ChatGPT on guidelines: Providing contextual knowledge to GPT allows it to provide advice on appropriate colonoscopy intervals.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Colonoscopy is commonly used in screening and surveillance for colorectal cancer. Multiple different guidelines provide recommendations on the interval between colonoscopies. This can be challenging for non-specialist healthcare providers to navigate. Large language models like ChatGPT are a potential tool for parsing patient histories and providing advice. However, the standard GPT model is not designed for medical use and can hallucinate. One way to overcome these challenges is to provide contextual information with medical guidelines to help the model respond accurately to queries. Our study compares the standard GPT4 against a contextualized model provided with relevant screening guidelines. We evaluated whether the models could provide correct advice for screening and surveillance intervals for colonoscopy. METHODS: Relevant guidelines pertaining to colorectal cancer screening and surveillance were formulated into a knowledge base for GPT. We tested 62 example case scenarios (three times each) on standard GPT4 and on a contextualized model with the knowledge base. RESULTS: The contextualized GPT4 model outperformed the standard GPT4 in all domains. No high-risk features were missed, and only two cases had hallucination of additional high-risk features. A correct interval to colonoscopy was provided in the majority of cases. Guidelines were appropriately cited in almost all cases. CONCLUSIONS: A contextualized GPT4 model could identify high-risk features and quote appropriate guidelines without significant hallucination. It gave a correct interval to the next colonoscopy in the majority of cases. This provides proof of concept that ChatGPT with appropriate refinement can serve as an accurate physician assistant.

The painter who changed her brain at the flick of a switch.

The study of artists with acquired brain damage is an empirical way to investigate the multiplicity of cerebral changes that occur with artistic training. We describe a talented painter with a left progressive cerebral lesion. In spite of losing function of her right hand, she regained dexterity of the left one in ten days for painting and drawing but not for writing. We discuss two potential explanations for her rapid recovery: (a) her extensive artistic training and/or (b) the slow-growing nature of her cerebral lesion.

Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in a real-world chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 cohort.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Real-world data on sofosbuvir/velpatasvir with and without ribavirin (SOF/VEL ± RBV), particularly among patients with genotype 3 (GT3) decompensated cirrhosis, prior treatment, coinfection, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are scarce. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of SOF/VEL ± RBV in a real-world setting that included both community and incarcerated GT3 hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. METHODS: We included all GT3 HCV patients treated with SOF/VEL ± RBV in our institution. The primary outcome measure was the overall sustained virological response 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12), reported in both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol analyses. The secondary outcome measures were SVR12 stratified by the presence of decompensated cirrhosis, prior treatment, HCC, and HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection and the occurrence rate of serious adverse events requiring treatment cessation or hospitalization. RESULTS: A total of 779 HCV patients were treated with 12 weeks of SOF/VEL ± RBV, of which 85% were treated during incarceration. Among the 530 GT3 HCV patients, 31% had liver cirrhosis, and 6% were treatment-experienced. The overall SVR12 for GT3 was 98.7% (95% confidence interval: 97.3%, 99.5%) and 99.2% (95% confidence interval: 98.1%, 99.8%) in ITT and per-protocol analyses, respectively. High SVR12 was also seen in ITT analysis among GT3 HCV patients with decompensated cirrhosis (88%), prior treatment (100%), HCC (100%), and HIV/hepatitis B virus coinfection (100%). Apart from one patient who developed myositis, no other serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: The SOF/VEL ± RBV is a safe and efficacious treatment option for GT3 HCV patients in a real-world setting. SOF/VEL with RBV may be considered for decompensated GT3 HCV patients.

Ethnic-specific oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) phenotypes in women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: Ethnic differences associated with oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) phenotypes is less studied in Southeast Asian ethnicities, especially in women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively examined 3027 women at KK Women's and Children's Hospital in 2019. Of these, 508 (16.8%) women were diagnosed with HIP using the IADPSG (International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups) criteria at 24-28 weeks. OGTT phenotypes were classified into four mutually exclusive groups based on abnormal plasma glucose at (1) 0 hour only; (2) 1 hour only; (3) 2 hour only; (4) ≥2 timepoints (reference). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between ethnicity and OGTT phenotypes, adjusting for maternal age, parity, and first-trimester body mass index. RESULTS: Overall HIP prevalence was 16.8%, highest among Indians (20.5%), then Chinese (18.3%) and Malays (14.2%). Indians (relative risk ratio (RRR) 3.05) and Chinese (RRR 2.33) were at higher risk of displaying a fasting-only phenotype compared with Malays. Chinese were at increased risk of displaying a 2-hour postprandial phenotype with an RRR of 2.88 as compared with Malays. CONCLUSIONS: Unique OGTT phenotypes exist across ethnic groups among women who developed HIP in a multi-ethnic Asian population.

