First-in-human study of WT1 recombinant protein vaccination in elderly patients with AML in remission: a single-center experience.

Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein is highly immunogenic and overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), consequently ranked as a promising target for novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Here we report our experience of a phase I/II clinical trial (NCT01051063) of a vaccination strategy based on WT1 recombinant protein (WT1-A10) together with vaccine adjuvant AS01B in five elderly AML patients (median age 69 years, range 63-75) receiving a total of 62 vaccinations (median 18, range 3-20) after standard chemotherapy. Clinical benefit was observed in three patients: one patient achieved measurable residual disease clearance during WT1 vaccination therapy, another patient maintained long-term molecular remission over 59 months after the first vaccination cycle. Interestingly, in one case, we observed a complete clonal switch at AML relapse with loss of WT1 expression, proposing suppression of the original AML clone by WT1-based vaccination therapy. Detected humoral and cellular CD4+ T cell immune responses point to efficient immune stimulation post-vaccination, complementing hints for induced conventional T cell infiltration into the bone marrow and a shift from senescent/exhausted to a more activated T cell profile. Overall, the vaccinations with WT1 recombinant protein had an acceptable safety profile and were thus well tolerated.To conclude, our data provide evidence of potential clinical efficacy of WT1 protein-based vaccination therapy in AML patients, warranting further investigations.

Limitations of VS38c labeling in the detection of plasma cell myeloma by flow cytometry.

Plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma [MM]) is a malignant neoplasm originating from the plasma cells. Besides other methods, flow cytometric analysis of the patient's bone marrow aspirate has an important role in the diagnosis and also in the response assessment. Since the cell surface markers, used for identifying abnormal plasma cells, are expressed diversely and the treatment can also alter the phenotype of the plasma cells, there is an increasing demand for new plasma cell markers. VS38c is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the CLIMP-63 protein in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. CLIMP-63 is known to be expressed at high levels in normal and pathologic plasma cells in the bone marrow, thus VS38c antibody can be used to identify them. Although VS38c staining of plasma cells is reported to be constant and strong even in myeloma, we were wondering whether sample preparation can affect the staining. We have investigated the effect of different permeabilization agents and washing of the cells on the quality of the VS38c staining and found that in many cases the staining is inadequate to identify the plasma cells. We measured the VS38c staining of the bone marrow aspirates of 196 MM patients and observed that almost all cases showed bright staining with VS38c. However, permeabilization with mild detergent resulted in the appearance of a significant VS38cdim subpopulation, which showed increased sensitivity to mechanical stress (centrifugation). Our results indicate that VS38cdim MM cells can appear due to the improper permeabilization of the endoplasmic reticulum and this finding raises the possibility of the existence of a plasma cell subpopulation with different membrane properties. The significance of this population is unclear yet, but these cells can be easily missed with VS38c staining and can be lost due to centrifugation-induced lysis during sample preparation.

Screening and monitoring of the BTKC481S mutation in a real-world cohort of patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia during ibrutinib therapy.

The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib has revolutionised the therapeutic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Acquired mutations emerging at position C481 in the BTK tyrosine kinase domain are the predominant genetic alterations associated with secondary ibrutinib resistance. To assess the correlation between disease progression, and the emergence and temporal dynamics of the most common resistance mutation BTKC481S , sensitive (10-4 ) time-resolved screening was performed in 83 relapsed/refractory CLL patients during single-agent ibrutinib treatment. With a median follow-up time of 40 months, BTKC481S was detected in 48·2% (40/83) of the patients, with 80·0% (32/40) of them showing disease progression during the examined period. In these 32 cases, representing 72·7% (32/44) of all patients experiencing relapse, emergence of the BTKC481S mutation preceded the symptoms of clinical relapse with a median of nine months. Subsequent Bcl-2 inhibition therapy applied in 28/32 patients harbouring BTKC481S and progressing on ibrutinib conferred clinical and molecular remission across the patients. Our study demonstrates the clinical value of sensitive BTKC481S monitoring with the largest longitudinally analysed real-world patient cohort reported to date and validates the feasibility of an early prediction of relapse in the majority of ibrutinib-treated relapsed/refractory CLL patients experiencing disease progression.

