Ecological study of the association between socioeconomic inequality and food deserts and swamps around schools in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests that unhealthy community food environments around schools contribute to unhealthy eating habits and negative health outcomes among the youth. However, little is known about how socioeconomic inequalities in those community food environments are associated with food deserts and food swamps across schools' neighborhoods. METHODS: An ecological study was carried out in all 3,159 public and private schools in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Three measures of socioeconomic inequality were evaluated: per capita income, segregation index and deprivation index. The community school food environment was analyzed by metrics of food swamps and food deserts. RESULTS: Food deserts and food swamps were simultaneously more prevalent in neighborhoods of the lowest income, high deprivation, and high segregation. Spatial socioeconomic disparities at the neighborhoods of schools were associated with food deserts and food swamps in Rio de Janeiro. CONCLUSIONS: Our results point to a spatial socioeconomic inequality of establishments that sell food around schools in a Brazilian metropolis, indicating that the areas of greatest deprivation of food services are also the areas with the worst socioeconomic characteristics.

Food environment of bus terminals in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region.

PURPOSE: To describe and analyze the healthiness of formal and informal food establishments in bus terminals of the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. METHOD: An audit was conducted in 156 formal and 127 informal food establishments located in 14 bus terminals of the five most populous cities of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Proportions of types of establishments and means (95%CI) of food availability indicators in formal and informal settings were calculated. For the formal setting, prices, proportions of accepted payment methods, days and hours of operation, and food categories with displayed advertising were described. RESULTS: The healthiness of food establishments in bus terminals was low (less than 36%). On average, ultra-processed food subgroups were 250% more available for purchase than fresh or minimally processed food. Purchasing food at these places was convenient because several forms of payment were available, and the opening hours of the establishments followed the peaks of movement. In addition, 73.3% of the advertising referred to ultra-processed drinks, and the cost-benefit of buying ultra-processed food was better than fresh or minimally processed food. CONCLUSION: The food environment of bus terminals in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro promotes unhealthy eating. Regulatory public policies should focus on initiatives to limit the wide availability and advertising of ultra-processed food in spaces of great circulation of people.

Relationship between ultra-processed foods and metabolic syndrome in adolescents from a Brazilian Family Doctor Program.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between food intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional design conducted from July 2006 to December 2007. SETTING: Adolescents assisted by the Family Doctor Program (FDP) in Niterói, a metropolitan area in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Survey of 210 adolescents. Individuals with three or more of the following components of MetS were classified as having this syndrome: TAG ≥ 110 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol < 50 mg/dl for girls aged 12-19 years and boys aged 12-14 years or <45 mg/dl for boys aged 15-19 years; waist circumference ≥75th percentile; serum glucose >100 mg/dl; and blood pressure ≥90th percentile. A semi-quantitative FFQ was used, and foods were grouped as: unprocessed or minimally processed foods (Group 1), processed culinary and food industry ingredients (Group 2) and ultra-processed foods (Group 3). The associations between food consumption and MetS were adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioural and family history covariates and were estimated using generalized estimation equations with the Poisson regression model. RESULTS: MetS was diagnosed in 6·7 % of the adolescents; the most frequent diagnostic criteria included the reduction of HDL cholesterol (46·7 %), elevated serum glucose (17·1 %) and the elevation of waist circumference (16·7 %). Crude analysis showed higher average daily intakes of energy, carbohydrates and ultra-processed foods among adolescents with MetS. After statistical adjustment, the intake of ultra-processed foods (≥3rd quartile) remained associated with MetS (prevalence ratio = 2·5; P = 0·012). CONCLUSIONS: High consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with the prevalence of MetS in this adolescents group.

Content validity and reliability of a university food environment assessment instrument. / Validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade de instrumento de avaliação do ambiente alimentar universitário.

This study aimed to evaluate the content validity and reliability of an instrument for evaluating the university food environment. A checklist was developed to assess establishments that sell food and beverages in the university environment. The content validation encompassed the development of the instrument, expert evaluation and pretest performance. Reliability was evaluated using a convenience sample (n=64) of establishments distributed across seven campuses of three public universities and was carried out using interobserver (IO) and test-retest (TR) evaluations. Categorical and count variables were analyzed by calculating the percentage agreement (PA), kappa coefficient (k) and prevalence-adjusted, bias-adjusted kappa (ka), and continuous variables were analyzed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The checklist consisted of 204 items distributed in seven domains. The instrument's performance was considered excellent or very good for 91.3% (PA) of the items when evaluated. For IO, 68.3% (k) and 96.5% (ka) had excellent, very good or good agreement, while for TR, 65% (k) and 96.5% (ka) had excellent agreement. The instrument showed satisfactory content validity and reliability for characterizing the food environment at Brazilian universities.

