. A new acetylated somatostatin analogue [formula: see text] (30 micrograms/day) also was used for comparison of therapeutic response. All peptide analogues induced tumor inhibition by at least one of the measured parameters. Bombesin antagonist RC-3095 and high dose of RC-160 (150 micrograms/day) had the greatest inhibitory effect on pancreatic cancers: A significant decrease in the number of animals with tumors, reduced pancreatic weight, 87-89% inhibition of tumorous pancreas weight, and a significant diminution in the number of tumor nodules and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region count in tumor cell nuclei were observed in the groups treated with these regimens. We were able to detect receptors for bombesin in membranes of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine-induced pancreatic tumors and these receptors were not down-regulated after treatment with the bombesin antagonist. In hamsters treated with bombesin antagonists, tumor inhibition might be explained by a significant decrease in the binding capacity of epidermal growth factor receptors in pancreatic cancers. The acetylated somatostatin analogue RC-160-II had a similar inhibitory effect on the tumors as the original analogue RC-160. Our results suggest that the increase in the dose of RC-160 improves the therapeutic response, and this finding should be taken into account in clinical use of this somatostatin analogue. In view of its strong inhibitory effect on experimental pancreatic tumors, the bombesin antagonist RC-3095 might be considered as a possible new agent for the therapy of human exocrine pancreatic cancer.

Effective treatment of metastatic MDA-MB-435 human estrogen-independent breast carcinomas with a targeted cytotoxic analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone AN-207.

A highly potent derivative of doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201), was linked to [D-Lys6]luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) to form a cytotoxic analogue, AN-207, that can be targeted to LH-RH receptors. The effects of AN-207 were investigated in MDA-MB-435 human estrogen-independent breast carcinomas, which express LH-RH receptors. In experiment 1, nude mice bearing orthotopically implanted tumors received a single i.v. injection of AN-207, AN-201, or the carrier at 250 nmol/kg. Five weeks after administration of AN-207, tumor volume was significantly decreased by 66% (P < 0.001) and tumor burden by 71% (P < 0.05) as compared with controls, but no significant effects occurred in other groups. Six of eight (75%) control animals and 37.5% of mice treated with AN-201 developed metastases in the lymph nodes, whereas no lymphatic spread was found in any of the mice that received injections of AN-207. The antitumor effect of AN-207 could be partially blocked by pretreatment of the tumor-bearing mice with high doses of agonist [D-Trp6]LH-RH, which suggests that AN-207 acts on LH-RH receptors on tumors. The mortality due to toxicity was 25% in the group receiving AN-201 and 12.5% in the AN-207-treated group. Radioligand binding assays revealed the presence of high-affinity binding sites for LH-RH on tumor membranes, and mRNA for LH-RH receptors was demonstrated by reverse transcription-PCR. In experiment 2, two i.v. injections of AN-207 or AN-201 at 150 nmol/kg were given on days 0 and 28 to mice bearing orthotopic xenografts of MDA-MB-435. The outcome of the treatment was similar to that observed in experiment 1, but without any toxicity-related deaths. Tumor growth inhibition and prevention of metastatic disease suggest that cytotoxic LH-RH analogue AN-207 could be considered for the treatment of human estrogen-independent breast cancers expressing receptors for LH-RH.

Regression of U-87 MG human glioblastomas in nude mice after treatment with a cytotoxic somatostatin analog AN-238.