Open-Access Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy as an Effective and Safe Strategy for Patients With Non-alarming Symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Open-access oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OAO) is defined as the performance of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) requested by referring physicians without a prior specialist consultation. With the increasing demand for specialist appointments, the use of OAO has helped to reduce healthcare utilization by decreasing prior clinic visits. This also allows endoscopies to be scheduled and performed earlier. This study aims to evaluate our experience in providing OAO services to patients with non-alarming dyspepsia symptoms under the age of 60. METHODS: The records of patients scheduled for OAO from January 2019 to December 2022 at Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Department of Gastroenterology were analyzed. RESULTS: Five hundred sixty-nine patients were scheduled for OAO, and 436 patients underwent the procedure. The mean age of patients was 45.7 (SD=10.9) years old. Thirty-six percent were males, and there were 80.8% Chinese, 5.3% Malay, 8.6% Indian, and 5.3% others. The median waiting time for endoscopy was 23 days (IQR 16-36), and no major adverse events were reported. Over half of the endoscopies were unremarkable (n=231, 53%). There were 25 (5.7%) patients with major findings; three had upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma (one oesophageal and two gastric), one had oesophageal varices, and 21 had peptic ulcer disease (10 gastric and 11 duodenal ulcers). A rapid urease test was conducted on 409 patients, and 55 (13.4%) were positive. CONCLUSION: OAO is a safe and effective strategy for providing timely diagnostic OGD to normal-risk patients at our center. Primary care physicians are encouraged to refer non-alarming dyspepsia symptoms patients under 60 years for OAO over the conventional route.

Holistic preconception care: Providing real-time guidance via a mobile app to optimise maternal and child health.

Introduction: Preconception is a critical period to optimise gamete function and early placental development, essential for successful conception and long-term maternal-child health. However, there is a lack of preconception services and consequently, global fertility rates continue to fall and mothers embark on their pregnancy journey in poor health. There is an urgent need to implement a holistic community-level preconception care programme to optimise risk factors for poor fecundability and improve long-term maternal-child health. Method: We reviewed current evidence on fecundability lifestyle risk factors, the efficacy of existing preconception interventions and the use of digital platforms for health optimisation, to create a new digital-based preconception intervention model that will be implemented via an app. We present the theory, content and mode of delivery of this holistic model targeting couples planning for pregnancy. Results: We propose a new model featuring a user-friendly mobile app, which enables couples to self-assess fecundability risks through a personalised risk score that drives a tailored management plan. This tiered management provides anticipatory guidance supported by evidence-based recommen-dations, and promotes ongoing engagement for behavioural optimisation and specialist referrals as required. Based on the health belief model, this new model delivered with a mobile app seeks to shift couples' perceptions about their susceptibility and severity of subfertility, benefits of making a change and barriers to change. Conclusion: Our proposed digital-based intervention model via a mobile app stands to enhance preconcep-tion care by providing personalised risk assessments, real-time feedback and tiered management to optimise preconception reproductive health of couples. This model forms a reference content framework for future preconception care intervention delivery.

Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty using the novel single-channel suturing device: A multicenter experience.

Background and aim: Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is an effective treatment for obesity. Recently, a novel single-channel endoscopic suturing device has been made available to overcome the need for a double-channel endoscope. However, there is limited evidence evaluating its utility for ESG. In this multicenter study, we aim to assess the efficacy and safety of the single-channel suturing device for ESG. Methods: We reviewed the records of 18 patients who underwent ESG using the novel device at the Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, and Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, between 2020-2021. We adopted a "U" suture pattern. Our primary outcome was to assess technical feasibility and safety. The secondary outcome was to determine the percentage of total body weight loss at 1 year. Results: The mean ± SD age and body mass index were 42 ± 8.5 years and 34.9 ± 4.4 kg/m2, respectively. The majority were female (61%). ESG was technically successful in 94% (n = 17) of patients. Device dislodgement occurred in one patient. We used an average of five sutures (range, 4-8), and the mean ± SD procedure time was 96.5 ± 43.8 min. No complications occurred. The mean ± SD length of stay was 2.3 ± 1.5 days. The mean ± SD percentage of total body weight loss at 6 and 12 months were 16 ± 5.2% and 13.1 ± 5.8%, respectively. We found that >5%, >10%, and >15% total body weight loss was observed in 83.3%, 72.2%, and 56%, respectively. Conclusion: ESG using the single-channel endoscopic suturing system is safe and effective for inducing weight loss at 1 year in patients with obesity.

Unusual cause of a polypoid lesion in the extrahepatic bile duct.

Adenomyomas are benign lesions that are most frequently found in the gallbladder but can also be rarely found in the biliary tract. Although benign, they present close similarity to malignant lesions and thus deserve important clinical consideration. We present a case of a 74-year-old Chinese man who presented acutely with fever and painless obstructive jaundice. CT imaging showed a large calculus within a dilated common bile duct (CBD) and, despite undergoing an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with stone clearance, there was a persistent filling defect that was adherent to the wall of the proximal common bile duct. His CA 19-9 was also significantly raised. Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) showed a polypoid mass with papillary-like projections, and ERCP forcep biopsies were unable to exclude a lesion with neoplastic potential. The patient subsequently underwent cholecystectomy with open CBD excision and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, and histology showed features consistent with a biliary adenomyoma.

A Review and Case Discussion on a Rare Cause of Non-cirrhotic Portal Hypertension.