O objetivo foi avaliar a validade de conteúdo e a confiabilidade de um instrumento de auditoria para avaliação do ambiente alimentar universitário. Foi desenvolvido checklist para a avaliação de estabelecimentos que comercializavam alimentos e bebidas neste ambiente. A validação de conteúdo abarcou o desenvolvimento do instrumento, a análise por especialistas e a realização do pré-teste. A confiabilidade foi avaliada em uma amostra de conveniência (n=64) de estabelecimentos distribuídos em sete campi de três universidades públicas e foi realizada pelos testes interobservador (TIO) e teste-reteste (TR). Variáveis categóricas e de contagem foram analisadas pelo cálculo da concordância percentual (CP) e dos índices kappa (k) e kappa ajustado pela prevalência e pelo viés (ka) e variáveis contínuas, pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI). O checklist foi composto por 204 itens distribuídos em sete domínios. O desempenho do instrumento foi considerado excelente ou muito bom para 91,3% (CP) dos itens quando avaliados. No TIO 68,3% (k) e 96,5% (ka) tiveram concordância excelente, muito boa ou boa, enquanto no TR 65% tiveram concordância excelente para o k e 96,5% para o ka. O instrumento apresentou validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade satisfatórias.

Development and Application of Healthiness Indicators for Commercial Establishments That Sell Foods for Immediate Consumption.

Studies of food environments lack easy-to-apply indicators for their characterization and monitoring. This study aimed to create and assess the applicability of an a priori classification of establishments that sell foods for immediate consumption and to develop and apply indicators for assessment of the establishments' healthiness. The indicators were grouped by the types of foods sold most frequently at these establishments, according to the extent and purpose of the foods' industrial processing. Four indicators were developed, based on the availability of unprocessed/minimally processed foods (MPF) and ultra-processed foods (UPF) in the establishments. The classification and indicators were applied to commercial food establishments at two Brazilian universities. Descriptive analyses were performed to characterize the food environment for all the establishments and by university. Two proportion indicators assess the relative availability of subgroups of MPF and UPF. The UPF/MPF ratio expresses the relative advantage/disadvantage of the availability of MPF compared to that of UPF. The Healthiness Index or summary score expresses the availability of MPF and the unavailability of UPF. The classification and indicators present good discriminatory power and are easy to operationalize, interpret, and adapt.

Food environment of bus terminals in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region / Ambiente alimentar de terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT PURPOSE To describe and analyze the healthiness of formal and informal food establishments in bus terminals of the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. METHOD An audit was conducted in 156 formal and 127 informal food establishments located in 14 bus terminals of the five most populous cities of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Proportions of types of establishments and means (95%CI) of food availability indicators in formal and informal settings were calculated. For the formal setting, prices, proportions of accepted payment methods, days and hours of operation, and food categories with displayed advertising were described. RESULTS The healthiness of food establishments in bus terminals was low (less than 36%). On average, ultra-processed food subgroups were 250% more available for purchase than fresh or minimally processed food. Purchasing food at these places was convenient because several forms of payment were available, and the opening hours of the establishments followed the peaks of movement. In addition, 73.3% of the advertising referred to ultra-processed drinks, and the cost-benefit of buying ultra-processed food was better than fresh or minimally processed food. CONCLUSION The food environment of bus terminals in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro promotes unhealthy eating. Regulatory public policies should focus on initiatives to limit the wide availability and advertising of ultra-processed food in spaces of great circulation of people.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever e analisar a saudabilidade dos estabelecimentos com venda formal e informal de alimentos em terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS Realizou-se auditoria em 156 estabelecimentos formais e 127 pontos informais de venda de alimentos localizados em 14 terminais rodoviários das cinco cidades mais populosas da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Foram calculadas proporções de tipos de estabelecimentos e médias (IC95%) de indicadores de disponibilidade de alimentos nos ambientes formal e informal. Para o ambiente formal, foram descritos preços, proporções das formas de pagamento aceitas, dias e horários de funcionamento e categorias de alimentos com propaganda exposta. RESULTADOS A saudabilidade dos pontos de venda de alimentos nos terminais rodoviários era baixa (inferior a 36%). Em média, estavam disponíveis para compra 250% mais subgrupos de alimentos ultraprocessados do que in natura ou minimamente processados. Adquirir comida nesses locais era conveniente porque diversas formas de pagamento estavam disponíveis e os horários de funcionamento dos estabelecimentos acompanhavam os picos de movimentação. Além disso, 73,3% das propagandas se referiam a bebidas ultraprocessadas e o custo-benefício da compra de alimentos ultraprocessados era melhor que o de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados. CONCLUSÃO O ambiente alimentar dos terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro promove uma alimentação não saudável. Políticas públicas de regulação devem se concentrar em iniciativas que limitem a ampla disponibilidade e publicidade de alimentos ultraprocessados nesses espaços de grande circulação de pessoas.

Validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade de instrumento de avaliação do ambiente alimentar universitário / Content validity and reliability of a university food environment assessment instrument

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a validade de conteúdo e a confiabilidade de um instrumento de auditoria para avaliação do ambiente alimentar universitário. Foi desenvolvido checklist para a avaliação de estabelecimentos que comercializavam alimentos e bebidas neste ambiente. A validação de conteúdo abarcou o desenvolvimento do instrumento, a análise por especialistas e a realização do pré-teste. A confiabilidade foi avaliada em uma amostra de conveniência (n=64) de estabelecimentos distribuídos em sete campi de três universidades públicas e foi realizada pelos testes interobservador (TIO) e teste-reteste (TR). Variáveis categóricas e de contagem foram analisadas pelo cálculo da concordância percentual (CP) e dos índices kappa (k) e kappa ajustado pela prevalência e pelo viés (ka) e variáveis contínuas, pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI). O checklist foi composto por 204 itens distribuídos em sete domínios. O desempenho do instrumento foi considerado excelente ou muito bom para 91,3% (CP) dos itens quando avaliados. No TIO 68,3% (k) e 96,5% (ka) tiveram concordância excelente, muito boa ou boa, enquanto no TR 65% tiveram concordância excelente para o k e 96,5% para o ka. O instrumento apresentou validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade satisfatórias.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the content validity and reliability of an instrument for evaluating the university food environment. A checklist was developed to assess establishments that sell food and beverages in the university environment. The content validation encompassed the development of the instrument, expert evaluation and pretest performance. Reliability was evaluated using a convenience sample (n=64) of establishments distributed across seven campuses of three public universities and was carried out using interobserver (IO) and test-retest (TR) evaluations. Categorical and count variables were analyzed by calculating the percentage agreement (PA), kappa coefficient (k) and prevalence-adjusted, bias-adjusted kappa (ka), and continuous variables were analyzed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The checklist consisted of 204 items distributed in seven domains. The instrument's performance was considered excellent or very good for 91.3% (PA) of the items when evaluated. For IO, 68.3% (k) and 96.5% (ka) had excellent, very good or good agreement, while for TR, 65% (k) and 96.5% (ka) had excellent agreement. The instrument showed satisfactory content validity and reliability for characterizing the food environment at Brazilian universities.

A Extensão Universitária no Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro / University outreach at Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

A extensão universitária é um processo educativo, científico e cultural que aproxima a universidade da sociedade. Este trabalho, apresentado na modalidade "Perspectivas", busca relatar a inserção da extensão universitária nos cursos de graduação do Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro (INJC), da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), ressaltando a análise das ações extensionistas para a formação de estudantes. As principais áreas contempladas nas ações guardam forte relação com os cursos de Gastronomia e de Nutrição do Instituto. Em junho de 2021, o INJC contava com 39 ações ativas registradas no sistema de gestão acadêmica da UFRJ, distribuídas em 30 projetos, seis eventos e três cursos, contemplando, assim, as áreas temáticas de Saúde, Cultura, Educação, Meio Ambiente e Trabalho, Tecnologia e Comunicação. Essas ações disponibilizam 288 vagas para alunos de graduação da UFRJ, acolhendo estudantes do INJC e de outros centros universitários, em especial das Ciências Humanas e Sociais, tendo como público-alvo diferentes faixas etárias, grupos populacionais e territórios. Apesar da diversidade dos objetos de trabalho, a alimentação apresenta-se como tema transversal nas três modalidades de ações realizadas. Nota-se uma firme tendência de fortalecimento das atividades universitárias de extensão, seja pela obrigatoriedade da creditação de carga horária para o corpo discente ou pelo compromisso da universidade em responder às demandas sociais, equiparando-as efetivamente à pesquisa no que tange à valorização acadêmica e institucional.

