Differences of Cutaneous Two-Point Discrimination Thresholds Among Students in Different Years of a Chiropractic Program.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate if there were differences in the two-point discrimination (2-PD) of fingers among students at different stages of a chiropractic program. METHODS: This study measured 2-PD thresholds for the dominant and nondominant index finger and dominant and nondominant forearm in groups of students in a 4-year chiropractic program at the International Medical University in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Measurements were made using digital calipers mounted on a modified weighing scale. Group comparisons were made among students for each year of the program (years 1, 2, 3, and 4). Analysis of the 2-PD threshold for differences among the year groups was performed with analysis of variance. RESULTS: The mean 2-PD threshold of the index finger was higher in the students who were in the higher year groups. Dominant-hand mean values for year 1 were 2.93 ± 0.04 mm and 1.69 ± 0.02 mm in year 4. There were significant differences at finger sites (P < .05) among all year groups compared with year 1. There were no significant differences measured at the dominant forearm between any year groups (P = .08). The nondominant fingers of the year groups 1, 2, and 4 showed better 2-PD compared with the dominant finger. There was a significant difference (P = .005) between the nondominant (1.93 ± 1.15) and dominant (2.27 ± 1.14) fingers when all groups were combined (n = 104). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that the finger 2-PD of the chiropractic students later in the program was more precise than that of students in the earlier program.

Oncologic outcomes after minimally invasive segmentectomy or lobectomy in patients with hypermetabolic clinical stage IA1-2 non-small cell lung cancer.

Objective: To evaluate the oncologic outcome of patients with hypermetabolic tumors resected by segmentectomy or lobectomy. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients with peripheral clinical stage IA1-2 non-small cell lung cancer (January 2017-June 2023) who underwent resection by segmentectomy or lobectomy in a single center. A hypermetabolic tumor was defined as a tumor with a positron emission tomography (PET) maximum standardized uptake value >2.5. Propensity score case-matching analysis was used to generate 2 balanced groups of patients with hypermetabolic tumors operated by segmentectomy or lobectomy. Four-year overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), and cancer-specific survival were compared between the matched groups. Results: A total of 164 segmentectomies and 234 lobectomies were analyzed. There were 91 (55%) hypermetabolic tumors in the segmentectomy group versus 178 in the lobectomy group (76%), P < .001. The comparison of the matched groups with hypermetabolic tumors showed a better 4-year OS after lobectomy compared with segmentectomy (lobectomy 87%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 76-93; segmentectomy, 67%; 95% CI, 49-80; P = .029). The 4-year EFS appeared to have a better trend after lobectomy (77%; 95% CI, 65-85) compared with segmentectomy (58%; 95% CI, 39-72), P = .088. The 4-year cancer-specific survival, however, was similar between the matched groups (lobectomy, 95%; 95% CI, 86-98 vs segmentectomy, 94%; 95% CI, 78-99, P = .79). Conclusions: Early-stage peripheral hypermetabolic tumors are associated with poorer oncologic outcomes compared with less PET-avid tumors. Despite poorer OS and EFS after segmentectomy likely caused by cancer-unrelated deaths, cancer-specific survival in this high-risk group was similar after lobectomy or segmentectomy. In well-selected patients, a high PET maximum standardized uptake value should not be considered a contraindication to segmentectomy.

Self-reported dyspnoea and shortness of breathing deterioration in long-term survivors after segmentectomy or lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the self-reported current dyspnoea and perioperative changes of dyspnoea in long-term survivors after minimally invasive segmentectomy or lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer. METHODS: Cross-sectional telephonic survey of patients alive and disease-free as of March 2023, with pathologic stage IA1-2, non-small-cell lung cancer, assessed 1-5 years after minimally invasive segmentectomy or lobectomy (performed from January 2018 to January 2022). Current dyspnoea level: Baseline Dyspnoea Index score <10. Perioperative changes of dyspnoea were assessed using the Transition Dyspnoea Index. A negative Transition Dyspnoea Index focal score indicates perioperative deterioration in dyspnoea. Mixed effect models were used to examine demographic, medical and health-related correlates of current dyspnoea and changes in dyspnoea level. RESULTS: A total of 152 of 236 eligible patients consented or were available to respond to the telephonic interview(67% response rate): 90 lobectomies and 62 segmentectomies. The Baseline Dyspnoea Index score was lower (greater dyspnoea) in lobectomy patients (median 7, interquartile range 6-10) compared to segmentectomy (median 9, interquartile range 6-11), P = 0.034. 70% of lobectomy patients declared to have a current dyspnoea vs 53% after segmentectomy, P = 0.035. 82% of patients after lobectomy reported a perioperative deterioration in their dyspnoea compared to 57% after segmentectomy, P = 0.002. Mixed effect logistic regression analysis adjusting for patient-related factors and time elapsed from operation showed that segmentectomy was associated with a reduced risk of perioperative dyspnoea deterioration (as opposed to lobectomy) (Odds ratio (OR) 0.31, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may be valuable to inform the shared decision-making process by complementing objective data on perioperative changes of pulmonary function.

