Alarmingly poor performance in Chlamydia trachomatis point-of-care testing.

BACKGROUND: Infection by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) world wide. The most frequently used diagnostic test for CT is a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), which is highly sensitive and specific. To further shorten time delay until diagnosis has been made, in order to prevent CT spread, the use of point-of-care (POC) tests may be the way forward. OBJECTIVES: The diagnostic performance of three POC tests, Handilab-C, Biorapid CHLAMYDIA Ag test and QuickVue Chlamydia test, was evaluated and compared with NAAT. METHODS: All women, above the age of 16 years, attending for a consultation at an STI clinic between September 2007 and April 2008, were asked to participate. Women were asked to complete a short questionnaire and to collect six self-taken vaginal swabs (SVS). SVS 2 was used for NAAT and SVS 3 to 5 were randomised for the different POC tests. SVS 1 and 6 were used for determining quantitative CT load to validate the use of successive SVS. All POC tests were performed without knowledge of NAAT results. NAAT was used as the 'gold standard'. RESULTS: 772 women were included. CT prevalence was 11% in our population. Sensitivities of the Biorapid CHLAMYDIA Ag test, QuickVue Chlamydia and Handilab-C test were 17%, 27% and 12%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluated POC tests, owing to their very low sensitivities, are not ready for widespread use. These results underline the need for good-quality assurance of POC tests, especially in view of the increased availability of these tests on the internet.

Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from urology services in The Netherlands (1998-2005).

OBJECTIVES: An increase in antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli, the most common pathogen in urinary tract infections (UTIs), is encountered worldwide. Optimal treatment of UTIs will contribute substantially to limit antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance. This study determined trends in antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic E. coli, which can be of use to optimize UTI guidelines. METHODS: During 1998-2005, E. coli from urine samples of patients attending urology services were collected in three regions in The Netherlands: north-east (NE, n = 1084), west (W, n = 1064) and south (S, n = 1212). The antibiotic susceptibility was determined using microbroth dilution following CLSI guidelines. E. coli ATCC 35218 and ATCC 25922 were used as reference strains. RESULTS: Amoxicillin resistance remained stable over time (37% to 47%), but was higher in the south (44%) compared with the other regions (40%; P < 0.02). Resistance to piperacillin increased from 4% (1998) to 32% (2005; P < 0.001), and resistance to fluoroquinolones increased from 6% to 13% (P < 0.01). Interregional differences were observed for resistance to piperacillin (NE 10%, W 12%, S 14%; P < 0.05) and to fluoroquinolones (NE 7%, W 13%, S 8%; P < 0.001). Trimethoprim +/- sulfamethoxazole resistance remained stable (27% to 37%), as did that of nitrofurantoin (4% to 9%). The percentage of strains with multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more groups of antibiotics) for each region increased over time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic resistance was fairly constant over time for most agents tested, except for piperacillin and the fluoroquinolones. Regional differences were observed for several compounds. National and regional surveillance of antibiotic resistance is important to keep therapeutic guidelines up-to-date and adequate for the treatment of resistant microorganisms.

Herpes simplex virus load in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is related to poor outcome in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the HSV-1 and -2 loads in BAL fluid (BALF) and clinical outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: The general intensive care unit of the University Hospital Maastricht. PATIENTS: Five hundred and twenty-one BALF samples from 462 patients were included. Patients were divided into three groups; (1) patients admitted to the hospital <48 h before lavage (Community), (2) patients admitted to the ICU >48 h before lavage (ICU) and (3) the remaining patients (non-ICU group). INTERVENTIONS: No additional interventions were conducted. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: HSV-1 and HSV-2 loads were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HSV-1 DNA was detected in 4.3% (4/92) of samples in the community group, 15% (18/121) in the non-ICU group and in 32% (99/308) of the ICU group. In the age group <50 years HSV-1 DNA was less frequently isolated compared to the age group >or=50 years (16/129 (12%) versus 187/376 (25%), respectively, OR = 2.6; P < 0.001). HSV-1 loads of >10(5) genome equivalents (ge)/ml were associated with an increased 14-day in-hospital mortality compared to patients with a HSV-1 load 10(5) ge/ml enforces its clinical relevance and necessitates to start randomized medical intervention studies.

Prevalence of 90-days postoperative wound infections after cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative wound infections generally cause considerable extra morbidity, mortality and costs. As nowadays length of hospitalization shortens, post-discharge surveillance is important to get reliable information on the prevalence of postoperative wound infections. In this study, the prevalences of sternal wound (SWI) and donor site infections (DSI) during hospitalization as well as, 30 and 90 days after cardiac surgery were studied paying special attention to the contribution of post-discharge surveillance. METHODS: A total of 1885 patients who underwent cardiac surgery were included in the study and were followed for the prevalence of SWI or DSI up to 90 days postoperatively. Infection data during hospitalization were collected using medical records, bacteriological results and systematic observations of infection control nurses. After discharge from the hospital, data were collected with the help of the out-patient clinic and the family physician. RESULTS: After cardiac surgery, SWI and DSI were diagnosed in 4.7 and 1.5% of patients during hospitalization, in 6.8 and 4.6% at 30 days postoperatively, and in 9.0 and 7.3% of patients at 90 days postoperatively. Of the 90-days postoperative infections rates almost half of SWI and 80% of DSI were diagnosed post-discharge, a result predominantly achieved by the active participation of the family physicians. CONCLUSIONS: After 30 and 90 days follow-up of patients after cardiac surgery, additional sternal wound and donor site infections were diagnosed compared with the in-hospital infection rate. Post-discharge surveillance is essential for a reliable assessment of surgical wound infections.

Onset and duration of cytomegalovirus immediate early 1 mRNA expression in the blood of renal transplant recipients.

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) messenger (m) RNA expression in circulating leukocytes reflects directly viral activity in the human host. In this study, sixty-nine patients were monitored prospectively for CMV infection and mRNA expression during the first year after renal transplantation. Of the 69 recipients, 58 (84%) recipients were positive for CMV immediate early 1 (IE1) mRNA as detected by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. The median onset of IE1 expression started at day 22 after transplantation and continued for a median duration of 82 days. IE1 mRNA expression started significantly earlier in recipients who developed an active CMV infection (P = 0.001) and in mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) treated recipients (P = 0.002). The duration of IE1 mRNA expression was significantly longer in recipients that had previously an early onset of IE1 mRNA expression (P = 0.001) and in recipients with active CMV infection (P = 0.007). Remarkably, longer prednisolone intake was correlated with a significantly (P = 0.02) shorter duration of IE1 expression compared to a longer duration of IE1 expression in recipients with only a short prednisolone intake. In recipients infected with glycoprotein B (gB) type 1 CMV strains, the duration of IE1 expression was significantly (P = 0.04) shorter compared to recipients infected with non-gB type 1 CMV strains (64 days vs. 150 days). The study indicates that multiple factors play a role in the onset and/or duration of CMV IE1 mRNA expression, for example, MMF treatment, prednisolone intake, and gB type of the specific CMV strain. The clinical significance of these correlations remains to be studied in more detail.