University outreach is an educational, scientific and cultural process that brings the university closer to society. This work, presented in the "Perspectives" modality, seeks to report the inclusion of university outreach in the undergraduate degree programs of the Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro (INJC) (Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute), at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro). It emphasizes the analysis of outreach activities for students' education. The main areas covered by the actions are strongly related to the Institute's Gastronomy and Nutrition courses. In June 2021, INJC presented 39 ongoing activities registered in UFRJ's academic management system, namely 30 projects, 6 events and 3 courses, covering the thematic areas of Health, Culture, Education, Environment and Work, Technology and Communication. These activities offer 288 vacancies for undergraduate students at UFRJ, not only from INJC but also from other colleges, especially in the human and social sciences. They are targeted at different ages, populational groups and territories. Despite the diversity of the objects of work, food is a theme present in all the 3 types of activities carried out. There is a firm tendency to strengthen university outreach activities, either through the mandatory credit completion by students or through the university's commitment to respond to social demands. This way, it receives at the same level of importance as novice research, when considering academic and institutional quality recognition

Agreement and association between different indicators of body image and body mass index in adolescents.

The aim of the study was to examine the correlation among different indicators of body image; between each one of these and nutritional status; and the association of these indicators with the Body Mass Index (BMI) of adolescents. A random sample of 152 students from public and private schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was studied. On four occasions, two silhouette scales and two questions regarding the opinion of the student about his/her body and weight were applied and weight and height were measured. The BMI was examined both as a continuous and as a categorical variable. The agreement between the variables was analyzed using the quadratic weighted Kappa statistics. The association between body image variables and BMI was examined by the comparison among median, mean, standard deviation and 95% confidence interval of BMI for each category of the body image variables. In general, the correlation among the body image variables ranged from reasonable to good; between these and the variable nutritional status, correlation ranged from regular to reasonable. Best results were observed among boys and students from private schools. All body image variables showed good discriminatory power for BMI, when it was analyzed as a continuous variable, even when controlling for potential confounders. The question about body seems to be better than that about weight to compose the questionnaire of a surveillance system for risk and protective factors for adolescent health.

[Validity of indicators on physical activity and sedentary behavior from the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey among adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. / Validade de indicadores de atividade física e comportamento sedentário da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar entre adolescentes do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

This study evaluated the relative validity of physical activity indicators from the questionnaire used in the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, based on a sample of 174 students. The following indicators of weekly physical activity were evaluated: ACTIVE-300MIN (≥ 300 minutes/week); ACTIVE-150MIN (≥ 150 minutes), INACTIVE (no physical activity). Additionally, indicators of sedentary behavior were also assessed, as daily screen time (TV, videogames, and computer). The results from the questionnaire were compared with three 24-hour recalls. The results of ACTIVE-300MIN, ACTIVE-150MIN, and INACTIVE generated by PeNSE showed high accuracy. These indicators performed better than those of sedentary behavior in relation to frequency estimates as well as sensitivity, specificity, and correct classification rate. The indicators of physical activity from PeNSE showed satisfactory relative validity.

Dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents: results of the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE).

The objectives of this study were to identify dietary patterns in Brazilian adolescents, describe their distributions in Brazil's State capitals and Federal District, and analyze the correlations with the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M). The study analyzed a sample of 60,954 ninth-graders from public and private schools who participated in the National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE) in 2009. Cluster analysis was used to characterize dietary patterns. Three patterns were identified: healthy (27.7%), unhealthy (34.6%), and mixed (37.7%). Adolescents in the country's Southeast, South, and Central West regions showed a higher proportion of the healthy eating pattern. HDI-M showed a positive correlation with the healthy pattern and a negative correlation with the mixed pattern. The identification of different dietary patterns within and between regions and according to HDI-M highlights the need for better knowledge of each local context in terms of both the magnitude of events and the examination of determinants within these different realities.

[Relative validity of dietary indicators from the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey among adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. / Validade relativa de indicadores de práticas alimentares da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar entre adolescentes do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

This study evaluated the relative validity of the dietary indicators from the questionnaire used in the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sample included 174 students. The following indicators were evaluated: regular consumption (≥ 5 times a week) of markers for healthy eating, markers for unhealthy eating, and routine eating habits (having meals with parents or guardians (MEAL), having breakfast (breakfast), and eating while studying or watching TV. The results of the questionnaire were compared with three 24-hour recalls. For all the markers of healthy eating, there was no difference in the proportion of regular consumption when comparing the two methods. The rates detected by the questionnaire were higher for packaged snacks and crackers and lower for cold cuts and MEAL. The indicators for regular consumption of markers for healthy eating and that referring to BREAKFAST were those with the highest accuracy. The dietary indicators used by the PeNSE survey showed satisfactory validity.

[Food consumption and eating behavior among Brazilian adolescents: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE), 2009]. / Consumo e comportamento alimentar entre adolescentes brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), 2009.

