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1.
Sex Transm Dis ; 51(6): 407-414, 2024 Jun 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38403292

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Sexual behavior may influence the composition of the male urethral microbiota, but this hypothesis has not been tested in longitudinal studies of men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: From December 2014 to July 2018, we enrolled MSM with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) attending a sexual health clinic. Men attended 5 in-clinic visits at 3-week intervals, collected weekly urine specimens at home, and reported daily antibiotics and sexual activity on weekly diaries. We applied broad-range 16S rRNA gene sequencing to urine. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the association between urethral sexual exposures in the prior 7 days (insertive oral sex [IOS] only, condomless insertive anal intercourse [CIAI] only, IOS with CIAI [IOS + CIAI], or none) and Shannon index, number of species (observed, oral indicator, and rectal indicator), and specific taxa, adjusting for recent antibiotics, age, race/ethnicity, HIV, and preexposure prophylaxis. RESULTS: Ninety-six of 108 MSM with NGU attended ≥1 follow-up visit. They contributed 1140 person-weeks of behavioral data and 1006 urine specimens. Compared with those with no urethral sexual exposures, those with IOS only had higher Shannon index ( P = 0.03 ) but similar number of species and presence of specific taxa considered, adjusting for confounders; the exception was an association with Haemophilus parainfluenzae . CIAI only was not associated with measured aspects of the urethral microbiota. IOS + CIAI was only associated with presence of H. parainfluenzae and Haemophilus . CONCLUSIONS: Among MSM after NGU, IOS and CIAI did not seem to have a substantial influence on measured aspects of the composition of the urethral microbiota.


Asunto(s)
Homosexualidad Masculina , Microbiota , Conducta Sexual , Uretra , Uretritis , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Uretra/microbiología , Uretritis/microbiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Adulto Joven , Estudios Longitudinales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Minorías Sexuales y de Género
2.
Clin Infect Dis ; 73(7): e1684-e1693, 2021 10 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32750107

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is a common syndrome with no known etiology in ≤50% of cases. We estimated associations between urethral bacteria and NGU in men who have sex with men (MSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW). METHODS: Urine was collected from NGU cases (129 MSM, 121 MSW) and controls (70 MSM, 114 MSW) attending a Seattle STD clinic. Cases had ≥5 polymorphonuclear leukocytes on Gram stain plus symptoms or discharge; controls had <5 PMNs, no symptoms, no discharge. NGU was considered idiopathic when Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus were absent. The urethral microbiota was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compositional lasso analysis was conducted to identify associations between bacterial taxa and NGU and to select bacteria for targeted qPCR. RESULTS: Among NGU cases, 45.2% were idiopathic. Based on compositional lasso analysis, we selected Haemophilus influenzae (HI) and Mycoplasma penetrans (MP) for targeted qPCR. Compared with 182 men without NGU, the 249 men with NGU were more likely to have HI (14% vs 2%) and MP (21% vs 1%) (both P ≤ .001). In stratified analyses, detection of HI was associated with NGU among MSM (12% vs 3%, P = .036) and MSW (17% vs 1%, P < .001), but MP was associated with NGU only among MSM (13% vs 1%, P = .004). Associations were stronger in men with idiopathic NGU. CONCLUSIONS: HI and MP are potential causes of male urethritis. MP was more often detected among MSM than MSW with urethritis.


Asunto(s)
Microbiota , Infecciones por Mycoplasma , Mycoplasma penetrans , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Uretritis , Chlamydia trachomatis , Femenino , Haemophilus influenzae , Homosexualidad Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Conducta Sexual
3.
J Infect Dis ; 207(8): 1206-15, 2013 Apr 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23315326

