Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) develops metabolic disorders associated with visceral adipose inflammation and fatty pancreas without obesity.

Obesity induces metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases and has become a global health concern. Recent studies imply that fat accumulation in nonadipose tissue correlates with metabolic disorders. However, there are no suitable animal models to evaluate this phenomenon. This study investigated the characteristics of metabolic disorders found in cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Blood biochemical examinations revealed that cotton rats, predominantly males, developed hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia when fed a normal diet. The islets increased in size through ß-cell hyperplasia, which was associated with serum insulin level in both sexes, strongly indicating insulin resistance. In male cotton rats, oxidative stress was observed in ß cells, and macrophage infiltration into the visceral white adipose tissue was reported, both of which were associated with serum insulin level without visceral obesity. In contrast, female cotton rats developed hyperinsulinemia without histopathological changes that were reported in males. Adipocytes were found to be accumulated in the pancreas but not in the liver of both sexes during aging. Pancreatic fat accumulation was associated with the serum insulin level only in females. Taken together, cotton rats developed metabolic disorders associated with visceral fat inflammation in the absence of obesity. In addition, pancreatic ectopic fat may also be related to the early stages of these conditions. Thus, the cotton rat may serve as a novel and useful model for metabolic disorders characterized by visceral adipose inflammation and ectopic fat accumulation in the pancreas without obesity.

[A case of pancreatic pseudocyst associated with pancreatic cancer successfully treated with endoscopic pseudocyst drainage, which allowed continuation of chemotherapy].

We report a case of pancreatic pseudocyst associated with pancreatic cancer that was successfully treated with endoscopic pseudocyst drainage, which allowed continuation of chemotherapy. A 74-year-old woman complaining of jaundice was diagnosed with locally advanced cancer in the head of the pancreas, and she underwent chemotherapy with gemcitabine. One month later, she was admitted to our hospital for severe epigastralgia, and she diagnosed with a pancreatic pseudocyst that was 14 cm in diameter. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided pseudocyst drainage was successfully performed. The amylase concentration of pseudocyst fluid was 13,320 U/L, and bacterial culture was negative. The epigastralgia soon resolved, but 1 week later, the size of the pseudocyst was 12 cm in diameter. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography revealed communication of the pancreatic duct with the pseudocyst. A pancreatic stent was placed. The patient again underwent chemotherapy for 3 months, without major complications. The pseudocyst was no longer visible 3 months after stent placement. The patient died of pancreatic cancer with peritonitis carcinomatosa, 6 months after the initial diagnosis.

[Assessment of five-metallic stent placement cases for malignant duodenal stenosis].

We report five-metallic stent placement cases for malignant duodenal stenosis. Two of them received a placement of Ultraflex by over-the-wire (OTW) procedure, and the other three received a placement of WallFlex by through-the-scope (TTS) procedure. We assessed the baseline characteristic of the patient, procedural time and food intake after the stent placement for both OTW and TIS groups. OTW GROUP CASE 1: A 93-year-old woman with cancer of the ampulla of Vater, 60 min. in procedure time and low-residue diet after stent replacement. OTW GROUP CASE 2: A 76-year-old man with pancreatic cancer, 90 min. in procedure time and low-residue diet after stent replacement. TTS GROUP CASE 1: A 56-year-old man with recurrent postoperative bile duct cancer and gallbladder cancer, 16 min. in procedure time and full diet after stent replacement. TTS group case 2: A 79-year-old woman with pancreatic cancer, 40 min. in procedure time and liquids only after stent placement. TTS GROUP CASE 3: A 64-year-old woman with pancreatic cancer, 17 min. in procedure time and liquids only after stent placement. In comparison with OTW, TTS placement was much easier and it took a shorter procedural time. However, we consider that a selection of suitable stents and an assessment of the location for good food intake after stent placement are more important.

Slc:Hartley guinea pigs frequently possess duplication of the caudal vena cava.

The formation of the caudal vena cava is a complex process involving development, regression, and anastomosis. In mammals, the normal caudal vena cava runs to the right side of the abdominal aorta, while duplication of the caudal vena cava has been identified as a congenital abnormality in both companion animals and humans. The present study demonstrates that Slc:Hartley guinea pigs frequently possess asymptomatic duplicated caudal vena cava. The prevalence was 30% and 24% for males and females, respectively, with no sex-related differences. In accordance with Saad et al. (2012)'s criteria, duplicated caudal vena cava were classified into two distinct variations. The dominant variation was a complete duplication without iliac anastomosis where the left caudal vena cava continued from the left common iliac vein and joined the left renal vein; the left renal vein ran to the right to join the right caudal vena cava. The alternative variation was an incomplete duplication where the left caudal vena cava joined the right infrarenal caudal vena cava at a more cranial point than in normal cases; the renal segment was unchanged. Iliac anastomosis was not found in any cases. Duplicated caudal vena cava neither affected the body weight nor the kidney weight. In conclusion, Slc:Hartley guinea pigs frequently possess asymptomatic duplicated caudal vena cava in the absence of iliac anastomosis and appear to be a novel and useful animal model for duplicated caudal vena cava in animals and humans.