Receptors for somatostatin (SST) found on brain tumors could be used for targeting of chemotherapeutic agents. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of targeted cytotoxic SST analogue AN-238, consisting of 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201), a potent derivative of doxorubicin (DOX) linked to somatostatin analogue RC-121, on the growth of SST receptor-positive U-87 MG human glioblastomas. Nude mice bearing U-87 MG xenografts received i.v. saline or equimolar doses of AN-238 or AN-201 (150 nmol/kg). Experiments also included groups that were administered RC-121 prior to the injection of AN-238, and groups injected with AN-162, a cytotoxic SST analogue similar to AN-238 but containing DOX instead of AN-201. Tumor volume, weight, and burden were determined. The effect of AN-238 and AN-201 on the survival time of nude mice bearing orthotopically implanted U-87 MG tumors was also evaluated. The binding of AN-238 to U-87 MG tumors was determined by radioreceptor assay and SST receptor (SSTR) subtype by reverse transcription-PCR. Nineteen days after a single administration of AN-238 the growth of U-87 MG tumors in nude mice was significantly inhibited (P = 0.00168), whereas two injections of AN-238 produced the regression of tumors (P = 0.0046). AN-201 was toxic and ineffective at the same dose. The antitumor effect on AN-238 could be blocked by pretreatment of the tumor-bearing mice with RC-121. The mean survival time of nude mice inoculated orthotopically with U-87 MG cells into the brain was significantly prolonged by treatment with AN-238 (P = 0.0099). AN-162 failed to inhibit significantly the growth of U-87 MG xenografts. High affinity binding sites for SST and mRNA for SST-2 receptor subtype were detected in U-87 MG tumors. Cytotoxic SST analogue AN-238 can be targeted to SST receptors on U-87 MG human glioblastomas to produce powerful inhibition of growth.

Targeting of cytotoxic somatostatin analog AN-238 to somatostatin receptor subtypes 5 and/or 3 in experimental pancreatic cancers.

PURPOSE: The expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) allows the localization and treatment of some tumors with radiolabeled SST analogues. We investigated whether SSTRs on human pancreatic cancer lines xenografted into nude mice can be used for targeting of cytotoxic somatostatin analogue AN-238, consisting of 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked to octapeptide carrier RC-121. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: AN-238 and AN-201 were administered i.v. to nude mice bearing SW-1990 pancreatic cancers. Tumor growth reduction and survival were analyzed, and cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined with histological methods. The effects of repeated administration of AN-238 and AN-201 were also evaluated on xenografted Panc-1, MiaPaCa-2, CFPAC-1, Capan-1, and Capan-2 pancreatic cancers. The expression of mRNA for SSTR subtypes 2A, 3, and 5 in tumors was analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR, and binding assays were performed. RESULTS: All of the cancer models except MiaPaCa-2 displayed functional receptors for SST. SW-1990 expressed mRNA for SSTR subtypes 3 and 5, whereas various patterns of subtypes 2A, 3, and 5 were found in other pancreatic cancers. Repeated administration of AN-238 at 150 nmol/kg significantly inhibited growth of SW-1990 cancers (93% after 45 days; P = 0.016) and other tumors but not MiaPaCa-2. AN-201 was toxic and less effective. The efficacy of AN-238 was consistent with SSTR expression. CONCLUSIONS: Growth of experimental human pancreatic cancers that express SSTRs can be inhibited by cytotoxic somatostatin analogue AN-238.

Antagonists of GHRH decrease production of GH and IGF-I in MXT mouse mammary cancers and inhibit tumor growth.

The involvement of IGF-I in mammary carcinogenesis is well established, but the role of GH, as an autocrine growth factor for breast cancers is poorly understood. The goal of our study was to investigate whether antagonists of GHRH can interfere with the effects of GH and IGF-I in MXT mouse mammary cancers. GHRH antagonists JV-1-36 and JV-1-38 inhibited growth of estrogen-independent MXT mouse mammary cancers in vivo, producing about 50% reduction in tumor volume (P < 0.05). This growth inhibition was associated with a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis in MXT cancers. RIA and RT- PCR analyses showed that the concentrations of GH and IGF-I and the levels of mRNA for GH and IGF-I in MXT tumors were reduced by the therapy with GHRH antagonists. Messenger RNA for GH receptors was also decreased. In vitro, the proliferation of MXT cancer cells was strongly stimulated by GH and less effectively by IGF-I, indicating that both GH and IGF-I may act as growth factors for this mammary carcinoma. GHRH antagonist JV-1-38 inhibited the autonomous growth of MXT cells and the proliferation induced by IGF-I or GH and diminished (3)H-thymidine-incorporation stimulated by IGF-I and GH. These findings and a sustained increase in cyclin B2 concentrations in the cells shown by immunoblotting indicate that JV-1-38 causes a block at the end of the G(2) phase of cell cycle. Our results demonstrate that GHRH antagonists decrease the local production of both GH and IGF-I in MXT mouse mammary cancers, the resulting growth inhibition being the consequence of reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis.

Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) inhibit in vivo proliferation of experimental pancreatic cancers and decrease IGF-II levels in tumours.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) are implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic carcinoma. Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) suppress the GH-RH-GH-IGF-I axis and also act directly on tumours to reduce production of IGF-I or II. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two potent GH-RH antagonists in two experimental models of pancreatic cancer. Syrian golden hamsters with nitrosamine-induced pancreatic tumours were treated with 10 micrograms/day of GH-RH antagonist MZ-4-71 for 60 days. The therapy reduced the number of tumorous animals, decreased the weight of tumorous pancreata by 55%, and lowered AgNOR numbers in tumour cells. In two other experiments, GH-RH antagonists MZ-4-71 and MZ-5-156 significantly inhibited growth of SW-1990 human pancreatic cancers xenografted into nude mice, as shown by a reduction in tumour volume and tumour weights, and a decrease in AgNORs in cancer cells. IGF-I levels in serum and in pancreatic cancer tissue remained unchanged after therapy, suggesting that an effect on IGF-I is not involved in tumour inhibition. In contrast, IGF-II concentrations in tumours were significantly reduced by 50-60% after treatment with the GH-RH antagonists as compared with controls. In vitro studies showed that the concentration of IGF-II in the culture medium was increased after seeding of SW-1990 cells, indicating that this pancreatic cancer cell line produced and released IGF-II. This finding was also supported by the expression of IGF-II mRNA in the SW-1990 cells. Addition of 3 x 10(-6) M of GH-RH antagonist MZ-5-156 to the reduced-serum medium decreased cell proliferation, IGF-II mRNA expression in the cells and IGF-II concentration in the medium. Our findings indicate that inhibitory effects of GH-RH antagonists on the growth of experimental pancreatic cancers, may result from a decrease in the production and concentration of IGF-II in the tumours.

Inhibition of growth of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenografts in nude mice by bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3095.

Bombesin or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) may act as autocrine growth factors and play a role in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. We investigated the effect of bombesin/GRP antagonists RC-3095 and RC-3940-II on the growth of the MDA-MB-231 oestrogen-independent human breast cancer cell line xenografted into female nude mice. Bombesin/GRP antagonists, RC-3095 and RC-3940-II, were administered subcutaneously twice daily at a dose of 10 micrograms for 5 weeks. The growth of MDA-MB-231 tumours was inhibited during the treatment, as shown by a reduction in tumour volume. RC-3940-II and RC-3095 significantly decreased the final tumour volume by 72.4% and 57.7%, respectively, and greatly reduced tumour weights. RC-3940-II also significantly increased tumour doubling time and appeared to be more effective than RC-3095 in inhibiting the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancers. Serum gastrin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels in animals treated with RC-3095 or RC-3940-II showed no significant changes as compared with controls. There was a significant decrease in the number of binding sites for epidermal growth factor (EGF), as well as bombesin, in tumour cells after chronic treatment with RC-3095 or RC-3940-II, which might be related to inhibition of tumour growth. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, followed by Southern blot analysis, also showed a reduction in the expression of mRNA for EGF receptors in the group treated with RC-3940-II. Our findings suggest that bombesin/GRP antagonists such as RC-3095 or RC-3940-II could be considered for endocrine therapy for oestrogen-independent breast cancers, but further investigations are necessary.

A targeted cytotoxic somatostatin (SST) analogue, AN-238, inhibits the growth of H-69 small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and H-157 non-SCLC in nude mice.