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) is a rare cause of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension that should be considered in patients with no risk factors for chronic liver disease or in any unusual presentation of variceal hemorrhage. We present a case of an 82-year-old Chinese female, with a history of previous metastatic sigmoid carcinoma with oxaliplatin use, who presented with melena. A gastroscopy done revealed one column of grade 3 esophageal varix, two columns of grade 2 esophageal varices, and a type 1 gastroesophageal varix with stigmata of recent hemorrhage. Cyanoacrylate glue therapy was performed without any complications. A follow-up computed tomography (CT) imaging of the abdomen did not reveal any significant features of cirrhosis or venous thrombosis, and the decision was made for a transjugular liver biopsy with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement. The measured HVPG was 6 mmHg, and the liver biopsy showed features consistent with NRH.

Sex Modifies the Associations of APOEɛ4 with Neuropsychiatric Symptom Burden in Both At-Risk and Clinical Cohorts of Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Recent work suggests that APOEɛ4/4 females with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are more susceptible to developing neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). OBJECTIVE: To examine the interaction of sex and APOEɛ4 status on NPS burden using two independent cohorts: 1) patients at risk for AD with mild cognitive impairment and/or major depressive disorder (n = 252) and 2) patients with probable AD (n = 7,261). METHODS: Regression models examined the interactive effects of sex and APOEɛ4 on the number of NPS experienced and NPS Severity. APOEɛ3/4 and APOEɛ4/4 were pooled in the at-risk cohort due to the sample size. RESULTS: In the at-risk cohort, there was a significant sex*APOEɛ4 interaction (p = 0.007) such that the association of APOEɛ4 with NPS was greater in females than in males (incident rate ratio (IRR) = 2.0). APOEɛ4/4 females had the most NPS (mean = 1.9) and the highest severity scores (mean = 3.5) of any subgroup. In the clinical cohort, APOEɛ4/4 females had significantly more NPS (IRR = 1.1, p = 0.001, mean = 3.1) and higher severity scores (b = 0.31, p = 0.015, mean = 3.7) than APOEɛ3/3 females (meanNPS = 2.9, meanSeverity = 3.3). No association was found in males. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that sex modifies the association of APOEɛ4 on NPS burden. APOEɛ4/4 females may be particularly susceptible to increased NPS burden among individuals with AD and among individuals at risk for AD. Further investigation into the mechanisms behind these associations are needed.

Practice pattern variability among gastroenterologists in colorectal cancer surveillance and management of colorectal dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: There is debate on the best method of colorectal cancer (CRC) surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to examine how gastroenterologists around the world practice CRC surveillance and manage dysplastic lesions in IBD. METHODS: A 22-question survey was emailed to gastroenterologists from 34 countries. It included questions on resources for, frequency and mode of CRC surveillance, and management of colorectal dysplasia. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were used to evaluate the differences among respondents in various domains. RESULTS: There were 217 eligible responses, with most gastroenterologists working in public hospitals (76%), and treating >10 patients with IBD weekly (71%). High-definition white light endoscopy (HDWLE) was available in 93.1% of the centers. The preferred mode of surveillance was HDWLE with dye-spray chromoendoscopy and targeted biopsies (41.2%). Fewer than 50% of physicians reported using chromoendoscopy in >50% of cases, citing time as the limiting factor (73.7%). Of these gastroenterologists 63% infrequently (<25% of cases) performed random biopsies during chromoendoscopy. They would attempt endoscopic mucosal resection for polypoid lesions >10 mm (67.2%), including >20 mm lesions with low grade dysplasia (49.8%), and non-polypoid lesions >10 mm without dysplasia (56.9%). For non-polypoid lesions >20 mm with low- and high-grade dysplasia, referral to expert endoscopists was the preferred option. CONCLUSION: The preferred method of CRC surveillance was HDWLE with chromoendoscopy and targeted biopsies. Random biopsies were infrequently performed. The uptake of chromoendoscopy for surveillance in practice was low. Physicians varied in their approach in removing endoscopically resectable dysplastic lesions.

A Perspective on Cell Therapy and Cancer Vaccine in Biliary Tract Cancers (BTCs).

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare, but aggressive, disease that comprises of gallbladder carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, with heterogeneous molecular profiles. Advanced disease has limited therapeutic options beyond first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Immunotherapy has emerged as a viable option for many cancers with a similar unmet need. Therefore, we reviewed current understanding of the tumor immune microenvironment and recent advances in cellular immunotherapy and therapeutic cancer vaccines against BTC. We illustrated the efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination in one patient with advanced, chemorefractory, melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE)-positive gallbladder carcinoma, who was given multiple injections of an allogenic MAGE antigen-positive melanoma cell lysate (MCL)-based autologous dendritic cell vaccine combined with sequential anti-angiogenic therapy. This resulted in good radiological and tumor marker response and an overall survival of 3 years from diagnosis. We postulate the potential synergism of adding anti-angiogenic therapy, such as bevacizumab, to immunotherapy in BTC, as a rational scientific principle to positively modulate the tumor microenvironment to augment antitumor immunity.