Predicting survival following surgical resection of lung cancer using clinical and pathological variables: The development and validation of the LNC-PATH score.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple prognostic scoring system using readily available clinical and pathological variables that could stratify patients according to the risk of death following lung cancer resection. We hypothesized that by using additional pathological variables not accounted for by pathological stage alone coupled with markers of overall fitness a new prognostic tool could be developed. METHODS: Multivariable logistic regression analysis of pathological and other clinical variables from patients undergoing surgical resection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were used to determine factors independently associated with 2-year overall survival and so derive the scoring system. The model was then validated in an external multi-centre dataset. RESULTS: Using multivariable logistic regression on a large dataset (n = 1,421) the 'LNC-PATH' (Lymphovascular invasion, N-stage, adjuvant Chemotherapy, Performance status, Age, T-stage, Histology) prognostic score was devised and then validated using an external dataset (n = 402). This can be used to risk stratify patients into low, moderate and high-risk groups with a statistically significant difference between the three groups in their survival distributions. 83.8% of patients in the low-risk group survived two years after surgery compared to 55.6% in the moderate-risk group and 26.2% in the high-risk group. The score was shown to perform moderately well with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC) value of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.73-0.79) and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.64-0.76) in the derivation and validation cohorts respectively. DISCUSSION: The LNC-PATH score predicts 2-year overall survival after surgery for NSCLC. This may allow the development of risk stratified follow-up protocols in survivorship clinics which could be the subject of future prospective studies.

HEMO2life as a protective additive to Celsior solution for static storage of donor hearts prior to transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Prior to heart transplantation, static storage of donor hearts is currently limited to 4-5 h, despite profound hypothermia (4-8 °C). Because heart transplantation is an emergency procedure, improved protection to extend safe storage duration would be advantageous. We investigated whether the naturally respiratory pigment HEMO2life®, which is effective at hypothermia for the passive release of oxygen via oxygen gradient, could improve long-term preservation. METHODS: Isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts (n = 12/group) were equilibrated (20 min) and function (left ventricular developed pressure: LVDP) measured by intraventricular balloon before arrest with cold (7.5 °C) Celsior® solution, either alone (control) or with the addition of HEMO2life® (Hemarina SA, Morlaix, France) at 1 g/L. Cold storage lasted 8 h prior to reperfusion (60 min) and recovery (as % of pre-ischemic function) was assessed. Hearts (minced and homogenized) were also assessed by TTC staining as a measure of viability and two hearts from each group were sliced and assessed by TTC staining for infarct size. Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean and analyzed by Student's t-test. RESULTS: Hearts recovered rapidly in both groups to a plateau by 20 min of reperfusion; control and HEMO2life® final recovery (60 min) was 45 ± 2% and 57 ± 1% (P < 0.05) respectively. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure recovered to a similar extent in both groups (between 31 to 35 mmHg), as did heart rate (final recovery between 84 to 89% pre-ischemic value); however, coronary flow was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in HEMO2life® group (7.5 ± 0.7 ml/min) compared to control (5.4 ± 0.4 ml/min). Viability and infarct size measurements were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: The addition of the natural oxygen releasing pigment HEMO2life® to Celsior® preservation solution significantly improved post-ischemic recovery of heart function. This additive may have major therapeutic potential for clinical heart transplantation.

What is the extent of the advantage of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical resection over thoracotomy in terms of delivery of adjuvant chemotherapy following non-small-cell lung cancer resection?