Recently, we developed a cytotoxic analogue of somatostatin (SST), AN-238, in which the SST carrier peptide RC-121 was linked to 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (2-pyrrolino-DOX) (AN-201), a potent derivative of doxorubicin. AN-238 can be targeted to SST receptors (SSTRs) on tumours. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of AN-238 on the growth of H-69 small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and H-157 non-SCLC xenografted into nude mice. High affinity binding sites for SST are present in H-69 SCLC and were now detected in H-157 non-SCLC xenografts, but not in H-157 cells. A strong expression of the human SSTR subtype 2 (hSSTR-2) and a weaker expression of subtype 5 (hSSTR-5) was found in H-69 SCLC cells, but not in H-157 non-SCLC cells. However, a strong expression of mRNA for mouse (m)SSTR-2 could be detected in H-157 xenografts. AN-238 effectively inhibited the growth of H-69 SCLC tumours in nude mice. Twenty-six days after a single injection of AN-238 at 200 nmol/kg, the volume of H-69 tumours was decreased by approximately 55% (P<0.05) compared with the controls, while AN-201 at the same dose was highly toxic and produced only a minor tumour inhibition. To evaluate the potency of multiple doses of AN-238, nude mice bearing H-69 SCLC received three injections of AN-238 at 150 nmol/kg on days 1, 12 and 28. In the period of 42 days after the first injection, the growth rate of H-69 tumours was approximately 50% lower than that of controls. In nude mice bearing H-157 non-SCLC tumours, a single i.v. administration of AN-238 at 200 nmol/kg inhibited tumour volume by 91% after 28 days (P<0.01 compared with controls). AN-201 was toxic and ineffective at the same dose. Two injections of AN-238 at 150 nmol/kg given on days 1 and 18 produced 83% inhibition of H-157 tumour growth (P<0.01 versus controls). AN-238 given as a single dose of 200 nmol/kg induced necrosis, while two injections of 150 nmol/kg induced apoptosis in the tumour tissue. Our results indicate that targeted cytotoxic SST analogue AN-238 could be considered for therapy of both SCLC and non-SCLC.

Somatostatin receptor expression in lung cancer.

Experimental evidence suggests that somatostatin analogues may have a role to play in the management of lung tumours. We evaluated membrane preparations of nine small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines and of tumour samples from 3 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 1 patient with an atypical carcinoid and another with a bronchial carcinoid for the presence of specific binding sites for RC-160, a potent growth inhibitory octapeptide analogue of somatostatin. Specific binding was noted on six of nine SCLC lines. Radio-receptor assay on the cell line NCI H 69 showed evidence of two specific binding sites for RC-160, one with high affinity and the other with low affinity. Binding sites were also found on all five tumour samples. Scatchard analysis indicated the presence of a single class of receptors with high affinity in each case. Histological assessment of the resected specimens before binding assay showed them to be comprised of tumour cells and necrotic tissue, stroma and/or inflammatory cells. Therefore, the specific binding of RC-160 may be to tissues other than the tumour cells. In 3 patients, from whom the tumour samples were obtained, radiolabelled somatostatin analogue scintigraphy using [111In] pentetreotide was performed prior to surgery. In all cases, the radiolabel localised the disease. This study demonstrates the presence of specific binding sites for RC-160 in SCLC. Furthermore, the detection of specific binding in vitro and in vivo in NSCLC and intrapulmonary carcinoids demonstrates that these tumours contain cells which express specific binding sites for somatostatin. These results suggest that RC-160 may have a role to play as a therapeutic agent in lung cancer.

Inhibition of growth of androgen-independent DU-145 prostate cancer in vivo by luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix and bombesin antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3950-II.

The aim of this study was to test the antagonist of LH-RH (Cetrorelix), agonist [D-Trp6]LH-RH (triptorelin) and new bombesin antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3950-II for their effect on the growth of an androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line, DU-145, xenografted into nude mice. Xenografts were grown in male nude mice, and after 4 weeks, the animals were treated either with saline (control) or with one of the analogues. One group of mice was given a combination of Cetrorelix and RC-3950-II. Treatment was given for 4 weeks. Tumour and body weights, and tumour volumes were measured. At sacrifice, tumours were dissected for histological examination and receptor studies. Serum was collected for measurement of hormone levels. The final tumour volume in control animals injected with saline was 577 +/- 155 mm3 and that of animals treated with Cetrorelix only 121.4 +/- 45 mm3 (P < 0.01). Bombesin antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3950-II also significantly reduced DU-145 tumour volume in nude mice to 84.9 +/- 19.9 and 96.8 +/- 28 mm3, respectively. Agonist [D-Trp6]LH-RH did not significantly inhibit tumour growth. Serum levels of LH were decreased to 0.08 +/- 0.02 ng/ml (P < 0.05) in the Cetrorelix treated group as compared to 1.02 +/- 0.1 ng/ml for the controls, and testosterone levels were reduced to castration levels (0.01 +/- 0.01 ng/ml). Specific receptors for EGF and LH-RH in DU-145 tumours were significantly downregulated after treatment with Cetrorelix, RC-3940-II and RC-3950-II. Although LH-RH could be a local regulator of growth of prostate cancer, the fall in LH-RH receptors is not fully understood and the inhibitory effects of Cetrorelix and bombesin antagonists on DU-145 tumour growth might be attributed at least in part to a downregulation of EHF receptors. Since Cetrorelix and bombesin antagonists inhibit growth of androgen-independent DU-145 prostate cancers, these compounds could be considered for the therapy of advanced prostate cancer in men, especially after relapse.