The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics of food consumption and eating behavior of adolescents and its association with socio-demographic factors. In 2009, a random sample of students in 9th grade of elementary education at public and private schools from 26 Brazilian state capitals and Federal District was studied. It was applied a self-administered questionnaire with socio-demographic attributes, food consumption and eating behavior, among others. Estimates of the constructed indicators were presented for the total population and by sex. The association of each indicator with socio-demographic variables was examined by logistic regression. The results showed that over half of adolescents presented frequent consumption of beans (62.6%), milk (53.6%) and sweets (50.9%), and held at least lunch or dinner with the mother or responsible (62.6%) and watching television or studying (50.9%). In general, girls were more exposed to undesirable eating habits and higher socioeconomic status was associated with a higher prevalence of the indicators studied. The results revealed regular consumption of unhealthy diet markers and consumption of less than the recommended for a healthy diet, pointing the need for strengthening health promotion activities targeting young people.

[Body image, nutritional status and practices for weight control among Brazilian adolescents]. / Imagem corporal, estado nutricional e comportamento com relação ao peso entre adolescentes brasileiros.

The objective of this work is to describe the agreement between body image (BI) and nutritional status (NS) as well as to verify the association of BI and NS with behaviors regarding body weight (BRBW) among Brazilian adolescents. In 2009, a random sample of students in 9th year at public and private schools from 26 Brazilian state capitals and Federal District was studied. It was used a self-administered questionnaire with information about BI, BRBW and socioeconomic factors. Weight and height were measured. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between variables and weighted kappa test was used to verify the agreement between NS and BI. Twenty-four percent of the adolescents had excessive weight (EW) and 17.7% considered themselves fat. Almost 2/3 performed some action to weight control and 7% showed extreme behavior for weight control (EBWC). Low agreement between the NS and BI was observed. Nearly half and 27% of those with EW considered themselves as having normal weight and being thin, respectively. Greater proportion of EW adolescents had EBWC when compared with those with normal weight and underweight. The same was observed in relation to BI. Low agreement between EN and BI was observed. Practices for weight control were observed even among individuals with adequate NS.

Dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents: results of the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE) / Patrones alimenticios de los adolescentes brasileños: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE) / Padrões alimentares de adolescentes brasileiros: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE)

The objectives of this study were to identify dietary patterns in Brazilian adolescents, describe their distributions in Brazil's State capitals and Federal District, and analyze the correlations with the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M). The study analyzed a sample of 60,954 ninth-graders from public and private schools who participated in the National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE) in 2009. Cluster analysis was used to characterize dietary patterns. Three patterns were identified: healthy (27.7%), unhealthy (34.6%), and mixed (37.7%). Adolescents in the country's Southeast, South, and Central West regions showed a higher proportion of the healthy eating pattern. HDI-M showed a positive correlation with the healthy pattern and a negative correlation with the mixed pattern. The identification of different dietary patterns within and between regions and according to HDI-M highlights the need for better knowledge of each local context in terms of both the magnitude of events and the examination of determinants within these different realities.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron identificar los patrones alimenticios de los adolescentes, describir sus distribuciones en las 26 capitales brasileñas y en el Distrito Federal y analizar su asociación con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal (IDH-M). Se estudiaron 60.954 alumnos de escuelas públicas y privadas, que estaban en su último año de la escuela primaria y participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE) en 2009. Para caracterizar el patrón alimenticio se utilizó el análisis de clúster. Se identificaron tres patrones alimenticios: saludable (27,7%), no saludable (34,6%) y mixto (37,7%). Se observó una mayor proporción del patrón saludable en las capitales de las regiones Sudeste, Sur y Centro-oeste. El Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal (IDH-M) se correlacionó positivamente con el patrón saludable y negativamente con el patrón mixto. La identificación de los patrones alimenticios diferenciados intra y entre las regiones, y de acuerdo con el IDH-M, se indica la necesidad de comprender mejor cada contexto local, o con respecto a la magnitud del evento, considerando el análisis de las diferentes realidades.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar os padrões alimentares de adolescentes brasileiros, descrever suas distribuições nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal e analisar sua associação com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M). Foram estudados 60.954 alunos, de escolas públicas e privadas, que cursavam o último ano do Ensino Fundamental e participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) conduzida em 2009. Para caracterização do padrão alimentar foi utilizada análise de cluster. Foram identificados três padrões: saudável (27,7%), não saudável (34,6%) e misto (37,7%). Observou-se maior proporção do padrão saudável entre adolescentes nas capitais das regiões Sudeste, Sul e Centro-oeste. O IDH-M apresentou correlação positiva com o padrão saudável e negativa com o padrão misto. A identificação de padrões alimentares diferenciados intra e entre regiões e segundo IDH-M aponta a necessidade de se conhecer melhor cada contexto local, seja no tocante à magnitude dos eventos, seja no exame dos determinantes dessas diferentes realidades.