Lenalidomide abrogates the survival effect of bone marrow stromal cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

In the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) the microenvironment plays an important role, as it produces survival signals and mediates drug resistance. Lenalidomide, which has immunomodulatory effect, can enhance the activation of T-, NK-cells and endothelial cells, however there are no data available whether it can modulate bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). In our study, we investigated the effects of lenalidomide on BMSCs and CLL cells. CLL cells were cultured alone or with BMSCs and were treated with lenalidomide. Apoptosis, immunophenotype, and cytokine secretion of BMSCs and CLL cells were determined by flow cytometry. Lenalidomide slightly increased the apoptosis of CLL cells and abrogated the anti-apoptotic effect of BMSCs on CLL cells. Lenalidomide treatment decreased the expression of antigens on CLL cells, which mediate the interactions with the microenvironment. Interestingly, lenalidomide enhanced the expression of IRF4 and the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. The secretion of several cytokines was not changed significantly by lenalidomide. CD49d-negative CLL cases were more sensitive to lenalidomide treatment. Our results suggest that lenalidomide has a limited effect on BMSCs, but it renders CLL cells more immunogenic and unresponsive to survival signals provided by BMSCs.

Identification of a novel resistance mechanism in venetoclax treatment and its prediction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: The Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax has been recently introduced into the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Venetoclax is a highly effective drug, however acquired resistance may make long-term treatment challenging. In our study, we present potential novel resistance mechanisms and prognostic markers that are potentially able to predict the early appearance of the resistance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Repeated complete blood counts, flow cytometric measurements, and physical examinations were performed during the patient follow-up. Clinical and laboratory parameters showed that the patient developed clinical resistance to venetoclax on day 450 of therapy. Resistance mutation analysis (D103Y) and apoptosis arrays from samples at the time of resistance were done. RESULTS: We were able to identify the resistance mutations just a very low variant allele frequency level from the resistant samples. Furthermore we detected increased Bcl-2 expression in peripheral blood (PB), and XIAP overexpression in bone marrow (BM) that could lead to venetoclax resistance. We examined the immunophenotype of CLL cells and recognized that while the expression of CD86 did not change until day 270 of the treatment, since then its expression steadily increased. Moreover, we compared the expression of CD86 in the resistant PB and BM samples and did not find a notable difference between the compartments. CONCLUSION: Our results imply that CLL cells may try to avoid the apoptotic effect of venetoclax through increased CD86 expression by activating antiapoptotic mechanisms. Confirmatory experiments are still required to unequivocally prove that CD86 is a prognostic marker, however, its predictive property during the venetoclax treatment is promising.

Students' attitudes toward digital learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey conducted following an online course in gynecology and obstetrics.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this survey was to assess medical students' opinions about online learning programs and their preferences for specific teaching formats during COVID 19 pandemic. METHODS: Between May and July 2020, medical students who took an online gynecology and obstetrics course were asked to fill in a questionnaire anonymously. The questionnaire solicited their opinions about the course, the teaching formats used (online lectures, video tutorials featuring real patient scenarios, and online practical skills training), and digital learning in general. RESULTS: Of 103 students, 98 (95%) submitted questionnaires that were included in the analysis. 84 (86%) students had no problem with the online course and 70 (72%) desired more online teaching in the future. 37 (38%) respondents preferred online to traditional lectures. 72 (74%) students missed learning with real patients. All digital teaching formats received good and excellent ratings from > 80% of the students. CONCLUSION: The survey results show medical students' broad acceptance of the online course during COVID 19 pandemic and indicates that digital learning options can partially replace conventional face-to-face teaching. For content taught by lecture, online teaching might be an alternative or complement to traditional education. However, bedside-teaching remains a key pillar of medical education.

Incidence of and risk factors for vaginal cuff dehiscence following total laparoscopic hysterectomy: a monocentric hospital analysis.