Inhibition of growth of ES-2 human ovarian cancers by bombesin antagonist RC-3095, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix.

We evaluated the effects of the bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonist RC-3095, and the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist Cetrorelix, administered singly or in combination, on the growth of human ovarian carcinoma cell line ES-2, xenografted into nude mice. RC-3095 at a dose of 20 microg/day and Cetrorelix (100 microg/day), significantly reduced the volume of ES-2 tumors by 63.0% (P<0.01) and 38.0% (P<0.05) respectively, after 44 days of treatment, as compared with controls. The combination of RC-3095 with Cetrorelix inhibited the growth of ES-2 tumors by 66.2% (P<0.01). Serum levels of LH were significantly decreased in the groups treated with Cetrorelix alone and/or in combination with RC-3095. RT-PCR analyses revealed that the expression of mRNA for receptors of GRP (GRPR/BRS-1) and Neuromedin B (NMBR/BRS-2) on tumors was significantly decreased in all the treated groups. The expression of mRNA for epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) on tumors was reduced by 36.5 % (P<0.05) in the animals treated with Cetrorelix and by 72.5% (P<0.05) in the group that received the combination of RC-3095 with Cetrorelix. Our results indicate that the bombesin antagonist RC-3095 and the LH-RH antagonist Cetrorelix inhibit effectively the growth of ES-2 ovarian cancers in nude mice. These antagonists and their combination could be considered for the therapy of patients with ovarian cancer.

Effects of new bombesin antagonists given singly or in combination with a somatostatin analog on nitrosamine-induced pancreatic cancers in hamsters.

In three experiments, hamsters with N-nitroso-bis(2-oxopropyl)amine-induced pancreatic cancers were treated for two months with bombesin/GRP antagonists RC-3095 [D-Tpi(6),Leu(13)psi(CH2NH)Leu(14)-bombesin(6-14)], RC-3910-II [D-Tpi(6),Leu(13)psi(CH2N)Tac(14)-bombesin(6-14)], RC-3940-II [Hca(6),Leu(13)psi(CH2N)Tac(14)-bombesin(6-14)], RC-3950-II [D-Phe(6),Leu(13)psi(CH2N)Tac(14)-bombesin(6-14)], somatostatin analog RC-160 (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2), or the combination of RC-3095 with RC160. All peptides inhibited pancreatic cancers to various degrees, reducing the number of tumorous animals, lowering the weight of tumorous pancreata by 40-55% and decreasing AgNOR numbers which are indicators of cell proliferation rate. Combination therapy with RC-3095 and RC-160 did not inhibit tumors better than single peptides. Among new bombesin/GRP antagonists, RC-3940-II had the strongest inhibitory effect. RC-3950-II and RC-3095 caused similar inhibition, but RC-3910-II was less effective. Tumor inhibitory activity of the bombesin/GRP antagonists was correlated with their binding affinities to bombesin receptors on tumor cells. RC-3940-II caused 50% inhibition of specific binding of [I-125-Tyr(4)]bombesin to tumor cell membranes at 0.96 nM concentration, while the IC50 for RC-3950-II was 5.27 nM and 12.94 nM for RC-3095. Our findings suggest that in addition to RC-3095, other bombesin/GRP antagonists such as RC-3950-II and especially RC-3940-II could be further developed for therapy of human pancreatic cancer.