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Whether unique human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) genotypes occur in the genital tract is important for vaccine development and management of drug resistant viruses. Multiple cross-sectional studies suggest HIV is compartmentalized within the female genital tract. We hypothesize that bursts of HIV replication and/or proliferation of infected cells captured in cross-sectional analyses drive compartmentalization but over time genital-specific viral lineages do not form; rather viruses mix between genital tract and blood. METHODS: Eight women with ongoing HIV replication were studied during a period of 1.5 to 4.5 years. Multiple viral sequences were derived by single-genome amplification of the HIV C2-V5 region of env from genital secretions and blood plasma. Maximum likelihood phylogenies were evaluated for compartmentalization using 4 statistical tests. RESULTS: In cross-sectional analyses compartmentalization of genital from blood viruses was detected in three of eight women by all tests; this was associated with tissue specific clades containing multiple monotypic sequences. In longitudinal analysis, the tissues-specific clades did not persist to form viral lineages. Rather, across women, HIV lineages were comprised of both genital tract and blood sequences. CONCLUSIONS: The observation of genital-specific HIV clades only in cross-sectional analysis and an absence of genital-specific lineages in longitudinal analyses suggest a dynamic interchange of HIV variants between the female genital tract and blood.


Asunto(s)
Genitales Femeninos/virología , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , VIH-1/patogenicidad , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/genética , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Genes Virales , Genotipo , Glicosilación , Infecciones por VIH/patología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/genética , VIH-1/fisiología , Humanos , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Estudios Longitudinales , Filogenia , ARN Viral/análisis , ARN Viral/genética , Infecciones del Sistema Genital/sangre , Infecciones del Sistema Genital/patología , Infecciones del Sistema Genital/virología , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Especificidad de la Especie , Factores de Tiempo , Replicación Viral , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/sangre , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/metabolismo
4.
BMC Infect Dis ; 13: 263, 2013 Jun 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23734875

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: HIV-1-related inflammation is associated with increased levels of biomarkers of vascular adhesion and endothelial activation, and may increase production of the inflammatory protein angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2), an adverse prognostic biomarker in severe systemic infection. We hypothesized that antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation would decrease endothelial activation, reducing plasma levels of ANG-2. METHODS: Antiretroviral-naïve Kenyan women with advanced HIV infection were followed prospectively. Endothelial activation biomarkers including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin, and plasma ANG-2 and angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1) were tested in stored plasma samples from 0, 6, and 12 months after ART initiation. We used Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests to compare endothelial activation biomarkers across time-points, generalized estimating equations to analyze associations with change in log10-transformed biomarkers after ART initiation, and Cox proportional-hazards regression to analyze associations with mortality. RESULTS: The 102 HIV-1-seropositive women studied had advanced infection (median CD4 count, 124 cells/µL). Soluble ICAM-1 and plasma ANG-2 levels decreased at both time-points after ART initiation, with concomitant increases in the beneficial protein ANG-1. Higher ANG-2 levels after ART initiation were associated with higher plasma HIV-1 RNA, oral contraceptive pill use, pregnancy, severe malnutrition, and tuberculosis. Baseline ANG-2 levels were higher among five women who died after ART initiation than among women who did not (median 2.85 ng/mL [inter-quartile range (IQR) 2.47-5.74 ng/mL] versus median 1.32 ng/mL [IQR 0.35-2.18 ng/mL], p = 0.01). Both soluble ICAM-1 and plasma ANG-2 levels predicted mortality after ART initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Biomarkers of endothelial activation decreased after ART initiation in women with advanced HIV-1 infection. Changes in plasma ANG-2 were associated with HIV-1 RNA levels over 12 months of follow-up. Soluble ICAM-1 and plasma ANG-2 levels represent potential biomarkers for adverse outcomes in advanced HIV-1 infection.