PURPOSE: Vaginal cuff dehiscence (VCD) is one of the major surgical complications following hysterectomy with data on incidence rates varying largely and studies assessing risk factors being sparse with contradictive results. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence rate of and risk factors for VCD in a homogenous cohort of women treated for benign uterine pathologies via total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) with standardized follow-up. METHODS: All patients undergoing TLH at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University Hospital between November 2010 and February 2019 were retrospectively identified from a prospectively maintained service database. RESULTS: VCD occurred in 18 (2.9%) of 617 patients included. In univariate and multivariate analyses, a lower level of surgeon laparoscopic expertise (odds ratio 3.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-9.38; p = 0.03) and lower weight of removed uterus (odds ratio 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-0.99; p = 0.02) were associated positively with the risk of VCD. CONCLUSION: In this homogenous cohort undergoing TLH, laparoscopic expertise and uterine weight influenced the risk of postoperative VCD. These findings might help to further reduce the rate of this complication.

A standardized simulation training program to type 1 loop electrosurgical excision of the transformation zone: a prospective observational study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a simulation-based standardized training program for type 1 loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) under direct colposcopic vision in postgraduate teaching. METHODS: Seventeen participants (five experienced and 12 novice surgeons) performed 170 simulated cervical excisional procedures. Each participant performed 10 type 1 (cone length between 8 and 10 mm) excisional procedures under direct colposcopic vision on a low-fidelity simulator. Length of specimen was measured after each excision allowing the surgeons a subsequent resection to ensure a cone length of more than 8 mm. Main outcome measures were cone length, specimen fragmentation, and a self-developed score (LEEP score), which allowed the simultaneous evaluation of both measured parameters. RESULTS: The precision of the excision showed statistically significant improvement in the novice group during the training procedures after five procedures [LEEP score 1.61 (SD 1.34) vs. 0.46 (SD 0.58); p = 0.023], while experts showed consistently high performance. Inexperienced surgeons performed more frequently cuts that were too deep than experienced surgeons (33/120, 27.5% vs. 4/50, 8%; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Low-fidelity simulation training seems to be an effective method for learning the accurate cone length for a type 1 excision for novice surgeons. As excessive excisions are related with high risk for premature delivery in subsequent pregnancies, in our opinion, LEEP should be practiced in simulation training, especially before performing in woman of reproductive age.

Sec62/Ki67 dual staining in cervical cytology specimens: a new marker for high-grade dysplasia.

PURPOSE: In the previous studies, we demonstrated that Sec62 is essential for tumor cell migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and intracellular stress tolerance. An increase in Sec62 expression correlated with an increase in cervical dysplasia severity in liquid-based cytology specimens. Ki67 is an established proliferation marker. Thus, in this study, we examined a method of Sec62/Ki67 dual staining for the detection of high-grade dysplasia and cancer in cervical liquid-based cytology specimens. METHODS: Sec62/Ki67 dual staining was performed on 100 cervical liquid-based cytology specimens. The staining results were correlated with cytological, immunocytological (p16/Ki67), colposcopic, and histological findings. RESULTS: All 56 (n = 56, 100%) cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cervical cancer (CIN3+ lesions) were positive for Sec62/Ki67 staining, while low-grade lesions and normal cells were negative. Sec62/Ki67 staining was highly sensitive and specific for the detection of CIN2+ and CIN3+ lesions (94.37%; 100% and 100%; 84.09%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Sec62/Ki67 dual-staining immunocytochemistry is a promising cytological tool for interpreting high-grade squamous lesions in cytological specimens and for assessing the risk of progression to cancer.

Introduction of a learning model for type 1 loop excision of the transformation zone of the uterine cervix in undergraduate medical students: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: We address the impact of applying loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) under direct colposcopic vision teaching to our undergraduates using a self-developed simulation model and a standardized assessment to evaluate the progress of learning. METHODS: The undergraduate teaching module was composed of a theoretical course on cervical dysplasia, colposcopy, electrosurgery and excisional procedures of the uterine cervix. This was followed by hands-on practical rounds. During the hands-on practice the students performed five "type 1" LEEP under direct colposcopic vision on the self-developed simulator. Based on specimen fragmentation and excision accuracy a score system was established. The students were asked to answer a course evaluation questionnaire. RESULTS: The accuracy of the excisions showed a statistically significant improvement during the five training procedures (excision depth 7.34 ± 1.60-8.54 ± 1.67 mm, p = 0.0041; deviation from target cone thickness 0.88 ± 1.16-0.13 ± 0.94 mm, p = 0.0116). The fragmentation of the conus decreased (2.57 ± 1.26-1.29 ± 0.60 pieces, p < 0.0001). All this led to a general improvement of the LEEP score (2.59 ± 1.93-0.84 ± 1.03, p = 0.001). The student's questionnaire revealed a subjective satisfaction and improvement of their knowledge in pathomechanism, diagnosis and therapy of cervical pathologies. CONCLUSION: Undergraduate surgical training, in cervical excisional procedure, is a successful method in improving the students' perception and management of cervical pathologies.