Agreement and association between different indicators of body image and body mass index in adolescents / Concordância e associação entre diferentes indicadores de imagem corporal e índice de massa corporal em adolescentes

The aim of the study was to examine the correlation among different indicators of body image; between each one of these and nutritional status; and the association of these indicators with the Body Mass Index (BMI) of adolescents. A random sample of 152 students from public and private schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was studied. On four occasions, two silhouette scales and two questions regarding the opinion of the student about his/her body and weight were applied and weight and height were measured. The BMI was examined both as a continuous and as a categorical variable. The agreement between the variables was analyzed using the quadratic weighted Kappa statistics. The association between body image variables and BMI was examined by the comparison among median, mean, standard deviation and 95% confidence interval of BMI for each category of the body image variables. In general, the correlation among the body image variables ranged from reasonable to good; between these and the variable nutritional status, correlation ranged from regular to reasonable. Best results were observed among boys and students from private schools. All body image variables showed good discriminatory power for BMI, when it was analyzed as a continuous variable, even when controlling for potential confounders. The question about body seems to be better than that about weight to compose the questionnaire of a surveillance system for risk and protective factors for adolescent health.

O objetivo do estudo foi examinar a concordância entre diferentes indicadores de imagem corporal e de cada um desses com o estado nutricional e a associação dos mesmos com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) entre adolescentes. Foi estudada uma amostra aleatória de 152 estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas do município do Rio de Janeiro. Em quatro ocasiões, foram aplicadas duas escalas de silhuetas e duas questões referentes à opinião do estudante sobre seu corpo e seu peso e realizada aferição de peso e estatura. O IMC foi examinado como variável categórica e contínua. Para a análise de concordância entre as variáveis, foi aplicada estatística Kappa com ponderação quadrática. Para exame da associação entre variáveis de imagem corporal e o IMC, foram calculados mediana, média, desvio padrão e intervalo de confiança de 95% de IMC para cada categoria das variáveis de imagem corporal. Em geral, a concordância entre as variáveis de imagem corporal foi de razoável a boa e, entre essas e a variável estado nutricional, foi de regular a razoável. Melhores resultados foram observados entre meninos e entre alunos de escolas privadas. Todas as variáveis de imagem corporal apresentaram bom poder discriminatório para o IMC, quando analisado como variável contínua, mesmo quando controlados potenciais fatores de confusão. A pergunta sobre corpo parece ser melhor do que aquela sobre peso para compor o questionário de um sistema de vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção à saúde para adolescentes.

Validade de indicadores de atividade física e comportamento sedentário da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar entre adolescentes do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Validity of indicators on physical activity and sedentary behavior from the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey among adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Validez de indicadores de actividad física y conducta sedentaria de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar entre adolescentes en Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Analisou-se a validade relativa dos indicadores de atividade física do questionário utilizado na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) entre adolescentes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foram estudados 174 alunos. Avaliaram-se os seguintes indicadores referentes ao tempo semanal acumulado com a prática de atividade física: ATIVO-300MIN (acumulou 300 minutos ou mais); ATIVO-150MIN (acumulou 150 minutos ou mais); INATIVO (não praticou atividade física). Também foram estudados os indicadores de comportamento sedentário referentes ao tempo diário despendido assistindo TV, jogando videogame e usando computador. Foram comparados os resultados do questionário e dos três recordatórios de 24 horas. Os resultados de ATIVO-300MIN, ATIVO-150MIN e INATIVO gerados pela PeNSE apresentaram alta acurácia. Esses indicadores tiveram melhor desempenho que os de comportamento sedentário, tanto em relação às estimativas de frequência quanto em relação à sensibilidade, especificidade e índice de acurácia. Os indicadores de atividade física da PeNSE apresentaram validade relativa satisfatória.

This study evaluated the relative validity of physical activity indicators from the questionnaire used in the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, based on a sample of 174 students. The following indicators of weekly physical activity were evaluated: ACTIVE-300MIN (≥ 300 minutes/week); ACTIVE-150MIN (≥ 150 minutes), INACTIVE (no physical activity). Additionally, indicators of sedentary behavior were also assessed, as daily screen time (TV, videogames, and computer). The results from the questionnaire were compared with three 24-hour recalls. The results of ACTIVE-300MIN, ACTIVE-150MIN, and INACTIVE generated by PeNSE showed high accuracy. These indicators performed better than those of sedentary behavior in relation to frequency estimates as well as sensitivity, specificity, and correct classification rate. The indicators of physical activity from PeNSE showed satisfactory relative validity.