Asunto(s)
Angiopoyetina 1/sangre , Angiopoyetina 2/sangre , Antirretrovirales/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Biomarcadores/sangre , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Kenia , Masculino , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos
5.
Antivir Ther ; 20(1): 77-80, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24831260

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: US guidelines recommend genotyping for persons newly diagnosed with HIV infection to identify transmitted drug resistance mutations associated with decreased susceptibility to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. To date, testing for integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) mutations has not been routinely recommended. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of transmitted INSTI mutations among persons with primary HIV-1 infection in Seattle, WA, USA. METHODS: Persons with primary HIV-1 infection have enrolled in an observational cohort at the University of Washington Primary Infection Clinic since 1992. We performed a retrospective analysis of plasma specimens collected prospectively from the 82 antiretroviral-naive subjects who were enrolled from 2007-2013, after FDA-approval of the first INSTI. Resistance testing was performed by consensus sequencing. RESULTS: Specimens for analysis had been obtained a median of 24 (IQR 18-41, range 8-108) days after the estimated date of HIV-1 infection. All subjects were infected with HIV-1 subtype B except for one subject infected with subtype C. Consensus sequencing identified no subjects with major INSTI mutations (T66I, E92Q, G140S, Y143C/H/R, S147G, Q148H/K/R, N155H). Using exact binomial CIs, the upper bound of the 95% CI was 4.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Although our sample size was small, this study does not support the need at this time to evaluate integrase mutations as part of routine consensus sequencing among persons newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection. However, it is likely that the prevalence of transmitted INSTI mutations may increase with the recent commercial introduction of additional INSTIs and presumably greater INSTI use among persons living with HIV-1.


Asunto(s)
Genotipo , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/uso terapéutico , Integrasa de VIH/genética , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Integrasa de VIH/metabolismo , VIH-1/enzimología , VIH-1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Mutación , Quinolonas/uso terapéutico , Raltegravir Potásico/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN
6.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr ; 65(2): e50-7, 2014 Feb 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23846561

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Resumption of sex before complete wound healing after male circumcision may increase risk of postoperative surgical complications, and HIV acquisition and transmission. We aimed to determine the effect of text messaging to deter resumption of sex before 42 days postcircumcision. METHODS: We conducted a randomized trial where men older than18 years who owned mobile phones and had just undergone circumcision were randomized to receive a series of text messages (n = 600) or usual care (n = 600). The primary outcome was self-reported resumption of sex before 42 days. RESULTS: Sex before 42 days was reported by 139 of 491 (28.3%) men in the intervention group and 124 of 493 (25.2%) men in the control group [relative risk = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91 to 1.38, P = 0.3]. Men were more likely to resume early if they were married or had a live-in sexual partner [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.57, 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.08, P < 0.01]; in the month before circumcision had 1 (aRR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.12, P = 0.02) or more than 1 (aRR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.66, P < 0.01) sexual partner(s); had primary school or lower education (aRR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.33 to 1.97, P< 0.001); were employed (aRR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.72, P = 0.02); or were 21-30 years old (aRR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.47, P = 0.05), 31-40 years old (aRR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.18 to 3.09, P < 0.01), or older than 40 years (aRR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.97, P = 0.03) compared with younger than 21 years. CONCLUSIONS: Text messaging as used in this trial did not reduce early resumption of sex after circumcision. We identified key risk factors for early resumption that need to be considered in circumcision programs.


Asunto(s)
Terapia Conductista/métodos , Circuncisión Masculina , Sistemas Recordatorios , Conducta Sexual , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/prevención & control , Envío de Mensajes de Texto , Adolescente , Adulto , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Investigación sobre Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven
7.
PLoS One ; 7(9): e43832, 2012.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22957034

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Following male circumcision for HIV prevention, a high proportion of men fail to return for their scheduled seven-day post-operative visit. We evaluated the effect of short message service (SMS) text messages on attendance at this important visit. METHODOLOGY: We enrolled 1200 participants >18 years old in a two-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial at 12 sites in Nyanza province, Kenya. Participants received daily SMS text messages for seven days (n = 600) or usual care (n = 600). The primary outcome was attendance at the scheduled seven-day post-operative visit. The primary analysis was by intention-to-treat. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Of participants receiving SMS, 387/592 (65.4%) returned, compared to 356/596 (59.7%) in the control group (relative risk [RR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.20; p = 0.04). Men who paid more than US$1.25 to travel to clinic were at higher risk for failure to return compared to those who spent ≤ US$1.25 (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.35, 95% CI 1.15-1.58; p<0.001). Men with secondary or higher education had a lower risk of failure to return compared to those with primary or less education (aRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.74-1.01; p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Text messaging resulted in a modest improvement in attendance at the 7-day post-operative clinic visit following adult male circumcision. Factors associated with failure to return were mainly structural, and included transportation costs and low educational level. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.govNCT01186575.