OBJECTIVES: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a safe and effective alternative to open lobectomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is part of the treatment recommended for patients with performance status (PS) 0-1 following resection of NSCLC of stages T1-3 N1-2 M0 and T2-3 N0 M0. If VATS reduces morbidity, does it help delivery of postoperative chemotherapy? We studied our data to compare the delivery and toxicity of chemotherapy in patients following VATS or open lung resections. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of all patients who had resection of primary NSCLC in a single surgical centre between October 2008 and August 2013. Surgical and chemotherapy databases were reviewed to extract data on patient characteristics, operative details, pathological stage, chemotherapy delivery and toxicity. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty-three resections were undertaken for NSCLC; 142 (44%) underwent VATS resection and 181 (56%) open thoracotomy; 16 (11.3%) and 28 (15.5%) of each group received adjuvant chemotherapy, respectively. Patient demographics and tumour stage were as follows: median age (range) was 65.5 (44-77) vs 67.5 (49-76); male: 43.8 vs 50% (P = 1.0); Stage I/II 75 vs 76.9%; Stage III 12.5 vs 30.8%; pre-chemotherapy PS 0 75 vs 78.2% for VATS and thoracotomy groups, respectively. All patients received platinum/vinorelbine therapy. Chemotherapy was initiated significantly earlier in the VATS group (mean 55.7 ± 3.1 vs 68.2 ± 4.3 days, P = 0.046); 68.8% of patients in the VATS group completed four cycles of chemotherapy compared with 60.1% in the open group (P = 0.75). There was a non-significant trend towards reduction in Grade 3/4 haematological toxicity in the VATS group compared with the open group (12.5 vs 39.3%, P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant chemotherapy was started significantly earlier in patients following VATS lung resections for NSCLC compared with thoracotomy. There was also a trend towards improved tolerance with more complete courses and reduced haematological toxicity.

A systematic review of lung-sparing extirpative surgery for pleural mesothelioma.

OBJECTIVES: There is a resurgence of interest in lung-sparing extirpative surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma with recent reports of better survival and fewer adverse consequences than with extrapleural pneumonectomy. However, these operations are not well-characterized and to offer evidence-based clinical recommendations and to plan future trials a summary of what is already known is required. DESIGN: A formal literature search was performed and all recovered titles were sequentially sifted by title, abstract and full-text reading according to prespecified criteria. Papers were selected if they contained data relevant to the area of enquiry. Quantitative synthesis and textual analysis, appropriate to the material, were performed. SETTING: Follow-up studies of patients undergoing surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma in specialist thoracic or cardiothoracic units. PARTICIPANTS: Among the operated patients described in these papers, a total of 1270 patients had undergone lung-sparing surgery for mesothelioma. RESULTS: There were no randomized trials or other forms of controlled studies. From 464 titles, 26 papers contained sufficient data on 1270 patients to be included in the systematic review. Operative descriptions for all series were extracted and tabulated and variation was found in the nature of surgery within and between series, and the degree of detail with which it was described. There was more operative detail in recent papers. All available numerical data were extracted, tabulated and summarized using quantitative methods. The average survival at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years was 51%, 26%, 16%, 11% and 9%, respectively. There were no data on patients' performance status, symptomatic change, or other patient reported outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of any form of control data, no conclusions can be drawn concerning survival differences or symptomatic benefits attributable to surgery. As mesothelioma surgery is restricted to a selected minority of patients who often have multiple therapies, future research will require controlled studies with explicit definitions of the clinical and surgical intent.

Using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) following pleurodesis.

A best evidence topic in cardiothoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease the effect of pleurodesis. Only 17 papers were identified using the search below. Three papers presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results, and study weaknesses of the papers are tabulated. We conclude that despite a limited number and type of study, there is some histopathological evidence to support the concern that NSAIDs may reduce effectiveness of pleurodesis. Until further clinical studies with appropriate outcome measures are available, NSAIDs following pleurodesis should be used with caution and probably avoided routinely.

Boerhaave's syndrome: a review of management and outcome.

Spontaneous oesophageal rupture (Boerhaave's syndrome) is an uncommon but serious condition. A retrospective review was undertaken of the management of 34 patients (age range 17-85 years) presenting between 1991 and 2006. Contrast swallow was possible in 22 patients, confirming the diagnosis in 17. Five patients showed pleural effusion on chest X-rays, with subsequent aspiration or chest drain insertion, confirming the diagnosis. Eleven needed CT scan, four of which showed evidence of a leak. Whilst some patients were referred immediately with the diagnosis, some waited up to 12 days (median delay four days). Whilst most patients were treated by operation on the day of diagnosis, diagnostic delay >24 h and delay in referral resulted in treatment delays of up to 24 days. Fifteen (44%) patients were suitable for primary surgical repair, ten were treated by aggressive conservative management with thoracotomy performed to visualise the perforation and assess suitability for primary repair, and hemithorax being debrided and drainage tubes and nasogastric tubes being accurately positioned under direct vision. One patient required an emergency oesophagectomy and eight patients were suitable only for surgical debridement, their initial diagnosis being delayed (median 2 days, range 2-18 days). The major factor determining treatment was the condition of the patient following initial resuscitation, there being a tendency for delayed referrals to be unsuitable for primary repair (P=0.03). Combined 30-day and in-hospital mortality was 17.6% (n=6). Median ICU stay was 1.5 (range 1-50) days with those with delayed diagnosis needing an average of 6.5 days (range 1-45). Median hospital stay was 21 (range 4-210) days.