A "Post-mortem" of COVID-19-associated stroke: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether COVID-19 could be a concurrent factor in the genesis and/or worsening of stroke and to provide data on COVID-19 -associated stroke patients during the first pandemic wave and comparative data on COVID-19 negative stroke patients in the same period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational, case-control, single centre study, carried out in a General Hospital in northern Italy. Sixty-three consecutive stroke patients were included, COVID-19-associated stroke was classified as cases and non COVID-19-associated stroke as controls. RESULTS: A total of 19/63 (28.8%) had a COVID-19-associated stroke, 11 /63 (17.5%) were haemorrhagic and 52/63 (82.5%) ischaemic. COVID-19-associated strokes were more severe (p-value 0.019) and had a higher risk of severe disability and/or death (OR 3.79, CI 95%: 1.21-11.93, p-value 0.19). The COVID-19-associated stroke patients with onset during hospitalization for COVID-19 had a more severe stroke than patients with COVID-19 onset during hospitalization for stroke (p-value 0.019). CONCLUSION: Although no relationship was observed between the stroke aetiology and COVID-19, intriguingly, COVID-associated stroke turned out to be more severe and disabling. Hopefully, further studies will provide more data and help in the management of this emerging population.

Heterogeneity in ALSFRS-R decline and survival: a population-based study in Italy.

Very few studies examined trend over time of the revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and factors influencing it; previous studies, then, included only patients attending tertiary ALS Centres. We studied ALSFRS-R decline, factors influencing this trend and survival in a population-based setting. From 2009 onwards, a prospective registry records all incident ALS cases among residents in Emilia Romagna (population: 4.4 million). For each patient, demographic and clinical details (including ALSFRS-R) are collected by caring physicians at each follow-up. Analysis was performed on 402 incident cases (1279 ALSFRS-R assessments). The average decline of the ALSFRS-R was 0.60 points/month during the first year after diagnosis and 0.34 points/month in the second year. ALSFRS-R decline was heterogeneous among subgroups. Repeated measures mixed model showed that ALSFRS-R score decline was influenced by age at onset (p < 0.01), phenotype (p = 0.01), body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.01), progression rate at diagnosis (ΔFS) (p < 0.01), El Escorial Criteria-Revised (p < 0.01), and FVC% at diagnosis (p < 0.01). Among these factors, at multivariate analysis, only age, site of onset and ΔFS independently influenced survival. In this first population-based study on ALSFRS-R trend, we confirm that ALSFRS-R decline is not homogeneous among ALS patients and during the disease. Factors influencing ALSFRS-R decline may not match with those affecting survival. These disease modifiers should be taken into consideration for trials design and in clinical practice during discussions with patients on prognosis.

Insight into Elderly ALS Patients in the Emilia Romagna Region: Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Late-Onset ALS in a Prospective, Population-Based Study.

Few studies have focused on elderly (>80 years) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, who represent a fragile subgroup generally not included in clinical trials and often neglected because they are more difficult to diagnose and manage. We analyzed the clinical and genetic features of very late-onset ALS patients through a prospective, population-based study in the Emilia Romagna Region of Italy. From 2009 to 2019, 222 (13.76%) out of 1613 patients in incident cases were over 80 years old at diagnosis, with a female predominance (F:M = 1.18). Elderly ALS patients represented 12.02% of patients before 2015 and 15.91% from 2015 onwards (p = 0.024). This group presented with bulbar onset in 38.29% of cases and had worse clinical conditions at diagnosis compared to younger patients, with a lower average BMI (23.12 vs. 24.57 Kg/m2), a higher progression rate (1.43 vs. 0.95 points/month), and a shorter length of survival (a median of 20.77 vs. 36 months). For this subgroup, genetic analyses have seldom been carried out (25% vs. 39.11%) and are generally negative. Finally, elderly patients underwent less frequent nutritional- and respiratory-supporting procedures, and multidisciplinary teams were less involved at follow-up, except for specialist palliative care. The genotypic and phenotypic features of elderly ALS patients could help identify the different environmental and genetic risk factors that determine the age at which disease onset occurs. Since multidisciplinary management can improve a patient's prognosis, it should be more extensively applied to this fragile group of patients.

Epidemiological, Clinical and Genetic Features of ALS in the Last Decade: A Prospective Population-Based Study in the Emilia Romagna Region of Italy.

Increased incidence rates of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been recently reported across various Western countries, although geographic and temporal variations in terms of incidence, clinical features and genetics are not fully elucidated. This study aimed to describe demographic, clinical feature and genotype-phenotype correlations of ALS cases over the last decade in the Emilia Romagna Region (ERR). From 2009 to 2019, our prospective population-based registry of ALS in the ERR of Northern Italy recorded 1613 patients receiving a diagnosis of ALS. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 3.13/100,000 population (M/F ratio: 1.21). The mean age at onset was 67.01 years; women, bulbar and respiratory phenotypes were associated with an older age, while C9orf72-mutated patients were generally younger. After peaking at 70-75 years, incidence rates, among women only, showed a bimodal distribution with a second slight increase after reaching 90 years of age. Familial cases comprised 12%, of which one quarter could be attributed to an ALS-related mutation. More than 70% of C9orf72-expanded patients had a family history of ALS/fronto-temporal dementia (FTD); 22.58% of patients with FTD at diagnosis had C9orf72 expansion (OR 6.34, p = 0.004). In addition to a high ALS incidence suggesting exhaustiveness of case ascertainment, this study highlights interesting phenotype-genotype correlations in the ALS population of ERR.