Asunto(s)
Circuncisión Masculina/métodos , Cooperación del Paciente , Sistemas Recordatorios , Envío de Mensajes de Texto , Adulto , Humanos , Kenia , Masculino , Cuidados Posoperatorios , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Periodo Posoperatorio , Análisis de Regresión , Proyectos de Investigación , Riesgo , Resultado del Tratamiento
8.
AIDS ; 26(15): 1935-41, 2012 Sep 24.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22824627

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Early infant HIV-1 diagnosis and treatment substantially improve survival. Where virologic HIV-1 testing is unavailable, integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) clinical algorithms may be used for infant HIV-1 screening. We evaluated the performance of the 2008 WHO IMCI HIV algorithm in a cohort of HIV-exposed Kenyan infants. METHODS: From 1999 to 2003, 444 infants had monthly clinical assessments and quarterly virologic HIV-1 testing. Using archived clinical data, IMCI sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using virologic testing as a gold standard. Linear regression and survival analyses were used to determine the effect of age on IMCI performance and timing of diagnosis. RESULTS: Overall IMCI sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV value were 58, 87, 52, and 90%, respectively. Sensitivity (1.4%) and PPV (14%) were lowest at 1 month of age, when 81% of HIV infections already had occurred. Sensitivity increased with age (P < 0.0001), but remained low throughout infancy (range 1.4-35%). Specificity (range 97-100%) was high at each time point and was not associated with age. Fifty-eight percent of HIV-1-infected infants (50 of 86) were eventually diagnosed by IMCI, and use of IMCI was estimated to delay diagnosis in HIV-infected infants by a median of 5.9 months (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: IMCI had low sensitivity during the first month of life, when the majority of HIV-1 infections had already occurred and initiation of treatment is most critical. Although sensitivity increased with age, the substantial delay in HIV-1 diagnosis using IMCI limits its utility in early infant HIV-1 diagnosis.


Asunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/administración & dosificación , Candidiasis Bucal/diagnóstico , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , VIH-1 , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Linfáticas/diagnóstico , Neumonía/diagnóstico , Algoritmos , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Candidiasis Bucal/epidemiología , Servicios de Salud del Niño , Prestación Integrada de Atención de Salud , Femenino , Guías como Asunto , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Kenia/epidemiología , Enfermedades Linfáticas/epidemiología , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Neumonía/epidemiología , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Organización Mundial de la Salud
9.
J Clin Virol ; 50(1): 4-7, 2011 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20951635

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The role of sexual activity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission remains controversial. Studies to date have not explored the relationship between HCV shedding in cervicovaginal fluids and the presence of menstrual or other blood. OBJECTIVES: Since cross-sectional studies may underestimate the prevalence of viral shedding, we performed a 56-day longitudinal study of cervical HCV shedding. STUDY DESIGN: Women self-collected cervicovaginal swabs for 56 consecutive days, while keeping a diary of menses and genital symptoms. Swabs were tested for HCV RNA and cellular DNA by quantitative PCR, and hemoglobin by spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Sixteen women contributed a total of 701 cervicovaginal swabs (mean collection period 48 days, range 18-56). Detection of HCV RNA was associated with detection of hemoglobin. Premenopausal women were more likely than post-menopausal women to have HCV RNA detected in cervicovaginal fluids. For premenopausal women, detection of HCV RNA was more likely during menstruation (OR=56.4) or when hemoglobin was detected in cervicovaginal fluids, even if menstruation was not occurring (OR=35.4). No woman post-hysterectomy had HCV RNA detected in cervicovaginal fluids on any day, regardless of whether hemoglobin was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with a low likelihood of sexual transmission of HCV. The results suggest that shedding of HCV RNA in the female genital tract is associated with the presence of blood, and requires the presence of a cervix. Clinicians should consider advising premenopausal women who are concerned about transmitting infection that infectivity may increase during menstruation.