Identification of 3q oncogene SEC62 as a marker for distant metastasis and poor clinical outcome in invasive ductal breast cancer.

PURPOSE: In previous studies, we have shown that SEC62 has an essential function in cell migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and endoplasmic reticulum stress tolerance of cancer cells. SEC62 expression correlated with distant and lymph node metastasis and poor outcome in different cancer entities. In this initial study, we investigated SEC62 expression and its possible role as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in breast cancer (BC). METHODS: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 53 BC patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The immunoreactive score (IRS) according to Remmele and Stegner was evaluated and correlated with clinico-pathological findings and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: We found increased SEC62 protein levels in tumor tissue compared to tumor-free tissue samples from the same patients. Tumors with high SEC62 expression (IRS > 8), or containing isolated cells with high SEC62 staining intensity, independent of the IRS, had more frequently distant metastases (48.4% vs. 18.2%; p = 0.024 and 47.4 vs. 6.7%; p = 0.005, respectively). Overall survival was significantly worse in BC patients with high SEC62 expression (SEC62 IRS > 8) (54.8% vs. 81.8%; p = 0.011) and in cases with isolated high-intensity SEC62 staining cells independently of SEC62 IRS (55.3% vs 93.3%; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: We are the first to describe the SEC62 expression and its correlation to clinicopathological parameters in mammary carcinoma. Our results suggest that SEC62 expression may serve as a prognostic marker for patients with invasive ductal breast cancer.

Sec62/Ki67 and p16/Ki67 dual-staining immunocytochemistry in vulvar cytology for the identification of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and vulvar cancer: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the diagnostic performance of a newly established immunocytochemical dual-staining protocol for the simultaneous expression of SEC62 and Ki67 in vulvar liquid-based cytology specimens for the identification of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and vulvar cancer. In addition, we investigated the p16/Ki67 dual stain, which has already been established in cervical cytology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this pilot study, residual material from liquid-based cytology was collected retrospectively from 45 women. The presence of one or more double-immunoreactive cells was considered as a positive test result for Sec62/Ki67 and p16/Ki67 dual staining. The test results were correlated with the course of histology. RESULTS: All cases of VIN and vulvar cancer were Sec62/Ki67 and p16/Ki67 dual-stain positive, and normal and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were all negative. The sensitivity of cytology for VIN + cases was 100% (22/22), whereas punch biopsy classified one case of vulvar carcinoma as inflammation. All cases with high-intensity (grades 3 and 4) Sec62 staining in Sec62/Ki67-positive cases were carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that Sec62/Ki67 and p16 Ki67 dual-staining cytology could be a promising adjunctive diagnostic tool for VIN and squamous cell carcinoma, in addition to standard histology.

Preoperative morphological diagnosis of axillary lymph nodes in a breast center consultation service: evaluation of fine-needle aspiration and core biopsy techniques.