Se analizó la validez relativa de los indicadores de actividad física del cuestionario utilizado en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar (PeNSE por sus siglas en portugués) entre adolescentes en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se estudiaron 174 alumnos. Fueron evaluados los siguientes indicadores, referidos al tiempo semanal acumulado con actividad física: ACTIVO-300MIN (acúmulo de 300 minutos o más); ACTIVO-150MIN (acúmulo de 150 minutos o más), INACTIVO (no practica actividad física). También se han estudiado indicadores de conducta sedentaria como: tiempo diario viendo televisión, jugando videojuegos y usando la computadora. Se compararon los resultados del cuestionario y los tres recordatorios de 24 horas. Los resultados de ACTIVO-300MIN, ACTIVO-150MIN e INACTIVO, generados por PeNSE, mostraron una alta precisión. Estos indicadores se comportaron mejor que los de comportamiento sedentario, tanto con respecto a la estimativa de frecuencia, como a la sensibilidad, la especificidad e índice de precisión. Los indicadores de actividad física de PeNSE presentaron validez relativa satisfactoria.

Validade relativa de indicadores de práticas alimentares da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar entre adolescentes do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Relative validity of dietary indicators from the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey among adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Validez relativa de indicadores de prácticas alimentarias en la Investigación Nacional de Salud Escolar entre los adolescentes en Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Avaliou-se a validade relativa dos indicadores de práticas alimentares do questionário utilizado na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) entre adolescentes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foram estudados 174 alunos. Foram avaliados os indicadores: a ingestão regular (≥ 5 vezes/semana) dos alimentos marcadores de alimentação saudável, marcadores de alimentação não saudável e as rotinas alimentares: realizar refeição com responsável (REFEIÇÃO), realizar o desjejum (DESJEJUM) e comer enquanto estuda ou assiste à TV. Foram comparados os resultados do questionário e dos três recordatórios de 24 horas. Para todos os marcadores de alimentação saudável, não houve diferença na proporção de ingestão regular de acordo com os dois métodos. As frequências geradas pelo questionário foram superiores para os indicadores salgadinhos de pacote e biscoitos salgados e mais baixas para embutidos e REFEIÇÃO. Os indicadores de consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação saudável e aquele referente a DESJEJUM foram os que apresentaram maior acurácia. Os indicadores de práticas alimentares utilizados pela PeNSE apresentaram validade satisfatória.

This study evaluated the relative validity of the dietary indicators from the questionnaire used in the Brazilian National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sample included 174 students. The following indicators were evaluated: regular consumption (≥ 5 times a week) of markers for healthy eating, markers for unhealthy eating, and routine eating habits (having meals with parents or guardians (MEAL), having breakfast (breakfast), and eating while studying or watching TV. The results of the questionnaire were compared with three 24-hour recalls. For all the markers of healthy eating, there was no difference in the proportion of regular consumption when comparing the two methods. The rates detected by the questionnaire were higher for packaged snacks and crackers and lower for cold cuts and MEAL. The indicators for regular consumption of markers for healthy eating and that referring to BREAKFAST were those with the highest accuracy. The dietary indicators used by the PeNSE survey showed satisfactory validity.

Se evaluó la validez relativa de los indicadores de prácticas alimentarias del cuestionario utilizado en la Investigación Nacional de Salud Escolar (PeNSE) entre adolescentes en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se estudiaron a 174 estudiantes. Se evaluaron los indicadores: consumo regular (≥ 5 veces/semana) de los alimentos marcadores de alimentación saludable, marcadores de alimentación no saludable y las rutinas de alimentación (hacer las comidas con los responsables (COMIDA), el desayuno (DESAYUNO) y comer mientras estudian o ven la televisión. Se compararon los resultados del cuestionario y los tres recordatorios de 24 horas. Para todos los marcadores de alimentación saludable no hubo diferencia en la proporción del consumo regular, de acuerdo con ambos métodos. Las frecuencias generadas por el cuestionario fueron más altas para los indicadores snack pack y galletas saladas e inferior en COMIDA. Los indicadores de consumo regular de marcadores de alimentación saludable y que se refieren al DESAYUNO eran aquellos con mayor precisión. Los indicadores de prácticas alimentarias utilizados por la PeNSE mostraron una validación satisfactoria.