Riluzole and other prognostic factors in ALS: a population-based registry study in Italy.

OBJECTIVE: In this prospective population-based registry study on ALS survival, we investigated the role of riluzole treatment, together with other clinical factors, on the prognosis in incident ALS cases in Emilia Romagna Region (ERR), Italy. METHODS: A registry for ALS has been collecting all incident cases in ERR since 2009. Detailed clinical data from all patients diagnosed with ALS between 1.1.2009 and 31.12.2014 have been analyzed for this study, with last follow up date set at 31.12.2015. RESULTS: During the 6 years of the study, there were 681 incident cases with a median tracheostomy-free survival of 40 months (95% CI 36-44) from onset and of 26 months (95% CI 24-30) from diagnosis; 573 patients (84.14%) were treated with riluzole, 207 (30.39%) patients underwent gastrostomy, 246 (36.12%) non invasive ventilation, and 103 (15.15%) invasive ventilation. Patients who took treatment for ≥ 75% of disease duration from diagnosis had a median survival of 29 months compared to 18 months in patients with < 75% treatment duration. In multivariable analysis, factors independently influencing survival were age at onset (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.05, p < 0.001), dementia (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.05-2.32, p = 0.027), degree of diagnostic certainty (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-0.98, p = 0.021), gastrostomy (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.14-1.88, p = 0.003), NIV (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.12-1.82, p = 0.004), and weight loss at diagnosis (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07, p < 0.001), diagnostic delay (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99, p = 0.004), and % treatment duration (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.98-0.99, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Independently from other prognostic factors, patients who received riluzole for a longer period of time survived longer, but further population based studies are needed to verify if long-tem use of riluzole prolongs survival.

Ulnar entrapment neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an electrodiagnostic study.

AIMS: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and electrophysiological features of ulnar entrapment neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) were performed in a sample of consecutive diabetic patients aged 25-75 years, referred by the Diabetology Unit. NCS of the median, ulnar, radial, peroneal and sural nerves were performed on the non-dominant side. Median entrapment neuropathy at the wrist (MNW) and ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) and wrist (UNW) were diagnosed according to standard electrodiagnostic criteria. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were enrolled, 28 male (44%), average age 61, average DM duration 14.5 years. Polyneuropathy was diagnosed in 45 subjects (70%). UNE was detected in 22 patients (34%) (4 did not have polyneuropathy), in the abductor digiti minimi in 16, the first interosseus in 14 and in both in 8. UNW was detected in 7 (11%) subjects and MNW in 40 (63%). NCS alterations consistent with ulnar neuropathy were detected in a high proportion of patients (45%), suggesting that the ulnar nerve is very susceptible to focal entrapment in DM. CONCLUSIONS: Upper limb sensory and motor NCS, including motor conduction velocity across the elbow, should be considered in the staging of DM patients.

Epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Emilia Romagna Region (Italy): A population based study.

Our objective was to describe incidence and clinical features of ALS from a prospective population-based study in Emilia Romagna Region (ERR). From 2009 onwards, a prospective registry recorded all incident cases of ALS among residents in the ERR (population, 4.4 million inhabitants), involving 17 neurological departments. For each patient, detailed demographic and clinical information was collected by caring physicians. Results showed that from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2011, 347 patients received a new diagnosis of ALS with a crude incidence rate of 2.63/100,000/year. There was micro-geographic heterogeneity throughout ERR, with higher incidence rates in the low density population (3.27/100,000) (p < 0.01). ALS patients have been more frequently employed in agriculture than the general ERR population (8.64% vs. 4.6%, p < 0.01). Clinical features were similar to those described in previous population based studies. In conclusion, we report incidence rates similar to those reported by European registries, reflecting good accuracy of our prospective study. We confirmed previous studies reporting higher incidence rates in rural areas and among agricultural workers. Although genetics has been gaining increasing importance in ALS aetiology, some epidemiological data are still unexplained. Identifying geographical areas or populations with high incidence rates can be a starting point for identifying environmental risk factors. Further studies having this specific aim can shed light on these topics.

'Possessed': acute confusional migraine in an adolescent, prevented by topiramate.

Acute confusional migraine (ACM) is recognized as a rare, but highly disabling migraine equivalent, mostly reported in children and adolescents. Herein we describe the case of a 12-year-old girl admitted to hospital for an acute confusional state and severe psychomotor agitation, associated with a pulsating headache and nausea, which turned out to be a manifestation of ACM. The girl was discharged on topiramate prophylaxis, titrated up to 75 mg/die; no recurrence of confusional and/or headache episodes has been reported over the last 14 months to date. Due to the rarity of this clinical entity, only anecdotal reports about acute and prophylactic treatment of ACM are available in the literature. The case reported herein suggests that topiramate seems to be effective in ACM prophylaxis, although a longer observation period in our patient and more cases are needed to confirm any long-term clinical benefit.