Regression of rat Dunning R-3327-H prostate carcinoma by treatment with targeted cytotoxic analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone AN-207 containing 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin.

The effects of AN-207, a new targeted cytotoxic analog of LH-RH, were evalued in rats bearing hormone-dependent Dunning R-3327-H prostate carcinomas. AN-207 consists of the agonist [D-Lys(6)]LH-RH linked to 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin, an intensely potent derivative of doxorubicin. In the first experiment, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin was administered at a concentration of 50 nmol/kg, as a single drug (AN-201) and as an unconjugated mixture with [D-Lys(6)]LH-RH or conjugated to the carrier [D-Lys(6)]LH-RH (AN-207). Following the second administration of radical AN-201 alone or mixed with the carrier, all rats died with signs of general toxicity, but all animals treated with the conjugate AN-207, survived. After 5 weeks of treatment with a total dose of 150 nmol/kg AN-207, the tumors regressed from an initial volume of 8.35 +/- 1.7 cm(3) to 4.47 +/- 0.8 cm(3), while tumors in the control group measured 17.84 +/- 2.2 cm(3). The therapy with AN-207 also significantly reduced tumor weight and tumor burden. In the second experiment, we compared the efficacy and toxicity of 3 injections of 25 nmol/kg AN-201 or 25 nmol/kg and 50 nmol/kg AN-207. The initial tumor volume in all groups was between 3.9 and 4.5 cm(3). After 5 weeks of therapy, the tumors of rats treated with 50 nmol/kg AN-207 regressed to 2.3 +/- 0.51 cm(3), whereas 25 nmol/kg AN-201 was still toxic in contrast to 25 nmol/kg AN-207, while the reduction in final tumor volume was similar (6.76 +/- 1.4 cm(3) and 6.74 +/- 1 cm(3), respectively), as compared to 15.6 +/- 2.2 cm(3) for untreated animals. High capacity LH-RH receptors were found in the membranes of untreated Dunning tumor specimens, but after treatment with AN-207, they could no longer be detected. This is the first demonstration that the new targeted cytotoxic LH-RH analog AN-207 is an effective antitumor agent. Our work indicates that the cytotoxic analog AN-207 is much less toxic than the antineoplastic radical (AN-201) incorporated, and significantly more active in inhibiting tumor growth. Further development of approaches based on targeted cytotoxic analog AN-207 may lead to major improvements in current palliative therapy of prostate cancer.

Targeting of doxorubicin to ES-2 human ovarian cancers in nude mice by linking to an analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone improves its effectiveness.

Receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), expressed by ovarian cancers, can be used for targeting chemotherapeutic compounds more selectively to these tumors. We investigated the effects of cytotoxic LHRH analog AN-152, consisting of doxorubicin (DOX)-14-O-hemiglutarate linked to the epsilon-amino group of [D-Lys6]LHRH, on the growth of LHRH receptor-positive ES-2 human ovarian cancer line xenografted into nude mice. A single injection of AN-152, at a dose of 345 nmol/20 g body weight, caused a 34.5% reduction (P<0.05) in tumor growth after 28 days, while its cytotoxic moiety DOX was inactive at the same dose. Since the overexpression of certain growth factors and/or their receptors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-2/neu, as well as various oncogenes like c-fos and c-jun, is associated with unfavorable prognosis and contributes to progressive growth of ovarian carcinomas, their mRNA levels were analyzed by RT-PCR. Treatment with AN-152 significantly (P<0.05) reduced the expression of EGFR, VEGF, c-fos and c-jun, to 49%, 48%, 55% and 58% respectively, compared to controls. HER-2/neu mRNA expression was also decreased to non-detectable levels. Conversely, DOX decreased non-significantly the expression levels for EGFR by 32%, VEGF 35%, both c-fos and c-jun approximately 20% and HER-2/neu by only 15%. In conclusion, cytotoxic LHRH analog AN-152 could be considered for chemotherapy of ovarian cancers expressing LHRH receptors.