PURPOSE: Preoperative routine examination of axillary lymph nodes (ALN) in breast cancer patients is carried out physically and by ultrasound imaging; unsuspicious nodes will lead to a sentinel node (SN) procedure, suspicious ones require axillary dissection (AD). Pre-operative biopsy techniques like fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core biopsy (CB) may reduce the number of false "suspicious" cases and prevent overtreatment. We evaluated the effectiveness of both biopsy techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After physical and ultrasound examination 241 suspicious ALNs were found in 214 patients. Ultrasound-guided FNA and/or CB procedures were chosen randomly, resulting in 138 FNA and 86 CB. In 17 further events both FNA and CB were employed. The samples were examined in our Cytology lab or in the Pathology Department and the findings correlated with post-operative histological lymph node reports. Patients with histologically proven breast cancer underwent sentinel node biopsy, cytologically or histologically positive FNA/CB-findings prompted ALN dissection. RESULTS: Out of 155 FNA samples 34 were not representative (21.9%), 89 showed no tumor cells (57.4%), 30 showed positive tumor cells (19.4%), leaving two missing. All 103 CB showed representative material, positive in 62 (60.2%) and negative in 41 (39.8%) cases. Correlation with histological reports revealed a statistically non-significant advantage for CB over FNA regarding total accuracy (92.9% vs. 78.3%) and sensitivity (92% vs. 73.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative CB and alternative FNA are valuable complementary methods of predicting ALN involvement in breast cancer patients and may spare the patient unnecessary ALN dissection.

Successful thrombolytic therapy is associated with increased granulocyte CD15 expression and reduced stroke-induced immunosuppression.

OBJECTIVES: Stroke-induced immunosuppression (SIIS) increases the risk of poststroke infections. We aimed to determine whether failed versus successful thrombolytic therapy (TT) resulted in SIIS-associated changes in peripheral granulocyte markers at 1 week following the insult. METHODS: We collected peripheral blood samples from 19 patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing TT within 6 h after the onset of their first symptoms and 7 days after the insult. Age-matched controls were sampled on one occasion. We compared the expression of CD15 and CD64 on monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes using flow cytometry. RESULTS: The proportion of granulocytes and CD15+ granulocytes was comparable between controls and stroke patients at both time points. While the proportion of CD15bright granulocytes was also comparable, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD15 on this subset was reduced in stroke patients by day 7 but was overall higher at both time points compared to controls. The MFI of CD15 on granulocytes was lower in stroke patients with failed TT than in those with successful TT 1 week after the insult. CONCLUSIONS: Our current results indicate that TT may not only acutely reduce the systemic inflammatory response following stroke but may also play a role in reversing SIIS at a later stage following the insult, as reflected by the higher expression of the CD15 marker on granulocytes following successful TT.

Revealing a Phenotypical Appearance of Ibrutinib Resistance in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia by Flow Cytometry.

Background: Ibrutinib is widely known as an effective and well-tolerated therapeutical choice of the chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). However, acquired resistance may occur during the treatment, causing relapse. Early detection of ibrutinib resistance is an important issue, therefore we aimed to find phenotypic markers on CLL cells the expression of which may correlate with the appearance of ibrutinib resistance. Methods: We examined 28 patients' peripheral blood (PB) samples (treatment naïve, ibrutinib sensitive, clinically ibrutinib resistant). The surface markers' expression (CD27, CD69, CD86, CD184, CD185) were measured by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the BTKC481S resistance mutation was assessed by digital droplet PCR. Moreover, the CLL cells' phenotype of a patient with acquired ibrutinib resistance was observed during the ibrutinib treatment. Results: The expression of CD27 (p = 0.030) and CD86 (p = 0.031) became higher in the clinically resistant cohort than in the ibrutinib sensitive cohort. Besides, we found that high CD86 and CD27 expressions were accompanied by BTKC481S mutation. Our prospective study showed that the increase of the expression of CD27, CD69 and CD86 was noticed ahead of the clinical resistance with 3 months. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the changes of the expression of these markers could indicate ibrutinib resistance and the examination of these phenotypic changes may become a part of the patients' follow-up in the future.

Conisation course for medical students-experience from a German University Hospital