Asunto(s)
Líquidos Corporales , Hepacivirus/fisiología , Hepatitis C/virología , ARN Viral , Esparcimiento de Virus , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Líquidos Corporales/química , Líquidos Corporales/virología , Cuello del Útero/virología , Femenino , Genotipo , Hepacivirus/genética , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Menstruación , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Viral/sangre , Vagina/virología , Carga Viral/genética , Adulto Joven
10.
AIDS Patient Care STDS ; 22(3): 233-43, 2008 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18290749

RESUMEN

Information regarding the prevalence of mental illness and substance use among HIV-infected patients and the effect of these problems on HIV treatment is needed. We conducted an observational study of patients in the University of Washington (UW) HIV Cohort to determine prevalence rates for mental illness and substance use. Cox regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between mental illness and substance use, pharmacologic treatment for depression/anxiety, and initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) within 9 months of becoming eligible for HAART. Among 1774 patients in the UW HIV cohort during 2004, 63% had a mental illness (including mood, anxiety, psychotic, or personality disorders), 45% had a substance use disorder, and 38% had both. There were 278 patients who met criteria for HAART eligibility. After controlling for other factors, patients with depression and/or anxiety were significantly less likely to initiate HAART compared with patients without a mental illness (hazard ratio [HR] 0.4, p = 0.02). However, patients with depression/anxiety who received antidepressant/antianxiety medications were equally likely to initiate HAART as patients without a mental illness (HR 0.9, p = 0.5). We found that patients with mental illness or substance use disorders receive HAART at lower CD4+ cell counts and higher HIV-1 RNA levels than patients without these disorders. However, HAART initiation among patients who receive treatment for depression/anxiety is associated with no delay. Screening for these disorders in primary care settings and access to appropriate treatment are increasingly important components of providing care to HIV-infected patients.


Asunto(s)
Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastorno Depresivo/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , VIH-1 , Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/complicaciones , Adulto , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Estudios de Cohortes , Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/clasificación , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Washingtón/epidemiología
11.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr ; 46(1): 101-11, 2007 Sep 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17972366

RESUMEN

In El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama, we recruited 2466 female sex workers (FSWs) by probabilistic or comprehensive sampling and 1418 men who have sex with men (MSM) by convenience sampling to measure sociobehavioral risk and sexually transmitted infections. For MSM, HIV seroprevalence ranged from 7.6% in Nicaragua to 15.3% in El Salvador, and estimated HIV seroincidence per 100 person-years ranged from 2.7 in Panama to 14.4 in Nicaragua; 61% reported using condoms consistently with casual male partners, 29% reported exposure to behavioral interventions, and 22% reported recent sex with male and female partners. For FSWs, HIV seroprevalence ranged from 0.2% in Nicaragua and Panama to 9.6% in Honduras, where estimated HIV seroincidence was also highest (3.2 per 100 person-years); 77% and 72% of FSWs reported using condoms consistently with new and regular clients. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 seroprevalence averaged 85.3% in FSWs and 48.2% in MSM, and syphilis seropositivity averaged 9.6% in FSWs and 8.3% in MSM. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae prevalences in FSWs averaged 20.1% and 8.1%, and Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis prevalences averaged 11.0% and 54.8%. An ongoing HIV epidemic involves Central American MSM with potential bridging to women. In FSWs, HSV-2 infection was associated with HIV infection (odds ratio = 11.0, 95% confidence interval: 2.9 to 7.9). For these vulnerable populations, prevention must incorporate acceptable and effective sexual health services, including improved condom access and promotion.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Vigilancia de Guardia , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Sexo Inseguro/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , América Central/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Homosexualidad Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Trabajo Sexual
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