Slc:Wistar/ST rats develop unilateral thyroid dysgenesis: A novel animal model of thyroid hemiagenesis.

Developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland lead to congenital malformations such as thyroglossal duct cysts and thyroid dysgenesis. However, the pathogenesis of thyroid dysgenesis remains unclear due to the lack of suitable animal models. This study demonstrated that Slc:Wistar/ST rats frequently developed unilateral thyroid dysgenesis, including hemiagenesis, characterized by the absence of one lobe. In Wistar/ST rats, each thyroid lobe was frequently different in size, and approximately 27% and 20% of the rats presented with hemihypoplasia and hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland, respectively. Dysgenesis was predominant on the left side in both sexes, without sex differences. At a young age, thyroid hemiagenesis did not alter body weight. In rats of both sexes with thyroid hemiagenesis, plasma total triiodothyronine and total triiodothyronine levels remained unchanged while plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were significantly elevated in young rats. The remaining thyroid lobes increased in weight, but the follicular epithelial cells appeared normal in terms of their height and proliferating activities. On the side of thyroid dysgenesis, the parathyroid glands were normally localized and were situated at the same location as the contralateral glands. The ultimobranchial body remnants were localized at the level of the thyroid gland along with the cranial thyroid artery and vein, forming cell clusters or cystic structures and containing calcitonin-positive C-cells. In conclusion, Wistar/ST rats developed unilateral thyroid dysgenesis and may be novel and useful animal models for thyroid hemiagenesis in humans and for morphogenesis of pharyngeal pouch-derived organs.

Ovarian mast cells migrate toward ovary-fimbria connection in neonatal MRL/MpJ mice.

MRL/MpJ mice have abundant ovarian mast cells (MCs) as compared with other strains at postnatal day 0 (P0); however, they sharply decrease after birth. These ovarian MCs, particularly beneath the ovarian surface epithelium (SE), which express mucosal MC (MMC) marker, might participate in early follicular development. This study investigated the changes in spatiotemporal distribution of MCs in the perinatal MRL/MpJ mouse ovaries. At P0 to P7, the MCs were densely localized to the ovary, especially their caudomedial region around the ovary-fimbria connection. The neonatal ovarian MCs showed intermediate characteristics of MMC and connective tissue MC (CTMC), and the latter phenotype became evident with aging. However, the expression ratio of the MMC to CTMC marker increased from P0 to P4 in the MRL/MpJ mouse ovary. Similarly, the ratio of MCs facing SE to total MC number increased with aging, although the number of ovarian MCs decreased, indicating the relative increase in MMC phenotypes in the early neonatal ovary. Neither proliferating nor apoptotic MCs were found in the MRL/MpJ mouse ovaries. The parenchymal cells surrounding MCs at ovary-fimbria connection showed similar molecular expression patterns (E-cadherin+/Foxl2-/Gata4+) as that of the ovarian surface epithelial cells. At P2, around the ovary-fimbria connection, c-kit- immature oocytes formed clusters called nests, and some MCs localized adjacent to c-kit- oocytes within the nests. These results indicated that in postnatal MRL/MpJ mice, ovarian MCs changed their distribution by migrating toward the parenchymal cells composing ovary-fimbria connection, which possessed similar characteristics to the ovarian surface epithelium. Thus, we elucidated the spatiotemporal alterations of the ovarian MCs in MRL/MpJ mice, and suggested their importance during the early follicular development by migrating toward the ovary-fimbria connection. MRL/MpJ mice would be useful to elucidate the relationship between neonatal immunity and reproductive systems.

Restricted localization of ultimobranchial body remnants and parafollicular cells in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Parafollicular cells (C-cells) exist within the thyroid glands and display different distributions within the glands among mammalian species. In the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius), localization of the C-cells remains under debate. We herein investigated appearance of C-cells and the remnants of the ultimobranchial body, origin of C-cells, in the thyroid glands of one-humped camels. Macroscopically, a white mass was present at one-third the length from the cranial end of the thyroid glands where the cranial thyroid artery entered. In addition, large fossae were frequently found adjacent to the white mass. Histologically, the mass was mainly composed of connective tissues, thyroid follicles, and two types of cell clusters: one was composed of cells with clear cytoplasm and the other was composed of non-keratinized epidermoid cells. The mass and the fossae contained p63-positive cells, indicating that they consisted of ultimobranchial body remnants. Calcitonin was expressed in cells with clear cytoplasm, which were localized just beneath the fossae and in the cell clusters of the white mass. C-cells also resided in both subfollicular and interfollicular spaces adjacent to the white mass, but gradually decreased toward the periphery. C-cells tended to display round shapes in the ultimobranchial body remnants and subfollicular spaces, and spindle shapes in interfollicular spaces. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the ultimobranchial body remnants were limited to the region around the entrance of cranial thyroid artery and vein, and C-cells were mainly concentrated within and around the ultimobranchial body remnants.