Objective: Conisation of the cervix is one of the most common surgical procedures in gynaecology. Nevertheless, surgical expertise is required because if the cone is too small, the oncological risk increases and if the cone is too large, the obstetric risk increases. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the suitability of an in-house conisation simulator for teaching medical students the practical performance of conisation. Material and Methods: Following a demonstration, students performed a loop conisation with a target depth of 8-10 mm using the simulator. Cone biopsy dimensions were analysed and a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) score was calculated. The students were surveyed using a questionnaire of 12 items with five possible responses for each in order to investigate the suitability and realism of the teaching experience. Results: Eighty-nine students participated in the course. The median (range) cone depth was 8 (3-25) mm with a standard deviation of 3.3 mm. The observed LEEP score amounted to 1.5. The questionnaire was answered by 88 students and completed by 86. Survey results showed the course was consistently rated as positive, especially towards the increase in practical skills. The questionnaire item producing the highest score was "I enjoyed the course" while the statement "I have gained enough self-confidence for the application of high-frequency surgery" received the lowest approval score. Students considered the course to be realistic and a helpful teaching exercise. Conclusion: Practical surgery exercises on the surgical simulator were received positively. Simulation training could be extended to other gynaecological operations and to other medical subjects.

The Effect of CD86 Expression on the Proliferation and the Survival of CLL Cells.

Micro-environment plays important role in the pathogenesis of CLL by providing protective niche for CLL cells. Several molecules play important role in communication between CLL cells and immune cells like CD86.Some of the data suggest that CLL patients with high CD86 level need earlier treatments and cells with higher CD86 expression has higher proliferation rate but the role of CD86 in the survival and proliferation of CLL cells is unclear. We investigated the effect of CD86 expression to CLL cells in 50 peripheral blood and 15 lymph node biopsy samples from CLL patients. Our results showed that the expressions of CD86 increased significantly after 7 day culturing in medium, or in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). We found positive correlation between CD86 and CD23 expression (p < 0.05), but no correlation with other markers. Furthermore, no correlation were found between the CD86 expression and the proliferation of CLL cells. Analysis of clinical data showed that cases with high CD86 expression had lower level of serum lymphocyte count (p < 0.04) at the time of the diagnosis. CD86 shows multiple appearances in the lymph nodes containing pseudofollicules, but no correlation was found between CD86 positivity, and Ki67 positivity. Our results suggest that the use of CD86 molecule as a proliferation marker for CLL is highly questionable. However, the CD86 molecule may interfere with the immune system of patients with CLL by activating and depleting immune functions. That can be the reason why CD86 positivity may mean worse prognosis.

Development of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Inhibitors for Cardioprotection.

The objective of our present study is to develop novel inhibitors for MMP-2 for acute cardioprotection. In a series of pilot studies, novel substituted carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized based on imidazole and thiazole scaffolds and then tested in a screeening cascade for MMP inhibition. We found that the MMP-inhibiting effects of imidazole and thiazole carboxylic acid-based compounds are superior in efficacy in comparison to the conventional hydroxamic acid derivatives of the same molecules. Based on these results, a 568-membered focused library of imidazole and thiazole compounds was generated in silico and then the library members were docked to the 3D model of MMP-2 followed by an in vitro medium throughput screening (MTS) based on a fluorescent assay employing MMP-2 catalytic domain. Altogether 45 compounds showed a docking score of >70, from which 30 compounds were successfully synthesized. Based on the MMP-2 inhibitory tests using gelatin zymography, 7 compounds were then selected and tested in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes subjected to simulated I/R injury. Six compounds showed significant cardio-cytoprotecion and the most effective compound (MMPI-1154) significantly decreased infarct size when applied at 1 µM in an ex vivo model for acute myocardial infarction. This is the first demonstration that imidazole and thiazole carboxylic acid-based compounds are more efficacious MMP-2 inhibitor than their hydroxamic acid derivatives. MMPI-1154 is a promising novel cardio-cytoprotective imidazole-carboxylic acid MMP-2 inhibitor lead candidate for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.

Metastatic breast carcinoma mimicking a sebaceous gland neoplasm: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is common in women and its metastases involve the skin in approximately one quarter of patients. Accordingly, metastatic breast cancer shown to be cutaneous through histology must be distinguished from a wide variety of other neoplasms as well as the diverse morphologic variants of breast cancer itself. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 61-year-old Caucasian woman with cutaneous metastases of a bilateral ductal breast carcinoma that in histopathological examination mimicked an adnexal neoplasm with sebaceous differentiation. CONCLUSION: Against the background of metastatic breast carcinoma, dermatopathological considerations of sebaceous differentiation of skin lesions are presented and discussed focusing on the rare differential diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma of the breast.