Consumo e comportamento alimentar entre adolescentes brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), 2009 / Food consumption and eating behavior among Brazilian adolescents: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE), 2009

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever características de consumo e comportamento alimentar de adolescentes brasileiros e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos. Estudou-se, em 2009, amostra representativa de alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas das 26 capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal. Utilizou-se questionário autoaplicável sobre atributos sociodemográficos, consumo e comportamento alimentar, entre outros. Estimativas dos indicadores construídos foram apresentadas para o total da população e por sexo. A associação de cada um dos indicadores com variáveis sociodemográficas foi examinada por meio de regressão logística. A maioria dos adolescentes consumia regularmente feijão (62,6 por cento), leite (53,6 por cento) e guloseimas (50,9 por cento), realizava pelo menos o almoço ou o jantar com a mãe ou responsável (62,6 por cento) e comia assistindo televisão ou estudando (50,9 por cento). Em geral, as meninas estavam mais expostas a práticas alimentares não desejáveis, e o melhor nível socioeconômico associou-se a maiores prevalências dos indicadores estudados. Os resultados revelaram consumo regular dos marcadores de alimentação não saudável e consumo inferior ao recomendado dos de alimentação saudável, apontando a necessidade de ações de promoção de saúde dirigidas a jovens.

The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics of food consumption and eating behavior of adolescents and its association with socio-demographic factors. In 2009, a random sample of students in 9th grade of elementary education at public and private schools from 26 Brazilian state capitals and Federal District was studied. It was applied a self-administered questionnaire with socio-demographic attributes, food consumption and eating behavior, among others. Estimates of the constructed indicators were presented for the total population and by sex. The association of each indicator with socio-demographic variables was examined by logistic regression. The results showed that over half of adolescents presented frequent consumption of beans (62.6 percent), milk (53.6 percent) and sweets (50.9 percent), and held at least lunch or dinner with the mother or responsible (62.6 percent) and watching television or studying (50.9 percent). In general, girls were more exposed to undesirable eating habits and higher socioeconomic status was associated with a higher prevalence of the indicators studied. The results revealed regular consumption of unhealthy diet markers and consumption of less than the recommended for a healthy diet, pointing the need for strengthening health promotion activities targeting young people.

Imagem corporal, estado nutricional e comportamento com relação ao peso entre adolescentes brasileiros / Body image, nutritional status and practices for weight control among Brazilian adolescents

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a concordância entre imagem corporal (IC) e estado nutricional (EN) e verificar a associação de IC e de EN com comportamentos relacionados ao peso corporal (CRPC) entre adolescentes brasileiros. Estudou-se, em 2009, amostra representativa de alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas das 26 capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal. Utilizou-se questionário autoaplicável sobre IC, CRPC e dados sociodemográficos e foram aferidos peso e altura. Utilizou-se o teste Kappa ponderado (KP) para exame da concordância entre EN e IC. Análises de regressão logística foram realizadas para exame da associação entre as variáveis. Do total de adolescentes, 24 por cento apresentavam excesso de peso (EP), quase 2/3 deles tinham alguma atitude para controlar o peso e 7 por cento realizavam práticas extremas para redução do peso (PECP). Foi baixa a concordância entre EN e IC (KP=0,33). Quase metade dos alunos com EP considerava-se com peso adequado e 27 por cento, magros. Maior proporção de adolescentes com EP fazia uso de PECP, quando comparados àqueles de peso adequado e baixo peso. O mesmo foi observado em relação à IC. Conclusão: foi baixa a concordância entre EN e IC. Atitudes de controle de peso e PECP foram frequentes mesmo entre indivíduos com EN adequado.

The objective of this work is to describe the agreement between body image (BI) and nutritional status (NS) as well as to verify the association of BI and NS with behaviors regarding body weight (BRBW) among Brazilian adolescents. In 2009, a random sample of students in 9th year at public and private schools from 26 Brazilian state capitals and Federal District was studied. It was used a self-administered questionnaire with information about BI, BRBW and socioeconomic factors. Weight and height were measured. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between variables and weighted kappa test was used to verify the agreement between NS and BI. Twenty-four percent of the adolescents had excessive weight (EW) and 17.7 percent considered themselves fat. Almost 2/3 performed some action to weight control and 7 percent showed extreme behavior for weight control (EBWC). Low agreement between the NS and BI was observed. Nearly half and 27 percent of those with EW considered themselves as having normal weight and being thin, respectively. Greater proportion of EW adolescents had EBWC when compared with those with normal weight and underweight. The same was observed in relation to BI. Low agreement between EN and BI was observed. Practices for weight control were observed even among individuals with adequate NS.